Biodiversity Data Journal : Data Paper (Biosciences)
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Data Paper (Biosciences)
Avifauna of the El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge in Ecuador
expand article infoEdith Montalvo‡,§, Javier Pianchiche|, Alex Garofalo|, José Bonilla|, Freddy Gallo-Viracocha¶,§, Luis D Montalvo‡,#
‡ Laboratorio de Ornitología, Departamento de Biología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
§ Programa de Conservación de Cóndor Andino, Quito, Ecuador
| Oficina Técnica, Refugio de Vida Silvestre el Pambilar, Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica, Las Golondrinas, Ecuador
¶ Fundación Ecología Neotropical, Quito, Ecuador
# Universidad de Florida, Gainesville, United States of America
Corresponding author: Edith Montalvo (edith-montalvoe@hotmail.com)
Academic editor: Caio J. Carlos
Received: 23 Jan 2025 | Accepted: 10 Apr 2025 | Published: 29 Apr 2025
© 2025 Edith Montalvo, Javier Pianchiche, Alex Garofalo, José Bonilla, Freddy Gallo-Viracocha, Luis Montalvo
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Montalvo E, Pianchiche J, Garofalo A, Bonilla J, Gallo-Viracocha F, Montalvo L (2025) Avifauna of the El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge in Ecuador. Biodiversity Data Journal 13: e147753. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.13.e147753
 Open Access

Abstract

Background

The Pambilar Wildlife Refuge (RVSP) is a well-preserved forest on the northern coast of Ecuador and an important refuge for birds, particularly for species with distributions restricted to the Chocó. Data were collected over 83 days from 7 October 2013 to 28 August 2019. This dataset contains 3,638 records, representing 116 orders, 39 families, 120 genera and 158 species.

New information

This dataset represents the first article published on the avifauna of the El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge (RVSP) including information collected from 2013 to 2019. It includes taxonomic data collected over several years, as well as detailed information on the location, sampling effort and dates of the surveys. All data are available at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

Keywords

El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge, tropical forest, avifauna, dataset

Introduction

The Chocó-Darién ecoregion has been internationally recognised as one of the areas with the greatest biodiversity on the Planet. This ecoregion covers northwest South America and mainly includes the humid tropical and montane forests of eastern Panama, the Pacific slope of Colombia and northwest Ecuador (WWF Colombia 2008). In particular, in the Ecuadorian Chocó, there are approximately 10,000 species of vascular plants, which represents around 25% of the flora recorded in Ecuador. Between 13% and 20% of these species are endemic, highlighting the uniqueness and fragility of this ecosystem (Vázquez et al. 2005).

The Chocó Region is notable not only for its biodiversity, but also for its high endemism, with a total of 257 endemic species having been identified, including 162 plants and 95 species of fauna, amongst which are 57 species of amphibians, 18 of reptiles and 20 of birds (Bonilla and Valoyes 2020a, Bonilla and Valoyes 2020b).

Despite its immense biological and cultural importance, the Chocó-Darién ecoregional complex faces significant threats. Since the second half of the 20th century, natural landscapes have undergone an accelerated transformation, mainly due to the conversion of forest into grasslands or land destined for crops (WWF Colombia 2008). These changes are driven by the expansion of the road network and economic integration processes, both nationally and transnationally, which have resulted in the loss and fragmentation of habitats. In Ecuador, the pressures from logging companies in search of new production areas are especially concerning.

The Ecuadorian Chocó, recognised globally for its biodiversity and high rates of endemism, faces serious threats, mainly due to deforestation caused by activities such as logging, agricultural expansion, land-use conversion and mining (Palacios and Jaramillo 2016, Conservation International 2019). In 1970, more than 80% of the region was covered by forest. However, in recent decades, the growing demand for wood products and land conversion into African palm and shrimp farms, have caused the loss of about 85% of the original forest cover (Sierra et al. 2003).

The RVSP is located in the Province of Esmeraldas, in northwest Ecuador (Fig. 1). It covers an area of 3,123 hectares and ranges between 200 and 360 m above sea level (Ministerio del Ambiente 2011). The RVSP aims to contribute to the conservation of the tropical humid forests in the Chocó Region. Notable for its high humidity and exceptional biodiversity, the RVSP stands out as a key area for conservation of biodiversity (Ministerio del Ambiente 2011).

Figure 1.  

Location of El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge (RVS Pambilar) in Ecuador (top right, red star) and its boundaries (red polygon). The refuge is situated within the Chocó-Darién Moist Forests region (yellow polygon). The four trails surveyed within the RVS Pambilar are marked with dotted lines: Puma, Pambil, Saltarin, and Jaguar.

Given the threats and exceptional diversity of the Chóco-Darién, it is important to implement conservation measures to protect these ecosystems and ensure the survival of their unique biodiversity.

Sampling methods

Sampling description: 

The data were obtained from observations carried out over 87 days by Javier Pianchiche (JP), Alex Garofalo (AG) and José Bonilla (JB), park rangers of the El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge (RVSP). These records were complemented by Edith Montalvo (EM), researcher at the National Polytechnic School and Luis Daniel Montalvo (LDM), researcher at the University of Florida.

Each census consisted of observations conducted along the trails in the early morning or late afternoon under favourable weather conditions. Each census lasted between two and three days and was repeated on subsequent dates. Observations were made using Zeiss 8 x 40 or Bushnell 8 x 30 binoculars. The Xeno-canto website was used for identifying and comparing bird songs.

Data collection was carried out using a combination of methods and observers, including mist netting, transect surveys and point counts. The RVSP features four trails: Pambil, Puma, Saltarín and Jaguar, each approximately 2 km in length. On the Jaguar trail, 10 mist nets (12 m x 3 m) were deployed for six days, while transects were established along the Pambil, Puma and Saltarín trails and surveyed over a period of 83 days.

The data were collected from 7 October 2013 to 28 August 2019, as detailed below:

Park Rangers JP, AG and JB conducted audiovisual recordings on the Puma, Pambil and Saltarín trails from 6:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on the following dates:

  • 2013, sampling occurred over 8 days. The observation dates were 7, 17 and 28 October; and 8, 18, 19 and 27 November as well as 6 December.
  • 2017, observations took place over 21 days on the following dates: 20, 21, 26, 27, 28 and 29 September; 3, 4, 24 and 25 October; and 7, 8, 14, 15, 16 and 17 November ; as well as 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 December.
  • 2018, there were 27 sampling days on the following dates: 17, 29 and 30 May; 13, 14, 19 and 20 June; 12, 24, 25 and 30 July; 28 August; 1, 12, 13 and 21 September; and 1, 10, 16, 17, 24 and 25 October; additionally, on 10, 13, 14, 15 and 28 .
  • 2019, observations occurred over 19 days on the following dates: 16, 17, 19, 29 and 30 January; 19 and 26 February; 26 and 27 March; 16 and 24 April; and 21, 22, 23, 25 and 26 May; as well as 10 and 17 July and 28 August.

Audiovisual recordings by LDM were conducted along the Jaguar and Pambilar trails between 6:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. on 28 and 29 July 2016, 2 and 3 August 2017 and 17 and 18 April 2018. Mist net captures performed by EM took place on 1, 2, 3 and 4 August 2017, as well as 17 and 18 April 2018, from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.

A Canon EOS 90D DSLR camera was used to photograph birds and their habitats. The identification and classification of the species were carried out using the "Field Guides to Birds of Ecuador" by Ridgely and Greenfield (2001) and Freile and Restall (2018). The final dataset was organised in the Darwin Core format and uploaded to GBIF upon completion of data collection.

Geographic coverage

Description: 

The RVSP covers an area of 31.22 km² (Ministerio del Ambiente 2017). Data collection was carried out on one-third of the total area of RSVP, using trails ranging in length from 1.5 km on the Jaguar to 2.5 km on the Pambil Trail. The habitat corresponds to Evergreen Forest ecosystem of the Equatorial Chocó Lowlands (Ministerio del Ambiente 2012). Data were collected covering all habitats of the Reserve, including the Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, the Floodplain Tropical Evergreen Forest, the River Edge Forest and the Montane Forest Evergreen (Stotz et al. 1996).

Coordinates: 

0.607312 and -79.174986 Latitude; -79.174951 and 0.640864 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

Description: 

The RVSP, one of the few well-preserved forest remnants found on the northern coast of Ecuador, is an important habitat for birds, especially for the species with distributions restricted to the Chocó. This dataset includes 3,638 records from 16 orders, 39 families, 120 genera and 158 species (Table 1). The nomenclature follows the South American Classification Committee (SACC) (Remsen et al. 2024).

Table 1.
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Bird List for El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge.

Rank Order Family Scientific name The number of individual birds observed
1 Tinamiformes Tinamidae Tinamus major (Gmelin, 1789) 64
2 Tinamiformes Tinamidae Crypturellus berlepschi (Rothschild, 1897) 21
3 Tinamiformes Tinamidae Crypturellus soui (Hermann, 1783) 2
4 Galliformes Cracidae Penelope ortoni Salvin, 1874 2
5 Galliformes Cracidae Penelope purpurascens Wagler, 1830 32
6 Galliformes Odontophoridae Odontophorus erythrops Gould, 1859 27
7 Galliformes Odontophoridae Rhynchortyx cinctus (Salvin, 1876) 22
8 Cathartiformes Cathartidae Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758) 1
9 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Leptodon cayanensis (Latham, 1790) 1
10 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Elanoides forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3
11 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin, 1800) 2
12 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Harpagus bidentatus (Latham, 1790) 1
13 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Accipiter bicolor (Vieillot, 1817) 3
14 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Cryptoleucopteryx plumbea Salvin, 1872 14
15 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Buteogallus urubitinga (Gmelin, JF, 1788) 3
16 Gruiformes Rallidae Laterallus albigularis (Lawrence, 1861) 4
17 Columbiformes Columbidae Patagioenas subvinacea Lawrence, 1868 57
18 Columbiformes Columbidae Patagioenas goodsoni (Hartert, E, 1902) 101
19 Columbiformes Columbidae Geotrygon montana (Linnaeus, 1758) 1
20 Strigiformes Strigidae Megascops guatemalae Sharpe, 1875 2
21 Strigiformes Strigidae Lophostrix cristata (Daudin, 1800) 1
22 Strigiformes Strigidae Pulsatrix perspicillata (Latham, 1790) 3
23 Strigiformes Strigidae Strix virgata Cassin, 1849 3
24 Strigiformes Strigidae Strix nigrolineata Sclater,PL, 1859 1
25 Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi (Hartert, 1895) 2
26 Apodiformes Trochilidae Eutoxeres aquila (Bourcier, 1847) 3
27 Apodiformes Trochilidae Threnetes ruckeri (Bourcier, 1847) 3
28 Apodiformes Trochilidae Phaethornis yaruqui (Bourcier, 1851) 32
29 Apodiformes Trochilidae Phaethornis guy (Lesson, 1833) 1
30 Apodiformes Trochilidae Androdon aequatorialis Gould, 1863 6
31 Apodiformes Trochilidae Thalurania colombica Bourcier, 1843 3
32 Apodiformes Trochilidae Amazilia rosenbergi (Boucard, 1895) 3
33 Apodiformes Trochilidae Chlorestes julie (Bourcier, 1842) 3
34 Trogoniformes Trogonidae Trogon massena Gould, 1838 1
35 Trogoniformes Trogonidae Trogon comptus Zimmer, 1948 4
36 Trogoniformes Trogonidae Trogon chionurus Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1871 35
37 Trogoniformes Trogonidae Trogon caligatus Gould, 1838 1
38 Trogoniformes Trogonidae Trogon rufus Gmelin, 1788 4
39 Trogoniformes Trogonidae Trogon collaris Vieillot, 1817 10
40 Coraciiformes Momotidae Electron platyrhynchum (Leadbeater, 1829) 7
41 Coraciiformes Momotidae Baryphthengus martii (Spix, 1824) 89
42 Galbuliformes Galbulidae Jacamerops aureus (Statius Muller, 1776) 10
43 Galbuliformes Bucconidae Notharchus hyperrhynchus Sclater, PL, 1856 1
44 Galbuliformes Bucconidae Malacoptila panamensis Lafresnaye, 1847 47
45 Piciformes Capitonidae Capito quinticolor Elliot, 1865 1
46 Piciformes Capitonidae Eubucco bourcierii (Lafresnaye, 1845) 1
47 Piciformes Ramphastidae Ramphastos ambiguus Swainson, 1823 131
48 Piciformes Ramphastidae Ramphastos brevis Meyer de Schauensee, 1945 74
49 Piciformes Ramphastidae Pteroglossus torquatus Gmelin, JF, 1788 21
50 Piciformes Picidae Melanerpes pucherani (Malherbe, 1849) 7
51 Piciformes Picidae Veniliornis kirkii (Malherbe, 1845) 4
52 Piciformes Picidae Veniliornis callonotus (Waterhouse, 1841) 6
53 Piciformes Picidae Piculus litae (Rothschild, 1901) 1
54 Piciformes Picidae Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) 8
55 Piciformes Picidae Campephilus haematogaster (Tschudi, 1844) 2
56 Piciformes Picidae Campephilus gayaquilensis (Lesson, 1845) 32
57 Falconiformes Falconidae Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) 8
58 Falconiformes Falconidae Micrastur ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) 3
59 Falconiformes Falconidae Micrastur plumbeus Sclater, WL, 1918 2
60 Falconiformes Falconidae Micrastur semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817) 5
61 Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrilia pulchra Berlepsch, 1897 43
62 Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pionus menstruus (Linnaeus, 1766) 37
63 Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pionus chalcopterus (Fraser, 1841) 6
64 Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) 14
65 Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona farinosa (Boddaert, 1783) 233
66 Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura melanura (Spix, 1824) 1
67 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Dysithamnus puncticeps Salvin, 1866 20
68 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Epinecrophylla fulviventris Lawrence, 1862 3
69 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Myrmotherula ignota Griscom, 1929 5
70 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Myrmotherula pacifica Hellmayr, 1911 1
71 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Myrmotherula axillaris (Vieillot, 1817) 83
72 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Microrhopias quixensis (Cornalia, 1849) 1
73 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Cercomacroides tyrannina Sclater, PL, 1855 3
74 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Myrmeciza exsul Sclater, PL, 1859 185
75 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Myrmeciza berlepschi (Hartert, 1898) 11
76 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Hafferia zeledoni Ridgway, 1909 3
77 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Gymnopithys leucaspis (Sclater, PL, 1855) 47
78 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Hylophylax naevioides (Lafresnaye, 1847) 60
79 Passeriformes Thamnophilidae Phaenostictus mcleannani (Lawrence, 1860) 20
80 Passeriformes Conopophagidae Pittasoma rufopileatum Hartert, 1901 9
81 Passeriformes Grallariidae Grallaria guatimalensis Prévost & Des Murs, 1842 2
82 Passeriformes Grallariidae Hylopezus perspicillatus (Lawrence, 1861) 34
83 Passeriformes Formicariidae Formicarius nigricapillus Ridgway, 1893 48
84 Passeriformes Furnariidae Sclerurus obscurior Sclater,PL, 1857 11
85 Passeriformes Furnariidae Sclerurus guatemalensis (Hartlaub, 1844) 3
86 Passeriformes Furnariidae Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Vieillot, 1818) 52
87 Passeriformes Furnariidae Glyphorynchus spirurus (Vieillot, 1819) 43
88 Passeriformes Furnariidae Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae (Lafresnaye, 1852) 1
89 Passeriformes Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus (Lawrence, 1862) 31
90 Passeriformes Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus erythropygius (Sclater, PL, 1860) 1
91 Passeriformes Furnariidae Campylorhamphus trochilirostris (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1820) 1
92 Passeriformes Furnariidae Automolus ochrolaemus (Tschudi, 1844) 3
93 Passeriformes Furnariidae Automolus subulatus Spix, 1824 26
94 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Phyllomyias griseiceps (Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1871) 1
95 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Tyrannulus elatus (Latham, 1790) 1
96 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Ornithion brunneicapillus Lawrence, 1862 2
97 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Zimmerius chrysops (Sclater, PL, 1859) 1
98 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Mionectes olivaceus Lawrence, 1868 87
99 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Mionectes oleagineus (Lichtenstein, 1823) 2
100 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Leptopogon superciliaris Tschudi, 1844 1
101 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Myiornis atricapillus (Lawrence, 1875) 1
102 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Lophotriccus pileatus (Tschudi, 1844) 1
103 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Rhynchocyclus pacificus (Chapman, 1914) 1
104 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Myiophobus fasciatus (Statius Muller, 1776) 1
105 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Myiozetetes cayanensis (Linnaeus, 1766) 1
106 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Myiozetetes similis (Spix, 1825) 1
107 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819 1
108 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Rhytipterna holerythra (Sclater & Salvin, 1860) 28
109 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Myiarchus tuberculifer (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) 1
110 Passeriformes Tyrannidae Attila spadiceus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) 15
111 Passeriformes Cotingidae Querula purpurata (Statius Muller, 1776) 24
112 Passeriformes Cotingidae Cephalopterus penduliger Sclater, PL, 1859 112
113 Passeriformes Cotingidae Lipaugus unirufus Sclater, PL, 1860 42
114 Passeriformes Pipridae Cryptopipo holochlora Sclater,PL, 1888 8
115 Passeriformes Pipridae Lepidothrix coronata Spix, 1825 159
116 Passeriformes Pipridae Manacus manacus (Linnaeus, 1766) 13
117 Passeriformes Pipridae Ceratopipra mentalis Sclater,PL, 1857 141
118 Passeriformes Tityridae Tityra cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) 1
119 Passeriformes Tityridae Schiffornis veraepacis (Sclater, PL; Salvin, O 1860) 17
120 Passeriformes Tityridae Laniocera rufescens (Sclater, PL, 1858) 7
121 Passeriformes Vireonidae Vireolanius leucotis (Swainson, 1837) 16
122 Passeriformes Vireonidae Pachysylvia decurtata Bonaparte, 1838 20
123 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Atticora tibialis Cassin, 1853 1
124 Passeriformes Troglodytidae Microcerculus marginatus (Sclater, PL, 1855) 90
125 Passeriformes Troglodytidae Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, 1809 1
126 Passeriformes Troglodytidae Campylorhynchus zonatus (Lesson, 1832) 2
127 Passeriformes Troglodytidae Pheugopedius mystacalis Sclater, PL, 1860 15
128 Passeriformes Troglodytidae Cantorchilus leucopogon Salvadori & Festa, 1899 8
129 Passeriformes Troglodytidae Cantorchilus nigricapillus Sclater, PL, 1860 22
130 Passeriformes Troglodytidae Henicorhina leucosticta (Cabanis, 1847) 14
131 Passeriformes Troglodytidae Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Sclater, PL, 1860 13
132 Passeriformes Polioptilidae Microbates cinereiventris (Sclater, PL, 1855) 80
133 Passeriformes Turdidae Turdus obsoletus Lawrence, 1862 3
134 Passeriformes Turdidae Turdus assimilis Cabanis, 1851 157
135 Passeriformes Thraupidae Tachyphonus luctuosus d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 2
136 Passeriformes Thraupidae Tachyphonus delatrii Lafresnaye, 1847 237
137 Passeriformes Thraupidae Ramphocelus flammigerus Jardine & Selby, 1833 4
138 Passeriformes Thraupidae Thraupis episcopus (Linnaeus, 1766) 6
139 Passeriformes Thraupidae Thraupis palmarum (Wied, 1821) 14
140 Passeriformes Thraupidae Tangara palmeri (Hellmayr, 1909) 11
141 Passeriformes Thraupidae Tangara larvata (Du Bus De Gisignies, 1846) 4
142 Passeriformes Thraupidae Tangara cyanicollis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) 1
143 Passeriformes Thraupidae Tangara gyrola (Linnaeus, 1758) 1
144 Passeriformes Thraupidae Tangara johannae (Dalmas, 1900) 2
145 Passeriformes Thraupidae Dacnis berlepschi Hartert, 1900 2
146 Passeriformes Thraupidae Cyanerpes caeruleus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2
147 Passeriformes Thraupidae Cyanerpes cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766) 1
148 Passeriformes Thraupidae Chlorophanes spiza (Linnaeus, 1758) 2
149 Passeriformes Thraupidae Hemithraupis guira (Linnaeus, 1766) 3
150 Passeriformes Thraupidae Chrysothlypis salmoni Sclater, PL, 1886 3
151 Passeriformes Thraupidae Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) 16
152 Passeriformes Incertae Sedis Saltator maximus (Statius Müller, PL, 1776) 8
153 Passeriformes Incertae Sedis Saltator grossus (Linnaeus, 1766) 36
154 Passeriformes Cardinalidae Chlorothraupis olivacea (Cassin, 1860) 73
155 Passeriformes Parulidae Myiothlypis fulvicauda Spix, 1825 9
156 Passeriformes Icteridae Cacicus uropygialis Lafresnaye, 1843 16
157 Passeriformes Fringillidae Euphonia saturata (Cabanis, 1860) 56
158 Passeriformes Fringillidae Euphonia xanthogaster Sundevall, 1834 34

According to Ridgely and Greenfield (2001), 19 endemic species occur in the Chocó ecoregion: Crypturellus berlepschi (Rothschild, 1897), Penelope ortoni Salvin, 1874, Patagioenas goodsoni (Hartert, E, 1902), Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi (Hartert, 1895), Phaethornis yaruqui (Bourcier, 1851), Amazilia rosenbergi (Boucard, 1895), Trogon comptus Zimmer, 1948, Capito quinticolor Elliot, 1865, Ramphastos brevis Meyer de Schauensee, 1945, Piculus litae (Rothschild, 1901), Micrastur plumbeus Sclater, WL, 1918, Pyrilia pulchra Berlepsch, 1897, Myrmeciza berlepschi (Hartert, 1898), Pittasoma rufopileatum Hartert, 1901, Rhynchocyclus pacificus (Chapman, 1914), Cephalopterus penduliger Sclater, PL, 1859, Tanager johannae (Dalmas, 1900), Dacnis berlepschi Hartert, 1900 and Chlorothraupis olivacea (Cassin, 1860). According to these authors, two endemic species occur on the western Andean slope, including the high parts of Chocó: Tangara palmeri (Hellmayr, 1909) and Chrysothlypis salmoni Sclater, PL, 1886. In addition, Veniliornis callonotus (Waterhouse, 1841) and Campephilus gayaquilensis (Lesson, 1845) are considered endemic to the Tumbes Region.

The national threat categories were obtained from the Red List of Freile et al. (2019). In contrast, the global threat categories were obtained from IUCN (2024).

Amongst the 56 species in the RSVP included in the national Red List, nine are classified as Endangered (EN). Particularly, Penelope ortoni (Salvin, 1874) is listed as EN both nationally and globally, Rhynchortyx cinctus (Salvin, 1876) and Capito quinticolor (Elliot, 1865) are considered EN at the national level, but are classified as Near Threatened (NT) globally. Similarly, Micrastur plumbeus (Sclater, 1918), Cephalopterus penduliger (Sclater, 1859) and Dacnis berlepschi (Hartert, 1900) are considered as Endangered nationally, but classified as Vulnerable (VU) globally. Interestingly, Amazona autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758), Phaenostictus mcleannani (Lawrence, 1860) and Pittasoma rufopileatum (Hartert, 1901) are only listed as Endangered in the national Red List.

Eleven species are considered Vulnerable (VU) at the local level. These include Crypturellus berlepschi (Rothschild, 1897), Odontophorus erythrops (Gould, 1859), Trogon massena (Gould, 1838), Campephilus gayaquilensis (Lesson, 1845), Pyrilia pulchra (Berlepsch, 1897), Myrmeciza berlepschi (Hartert, 1898), Hylopezus perspicillatus (Lawrence, 1861), Sclerurus guatemalensis (Hartlaub, 1844) and Lipaugus unirufus (Sclater, 1860). Furthermore, Penelope purpurascens (Wagler, 1830) and Cryptoleucopteryx plumbea (Salvin, 1872) are classified as VU locally, but are considered Near Threatened (NT) globally.

Additionally, 36 species are listed as Near Threatened (NT) at the national level: Tinamus major (Gmelin, 1789); Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758); Patagioenas goodsoni (Hartert, E, 1902); Megascops guatemalae Sharpe, 1875; Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi (Hartert, 1895); Androdon aequatorialis Gould, 1863; Amazilia rosenbergi (Boucard, 1895); Trogon comptus Zimmer, 1948; Trogon caligatus Gould, 1838; Jacamerops aureus (Statius Müller, 1776); Ramphastos ambiguus Swainson, 1823; Ramphastos brevis Meyer de Schauensee, 1945; Pteroglossus torquatus Gmelin, JF, 1788; Piculus litae (Rothschild, 1901); Campephilus haematogaster (Tschudi, 1844); Amazona farinosa (Boddaert, 1783); Dysithamnus puncticeps Salvin, 1866; Hafferia zeledoni Ridgway, 1909; Hylophylax naevioides (Lafresnaye, 1847); Formicarius nigricapillus Ridgway, 1893; Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae (Lafresnaye, 1852); Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus (Lawrence, 1862); Xiphorhynchus erythropygius (Sclater, PL, 1860); Rhynchocyclus pacificus (Chapman, 1914); Rhytipterna holerythra (Sclater & Salvin, 1860); Ceratopipra mentalis Sclater, PL, 1857; Laniocera rufescens (Sclater, PL, 1858); Cantorchilus leucopogon Salvadori & Festa, 1899; Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Sclater, PL, 1860; Turdus obsoletus Lawrence, 1862; Turdus assimilis Cabanis, 1851; Tangara palmeri (Hellmayr, 1909); Tangara johannae (Dalmas, 1900); Chrysothlypis salmoni Sclater, PL, 1886; Chlorothraupis olivacea (Cassin, 1860) and Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin, 1800) that is also classified as NT globally.

Elanoides forficatus exhibits boreal migration as well as resident populations according to Ridgely and Greenfield (2001). No other migratory species were recorded.

Taxa included:
Rank Scientific Name Common Name
kingdom Animalia Animals
class Aves Birds
order Accipitriformes
order Apodiformes
order Caprimulgiformes
order Cathartiformes
order Columbiformes
order Coraciiformes
order Falconiformes
order Galbuliformes
order Galliformes
order Gruiformes
order Passeriformes
order Piciformes
order Psittaciformes
order Strigiformes
order Tinamiformes
order Trogoniformes
family Accipitridae
family Bucconidae
family Capitonidae
family Caprimulgidae
family Cardinalidae
family Cathartidae
family Columbidae
family Conopophagidae
family Cotingidae
family Cracidae
family Falconidae
family Formicariidae
family Fringillidae
family Furnariidae
family Galbulidae
family Grallariidae
family Hirundinidae
family Icteridae
family Incertae Sedis
family Momotidae
family Odontophoridae
family Parulidae
family Picidae
family Pipridae
family Polioptilidae
family Psittacidae
family Rallidae
family Ramphastidae
family Strigidae
family Thamnophilidae
family Thraupidae
family Tinamidae
family Tityridae
family Trochilidae
family Troglodytidae
family Trogonidae
family Turdidae
family Tyrannidae
family Vireonidae
species Accipiter bicolor (Vieillot, 1817)
species Amazilia rosenbergi (Boucard, 1895)
species Amazona autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
species Amazona farinosa (Boddaert, 1783)
species Androdon aequatorialis Gould, 1863
species Atticora tibialis Cassin, 1853
species Attila spadiceus (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
species Automolus ochrolaemus (Tschudi, 1844)
species Automolus subulatus Spix, 1824
species Baryphthengus martii (Spix, 1824)
species Buteogallus urubitinga (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
species Cacicus uropygialis Lafresnaye, 1843
species Campephilus gayaquilensis (Lesson, 1845)
species Campephilus haematogaster (Tschudi, 1844)
species Campylorhamphus trochilirostris (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1820)
species Campylorhynchus zonatus (Lesson, 1832)
species Cantorchilus leucopogon Salvadori & Festa, 1899
species Cantorchilus nigricapillus Sclater, PL, 1860
species Capito quinticolor Elliot, 1865
species Cephalopterus penduliger Sclater, PL, 1859
species Ceratopipra mentalis Sclater,PL, 1857
species Cercomacroides tyrannina Sclater, PL, 1855
species Chlorestes julie (Bourcier, 1842)
species Chlorophanes spiza (Linnaeus, 1758)
species Chlorothraupis olivacea (Cassin, 1860)
species Chrysothlypis salmoni Sclater, PL, 1886
species Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758)
species Cryptoleucopteryx plumbea Salvin, 1872
species Cryptopipo holochlora Sclater,PL, 1888
species Crypturellus berlepschi (Rothschild, 1897)
species Crypturellus soui (Hermann, 1783)
species Cyanerpes caeruleus (Linnaeus, 1758)
species Cyanerpes cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Sclater, PL, 1860
species Dacnis berlepschi Hartert, 1900
species Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Vieillot, 1818)
species Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae (Lafresnaye, 1852)
species Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species Dysithamnus puncticeps Salvin, 1866
species Elanoides forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
species Electron platyrhynchum (Leadbeater, 1829)
species Epinecrophylla fulviventris Lawrence, 1862
species Eubucco bourcierii (Lafresnaye, 1845)
species Euphonia saturata (Cabanis, 1860)
species Euphonia xanthogaster Sundevall, 1834
species Eutoxeres aquila (Bourcier, 1847)
species Formicarius nigricapillus Ridgway, 1893
species Geotrygon montana (Linnaeus, 1758)
species Glyphorynchus spirurus (Vieillot, 1819)
species Grallaria guatimalensis Prévost & Des Murs, 1842
species Gymnopithys leucaspis (Sclater, PL, 1855)
species Hafferia zeledoni Ridgway, 1909
species Harpagus bidentatus (Latham, 1790)
species Hemithraupis guira (Linnaeus, 1766)
species Henicorhina leucosticta (Cabanis, 1847)
species Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758)
species Hylopezus perspicillatus (Lawrence, 1861)
species Hylophylax naevioides (Lafresnaye, 1847)
species Jacamerops aureus (Statius Muller, 1776)
species Laniocera rufescens (Sclater, PL, 1858)
species Laterallus albigularis (Lawrence, 1861)
species Lepidothrix coronata Spix, 1825
species Leptodon cayanensis (Latham, 1790)
species Leptopogon superciliaris Tschudi, 1844
species Lipaugus unirufus Sclater, PL, 1860
species Lophostrix cristata (Daudin, 1800)
species Lophotriccus pileatus (Tschudi, 1844)
species Malacoptila panamensis Lafresnaye, 1847
species Manacus manacus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species Megascops guatemalae Sharpe, 1875
species Melanerpes pucherani (Malherbe, 1849)
species Micrastur plumbeus Sclater, WL, 1918
species Micrastur ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)
species Micrastur semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817)
species Microbates cinereiventris (Sclater, PL, 1855)
species Microcerculus marginatus (Sclater, PL, 1855)
species Microrhopias quixensis (Cornalia, 1849)
species Mionectes oleagineus (Lichtenstein, 1823)
species Mionectes olivaceus Lawrence, 1868
species Myiarchus tuberculifer (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)
species Myiophobus fasciatus (Statius Muller, 1776)
species Myiornis atricapillus (Lawrence, 1875)
species Myiothlypis fulvicauda Spix, 1825
species Myiozetetes cayanensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
species Myiozetetes similis (Spix, 1825)
species Myrmeciza berlepschi (Hartert, 1898)
species Myrmeciza exsul Sclater, PL, 1859
species Myrmotherula axillaris (Vieillot, 1817)
species Myrmotherula ignota Griscom, 1929
species Myrmotherula pacifica Hellmayr, 1911
species Notharchus hyperrhynchus Sclater, PL, 1856
species Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi (Hartert, 1895)
species Odontophorus erythrops Gould, 1859
species Ornithion brunneicapillus Lawrence, 1862
species Pachysylvia decurtata Bonaparte, 1838
species Patagioenas goodsoni (Hartert, E, 1902)
species Patagioenas subvinacea Lawrence, 1868
species Penelope ortoni Salvin, 1874
species Penelope purpurascens Wagler, 1830
species Phaenostictus mcleannani (Lawrence, 1860)
species Phaethornis guy (Lesson, 1833)
species Phaethornis yaruqui (Bourcier, 1851)
species Pheugopedius mystacalis Sclater, PL, 1860
species Phyllomyias griseiceps (Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1871)
species Piculus litae (Rothschild, 1901)
species Pionus chalcopterus (Fraser, 1841)
species Pionus menstruus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species Pittasoma rufopileatum Hartert, 1901
species Pteroglossus torquatus Gmelin, JF, 1788
species Pulsatrix perspicillata (Latham, 1790)
species Pyrilia pulchra Berlepsch, 1897
species Pyrrhura melanura (Spix, 1824)
species Querula purpurata (Statius Muller, 1776)
species Ramphastos ambiguus Swainson, 1823
species Ramphastos brevis Meyer de Schauensee, 1945
species Ramphocelus flammigerus Jardine & Selby, 1833
species Rhynchocyclus pacificus (Chapman, 1914)
species Rhynchortyx cinctus (Salvin, 1876)
species Rhytipterna holerythra (Sclater & Salvin, 1860)
species Saltator grossus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species Saltator maximus (Statius Müller, PL, 1776)
species Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758)
species Schiffornis veraepacis (Sclater, PL; Salvin, O 1860)
species Sclerurus guatemalensis (Hartlaub, 1844)
species Sclerurus obscurior Sclater,PL, 1857
species Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin, 1800)
species Strix nigrolineata Sclater,PL, 1859
species Strix virgata Cassin, 1849
species Tachyphonus delatrii Lafresnaye, 1847
species Tachyphonus luctuosus d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
species Tangara cyanicollis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)
species Tangara gyrola (Linnaeus, 1758)
species Tangara johannae (Dalmas, 1900)
species Tangara larvata (Du Bus De Gisignies, 1846)
species Tangara palmeri (Hellmayr, 1909)
species Thalurania colombica Bourcier, 1843
species Thraupis episcopus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species Thraupis palmarum (Wied, 1821)
species Threnetes ruckeri (Bourcier, 1847)
species Tinamus major (Gmelin, 1789)
species Tityra cayana (Linnaeus, 1766)
species Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, 1809
species Trogon caligatus Gould, 1838
species Trogon chionurus Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1871
species Trogon collaris Vieillot, 1817
species Trogon comptus Zimmer, 1948
species Trogon massena Gould, 1838
species Trogon rufus Gmelin, 1788
species Turdus assimilis Cabanis, 1851
species Turdus obsoletus Lawrence, 1862
species Tyrannulus elatus (Latham, 1790)
species Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819
species Veniliornis callonotus (Waterhouse, 1841)
species Veniliornis kirkii (Malherbe, 1845)
species Vireolanius leucotis (Swainson, 1837)
species Xiphorhynchus erythropygius (Sclater, PL, 1860)
species Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus (Lawrence, 1862)
species Zimmerius chrysops (Sclater, PL, 1859)

Usage licence

Usage licence: 
Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)

Data resources

Data package title: 
Avifauna del Refugio de vida silvestre El Pambilar
Resource link: 
https://doi.org/10.60545/87dmuq
Alternative identifiers: 
https://www.gbif.org/es/dataset/7482c011-1692-412d-a87c-220a579ccfd2
Number of data sets: 
1
Data set name: 
Avifauna del Refugio de vida silvestre El Pambilar
Download URL: 
https://www.gbif.org/es/dataset/7482c011-1692-412d-a87c-220a579ccfd2
Data format: 
Darwin core Archive
Data format version: 
2.1
Description: 

Our occurrence data include 28 columns and all records are georeferenced (Montalvo et al. 2024).

Column label Column description
id Name of the trail where the data were taken.
type The nature of the presence record, taxon or event.
language A language of the resource.
licence A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
basisOfRecord The specific nature of the data record.
occurrenceID An identifier for the Occurrence. Record in the dataset or collection.
behaviour The behaviour shown by the organism at the time of being registered.
eventID An identifier for the set of information associated with an event (something that occurs at a place and time). It can be a globally unique identifier or a dataset-specific identifier.
eventTime The time or interval during which the Event occurred. It is recommended to use an encoding scheme.
year The four-digit year in which the Event occurred, according to the Common Era Calendar.
month The integer month in which the Event occurred.
day The integer day of the month on which the Event occurred.
verbatimEventDate The date or interval during which an Event occurred.
country The name of the country or major administrative unit in which the Location occurs.
countryCode The standard code for the country in which the Location occurs.
stateProvince The name of the next smaller administrative region than country (state, province, canton, department, region etc.) in which the Location occurs.
locality The specific description of the place.
decimalLatitud The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive.
decimalLongitud The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive.
taxonID An identifier for the set of taxon information (data associated with the Taxon class). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the dataset.
scientificName An identifier for the nomenclatural (not taxonomic) details of a scientific name.
kingdom The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified.
phylum The full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the taxon is classified.
class The full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified.
order The full scientific name of the order in which the taxon is classified.
family The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified.
genus The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified.
specificEpithet The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName.

Acknowledgements

The data were collected through monitoring conducted by the park rangers of the El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Ecological Transition of Ecuador. These data are supplemented by information obtained from the project 'Variation of Avifauna along a Precipitation Gradient on the Ecuadorian Coast, funded by the Ordway Laboratory at the Florida Museum of Natural History.

Author contributions

Conceptualisation: Montalvo E. Writing-original draft: Montalvo E. Data curation: Montalvo E. GIS processing: Gallo-Viracocha F. Obtaining field data: Montalvo E. Pianchiche J, Garofalo A, Bonilla J, Montalvo LD. Writing-review and editing: Montalvo E, Montalvo LD.

References

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