One sequence of 560 bps (16S gene) from specimen IEBR A.6338 (GenBank accession number PV444292) of Limnonectes specimen from Ta Kou Nature Reserve, Binh Thuan Province was similar (99.5%) to the available sequence of L. dabanus (accession number MK688610) on GenBank.

Morphological characters of specimens from Binh Thuan Province agreed with the descriptions of Bourret (1942), Lambertz et al. (2014) and Pham et al. (2019). Size medium, males slightly larger than females (SVL 52.4-53.3 mm in males, n = 2; 44.7-44.9 mm in females, n = 2); head width broader than long (HL 23.5-27.3 mm, HW 23.8-27.6 mm in males; 18.2-18.3 mm, 18.3-18.5 mm in females); snout round anteriorly in dorsal view; rostral length greater than eye diameter (RL 8.5-9.5 mm, ED 5.7-5.9 mm in males; 6.8-7.1 mm, 5.1-5.2 mm in females); tympanum distinct, smaller than the eye diameter (TD/ED 0.90-0.91 in males, 0.85-0.88 in females); vomerine teeth in two oblique ridges; tongue cordiform, deeply notched posteriorly; lower jaw with two tooth, well developed; lacking vocal sacs in males (Table 1and Fig. 1).

Figure 1.  

Limnonectes dabanus from Ta Kou Nature Reserve, Binh Thuan Province: A male, IEBR A.6337; B female, IEBR A.6337 .

Arms short; fingers free of webbing; tips of fingers blunt, not expanded; finger I with nuptial pad, without minute spines in males. Tibia length shorter than thigh; tips of toes blunt, round; webbing well developed, formula I0–1/3II0–1/4III0–1IV1–0V; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching to the eye (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.  

A lower right hand of Limnonectes dabanus (male, IEBR A.6337); B lower right foot of Limnonectes dabanus (male, IEBR A.6337).

Skin texture in life: Dorsal surface of head smooth with a swollen flap in males; dorsal surface of body and flanks with tubercles; supratympanic fold distinct; dorsal surface of limbs and thighs smooth; dorsal surface of tibia with small tubercles; throat, chest, belly and ventral surface of thighs smooth.

Colouration in life: Dorsal surface of head, body and flanks light brown with dark brown marking; dorsal surface of fore- and hind-limbs light brown with dark crossbars; ventral surface of limbs, throat, chest and belly white (Fig. 1).

In Vietnam, this species has been reported from Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Lam Dong, Dong Nai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Ninh Thuan and Khanh Hoa Provinces (Do et al. 2017, Pham et al. 2019, Frost 2025). Elsewhere, the species is known from Cambodia (Frost 2025). This is the first record of L. dabanus from Binh Thuan Province.

The frogs were found between 21:00 and 22:30 h in rocky streams. Surrounding habitat consisted of mixed secondary forest composed of small to medium hardwoods and shrubs. Air temperature was 25–30°C and relative humidity was 55–70%.

One sequence of 560 bps (16S gene) from specimen IEBR A.6341 (GenBank accession number PV444293) of Limnonectes specimen from Kon Cha Rang Nature Reserve, Gia Lai Province was similar (98.2%) to the available sequence of L. fastigatus (accession number MT459155) on GenBank.

Morphological characters of specimens from Gia Lai Province agreed with the descriptions of Stuart et al. (2020) and Pham et al. (2022). Size large (SVL 58.9-68.6 mm in males, n = 2), habitus robust with moderately enlarged head (HL/SVL 0.43-0.45, HW/SVL 0.46-0.48 in males); head width broader than long (HL 26.3-29.8 mm, HW 27.1-32.6 mm, n = 2); snout round anteriorly in dorsal view, projecting beyond lower jaw; nostril lateral, about mid-way between snout tip and eye (NS 4.1-4.8 mm, EN 4.4-5.4 mm in males); canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region oblique and slightly concave; rostral length greater than eye diameter (RL 8.5-10.2 mm, ED 7.1-8.0 mm in males); tympanum invisible; vomerine teeth in two oblique ridges; tongue cordiform, notched posteriorly; lower jaw with two tooth-like, odontoid processes robust thin and elongate with rounded tips; lacking vocal sacs in males (Table 1 and Fig. 3).

Figure 3.  

Limnonectes fasstigatus from Kon Cha Rang Nature Reserve, Gia Lai Province: A male, IEBR A.6341; B male, IEBR A.6342.

Arms short; upper arm length (UAL 11.8-14.3 mm in males), forearm length (FAL 23.1-29.1 mm in males); fingers free of webbing; dermal ridge on sides of fingers II and III; tips of fingers blunt, not expanded; inner metatarsal tubercle large, oval; outer metatarsal tubercle small, elongate; finger I of males with nuptial pad, composed of minute spines on the dorsal surface and medial edge (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.  

A lower right hand of Limnonectes fastigatus (male, IEBR A.6341); B lower right foot of Limnonectes fastigatus (male, IEBR A.6341).

Tibia length shorter than thigh length (FeL 27.2-31.1 mm, TbL 26.1-29.8 mm in males), longer than wide (TbL/TbW 2.33-2.42 in males); tips of toes blunt, slightly round; toes webbed to the middle of terminal phalanx at base of toe pad; webbing well developed; dermal ridge on outer sides of toes I and V; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching behind the eye (Fig. 4).

Skin texture in life. Dorsal surface of head and body crenulate; small tubercles on the upper eyelid; flanks, around cloaca and dorsal surface of limbs and thighs with small tubercles; supratympanic fold distinct, extending from eye to angle of the jaw; dorsolateral fold absent; dorsal surface of tibia and foot distinctly tuberculate, covered with moderately dense, small, tubercles; throat, chest, belly and ventral surface of thighs smooth.

Colouration in life. Iris light brass with dark grey-brown lines bisecting eye vertically and horizontally through pupil; head with a pale yellow bar in the anterior interorbital region and a narrow dark brown bar in the posterior interorbital region; dorsum and flanks with dark grey-brown marking; lips with dark bars; supratympanic fold black; dorsal surface of limbs irregular, yellowish-brown with dark crossbars; ventral surface of limbs, throat and chest white with brown markings; belly immaculate white; toe webbing brown; the tip of fingers and toes white (Fig. 3).

In Vietnam, this species was recorded in Kon Tum Province (Pham et al. 2022). Elsewhere, the species is known from Cambodia (Stuart et al. 2020). This is the first record of L. fastigatus from Gia Lai Province.

The frogs were found between 19:00 and 23:00 h in the water of rocky streams or on the ground. The surrounding habitat was a mixed secondary evergreen forest of the large, medium and small hardwoods and shrubs. Air temperature was 18–28°C and relative humidity was 76–86%.

One sequence of 560 bps (16S gene) from specimen IEBR A.6343 (GenBank accession number PV444294) of Limnonectes specimen from Van Ninh District, Khanh Hoa Province was similar (100%) to the available sequence of L. limborgi (accession number GU934345) on GenBank.

Morphological characters of specimens from Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa Provinces agreed with the descriptions of Bourret (1942), Inger and Stuart (2010) and Pham et al. (2019). Size small (SVL 36.4 mm in male, n = 1; 33.0-34.5 mm in females, n = 3), head slightly longer than wide (HL 15.5 mm, HW 15.0 mm in male; 12.5-14.2 mm, 12.3-13.7 mm in females); snout slightly pointed anteriorly in dorsal view; rostral length greater than eye diameter (RL 6.0 mm, ED 4.0 mm in male; 5.0-5.3 mm, 4.3-4.5 mm in females); tympanum visible, round, approximately 50% of eye diameter (TD 2.1 in male; 2.7-2.8 in females); vomerine teeth in two oblique ridges; tongue cordiforn, deeply notched posteriorly; vocal sacs absent in the male (Table 1 and Fig. 5).

Figure 5.  

Limnonectes limborgi from Phu Yen Province: A male, IEBR A.6343; B female, IEBR A.6344.

Arms short and thin; fingers free of webbing; tips of fingers blunt, not expanded into discs; nuptial pad absent on finger I in males. Tibia and thigh short; tips of toes blunt, not expanded into discs; webbing formula I1–2II11/2–21/2III2–3IV31/2–11/2V; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching between eye and tip of snout (Fig. 6).

Figure 6.  

A lower right hand of Limnonectes limborgi (male, IEBR A.6343); B lower right foot of Limnonectes limborgi (male, IEBR A.6343).

Skin texture in life: Dorsal surface of head and body with small tubercles; supratympanic fold distinct; dorsolateral folds present; ventral surface smooth.

Colouration in life: Dorsal surface light brown or light yellow with small dark spots; a dark cross bar between the eyes and a ᴧ-shaped mark between the shoulders; thighs and tibia with dark brown cross bars; ventral surface cream; throat cream with dark pattern (Fig. 5).

In Vietnam, this species is known from Lao Cai in the north southwards to Dong Nai and Kien Giang Provinces (Pham et al. 2019, Le et al. 2021, Frost 2025). Elsewhere, the species has been reported from Lao PDR, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar (Frost 2025). This is the first record of L. limborgi from Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa Provinces.

The frogs were found between 19:00 and 22:30 h on forest paths. Surrounding habitat consisted of mixed secondary forest composed of small to medium hardwoods and shrubs. Air temperature was 23–30°C and relative humidity was 65–81%.

One sequence of 560 bps (16S gene) from specimen IEBR A.6348 (GenBank accession number PV444294) of Limnonectes specimen from Son Hoa District, Phu Yen Province was similar (99.8%) to the available sequence of L. phuyenensis (accession number MW222163) on GenBank.

Morphological characters of specimens from Khanh Hoa Province agreed with the description of Pham et al. (2020). Size medium (SVL 61.5-69.9 mm in males, n = 4; 45.8 mm in female, n = 1); head slightly broader than long (HL 28.8-32.2 mm, HW 29.7-33.3 mm, HL/HW 0.96 in males; 19.9 mm, 29.5 mm, HL/HW 0.97 in female); rostral length short (RL/SVL 0.14-0.15 in males, 0.15 in female), greater than eye diameter (RL 8.6-9.9 mm, ED 7.2-8.4 mm in males; 7.0 mm, 5.9 mm in females); tympanum invisible, vomerine teeth present; lacking vocal sacs in males (Table 1 and Fig. 7).

Figure 7.  

Limnonectes phuyenensis from Khanh Hoa Province: A male, IEBR A.6348; B female, IEBR A.6352.

Arms short, finger free of webbing, tips of fingers blunt, not expanded, fingers I with nuptial pad, composed of minute spines on dorsal surface and medial edge in males. Tibia shorter than thigh (FeL 29.2-31.7 mm, TbL 27.1-29.3 mm in males; 23.2 mm, 21.5 mm in female); tips of toes blunt, not expanded into discs toes webbed to distal of terminal phalanx; webbing well developed; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching to the tip of snout (Fig. 8).

Figure 8.  

A lower right hand of Limnonectes phuyenensis (male, IEBR A.6348); B lower right foot of Limnonectes phuyenensis (male, IEBR A.6348).

Skin texture in life. Dorsal surface of head, body and flanks with ridges and tubercles; dorsal surface of tibia and foot distinctly tuberculate, covered with moderately dense, small, low tubercles; supratympanic fold present; dorsolateral fold absent.

Colouration in life. Dorsum yellowish-brown with dark brown markings; ventral surface white with brown markings (Fig. 7).

In Vietnam, this species was previously known only from Phu Yen Province (Pham et al. 2020). This is the first record of L. phuyenensis from Khanh Hoa Province.

The frogs were found between 19:00 and 22:30 h on the stones, on the ground or in the water of rocky streams. Surrounding habitat consisted of mixed secondary forest composed of large to medium hardwoods and shrubs. Air temperature was 22–29°C and relative humidity was 72–88%.