Antennae minutely ciliated in male; labial palpi large, roughly scaled, the second segment long and porrect, strongly projected beyond frons; frons with long projected tufts. Thorax ventrally with long hairs. Forewing ground colour greyish, brownish or light blackish; medial fascia distinct with slanted postmedial lines; apex depressed, slightly acute; areole present. Hindwings ground colour yellowish or slightly darker than forewing; areole formed between veins 3 and 4; discal dot present. Male genitalia. Uncus long, hooked. Valva with distinct clavus; costa slightly sclerotised, curved or straight. Aedeagus with a bundle of cornuti on globular vesica. Female genitalia. Papillae analis broad; anterior apophyses often long, more than twice the posterior apophyses. Ostium broad, cup-shaped, without sclerotised appendages; ductus bursae broad and shrunken or slender; corpus bursae large, globular without a signum.

TS: Phalaena proboscidalis Linnaeus, 1758. TL: Europe.

Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, India.

Sugi (1989) first recorded this species in Korea without the locality data. This species is rare and we only examined two specimens in this study (Figs 1a, b, 7a, b).

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 1.

Adults of Hypena from Korea.

a: Hypena sagitta, male;  
b: Hypena sagitta, female;  
c: Hypena claripennis, male;  
d: Hypena claripennis, female;  
e: Hypena amica, female;  
f: Hypena trigonalis, male.  

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 2.

Adults of Hypena from Korea.

a: Hypena proboscidalis, female;  
b: Hypena tamsi, male;  
c: Hypena strigulatus, male;  
d: Hypena conspersalis, male;  
e: Hypena sinuosa, female;  
f: Hypena occata, male.  

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 3.

Adults of Hypena from Korea.

a: Hypena occata, female;  
b: Hypena indicatalis, male;  
c: Hypena subcyanea, male;  
d: Hypena obacerralis, male;  
e: Hypena tristalis, female;  
f: Hypena narratalis, female.  

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 4.

Adults of Hypena from Korea.

a: Hypena narratalis, male;  
b: Hypena pulverulenta, male;  
c: Hypena abducalis, male;  
d: Hypena abducalis, female;  
e: Hypena kengkalis, male;  
f: Hypena stygiana, female.  

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 5.

Adults of Hypena from Korea.

a: Hypena squalida, female;  
b: Hypena nigrobasalis, male;  
c: Hypena zilla, female;  
d: Hypena rivuligera, female;  
e: Hypena perspicua, female;  
f: Hypena bicoloralis, male.  

a

b

Figure 6.

Adults of Hypena from Korea.

a: Hypena mandarina, male;  
b: Hypena melanica, male.  

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 7.

Male genitalia of Hypena from Korea.

a: Hypena sagitta, male genital capsule;  
b: Hypena sagitta, aedeagus;  
c: Hypena proboscidalis, male genital capsule;  
d: Hypena proboscidalis, aedeagus;  
e: Hypena tamsi, male genital capsule;  
f: Hypena tamsi, aedeagus.  

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 8.

Male genitalia of Hypena from Korea.

a: Hypena pulverulenta, male genital capsule;  
b: Hypena pulverulenta, aedeagus;  
c: Hypena perspicua, male genital capsule;  
d: Hypena perspicua, aedeagus;  
e: Hypena mandarina, male genital capsule;  
f: Hypena mandarina, aedeagus.  

a

b

Figure 9.

Male genitalia of Hypena obacerralis from Korea.

a: Male genital capsule;  
b: Aedeagus.  

Korea, Japan, China.

Fig. 1c, d.

Korea, Japan, Taiwan.

Fig. 1e.

Korea, Taiwan, China (Hainan), India.

Fig. 1f.

Korea, Japan, Russia, Taiwan, China (South), Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Europe.

DNA barcoding. Hypena proboscidalis (GenBank accession No. PV274479) showed the highest mean genetic distance of 10.25% from H. pulverulenta, while it exhibited the lowest mean genetic distance of 0.15% from H. tamsi (Figs 2a, 7c, d, 10).

Figure 10.  

Female genitalia of Hypena proboscidalis from Korea.

Wingspan 35 mm. Antennae filiform with cilia; vertex anFd frons covered with long greyish-brown scales, distal tip ochreous; labial palpi long, covered with greyish-brown scales, second segment straight, more than three times longer than the third segment, third segment with ochreous distal end. Thorax greyish-brown; tegula consisting of long scales and hair-like scales. Forewing greyish-brown with numerous short dark brownish lines; antemedial line dark brown, undulating; postmedial line distinct, dark brownish, slightly curved at costal 2/3; subterminal line weakly undulating. Hindwing paler than forewing, greyish-brown. Abdomen greyish-brown. Male genitalia. Uncus long, weakly hooked, apex sharply pointed. Tegumen hood-shaped; tuba analis long; juxta broad, thick hexagon-shape on its side; saccus shallow, semi-rounded. Valva simple, stout, weakly sclerotised; costal margin almost flat, outer 1/4 weakly swollen; sacculus ventral margin medially weakly invaginated; basally a slender division of clavus with a minute process. Aedeagus rod-shaped, anteriorly with dense spicules; vesica large sac-shaped, cornuti a mass of large spines.

Korea, Russian Far East.

This is the first record for the Korean fauna. The DNA barcode of Hypena tamsi was first registered in this study (GenBank accession No. PV274484) and the p-distance with H. pulverulenta was 10.25%, while the lowest genetic distance of 0.15% was observed with H. proboscidalis (Figs 2b, 7e, f).

Korea, Japan, India.

Fig. 2c.

Korea, Japan, Taiwan.

Leech (1889) was the first to document this species in Korea. Although Kononenko et al. (1998) did not examine this species, Kononenko and Han (2007) provided an illustration of the female genitalia of a specimen collected from Okcheon, Chungbuk.

Korea, China (Jilin), Russian Far East.

Bryk (1949) was the first to document this species, with Park et al. (2001) later recording it in North Korea. In this study, we identified a male specimen from Gangwon Province, representing a new addition to the South Korean fauna (Fig. 2d).

Korea, Japan, Taiwan.

Fig. 2e.

Korea, Japan, Taiwan.

Leech (1889) recorded this species from Wonsan (Gensan), North Korea. Based on the specimens examined in this study, the first record of the species is ambiguous (Figs 2f, 3a).

Korea, Japan, Taiwan, India.

Leech (1889) recorded this species from Wonsan (Gensan), North Korea. Based on the specimens examined in this study, the first record of the species is ambiguous (Fig. 3b).

Korea, Japan, Taiwan.

Leech (1889) and Leech (1900) recorded this species from Wonsan (Gensan), North Korea. Based on the specimens examined in this study, the first record of the species is ambiguous (Fig. 3c).

Wingspan 24 mm. Antennae filiform; vertex and frons narrow, greyish-brown, covered with long erected scales; labial palpi dark brown, covered with erected scales on dorsal and ventral surfaces, second segment two times longer than the third segment. Thorax greyish-brown; tegula consisting of long scales and hair-like scales. Forewing ground colour greyish-brown; antemedial and postmedial lines reddish-brown, parallel, strongly oblique. Hindwing greyish-brown, without medial lines; veins distinct with dark greyish-brown. Male genitalia. Uncus long, tapering, apex strongly sclerotised, pointed. Tegumen hood-shaped; tuba analis long; saccus short, semi-rounded. Valva simple, weakly sclerotised, medially expanded; costa basally strongly sclerotised, dorsal margin medially strongly swollen; sacculus dorsally with a strongly swollen medial process and a nipple-shaped distal process, ventral margin weakly swollen; basally a relatively thin division of clavus. Aedeagus long, rod-shaped, anteriorly with dense spicules; vesica large, tubular, cornuti a patch of spines.

Korea, Middle East and South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia), Australia, Africa.

This is the first record for the Korean fauna. The DNA barcode of Hypena obacerralis was first registered in this study (GenBank accession No. PV274486) and the p-distance with H. zilla was 9.32%, while the lowest genetic distance of 7.39% was observed with H. obesalis (Figs 3d, 9).

Korea, Japan, China, Russian Far East.

Hypena tristalis (GenBank accession No. JN273650, JN273651) showed the highest mean genetic distance of 8.71% from H. trigonalis, while it exhibited the lowest mean genetic distance of 4.13% from H. obesalis (Fig. 3e).

Korea, Japan, Taiwan, India (North).

Hypena narratalis (GenBank accession No. PV274487) showed the highest mean genetic distance of 8.71% from H. trigonalis, while it exhibited the lowest mean genetic distance of 4.29% from H. obesalis (Figs 3f, 4a).

Wingspan 24 mm. Antenna filiform covered with yellowish-brown scales; vertex and frons covered with yellowish-brown erected scales; labial palpi long, second segment yellowish-brown, six times longer than the third segment, third segment covered with blackish scales. Thorax yellowish-brown; tegula consisting of long scales and hair-like scales. Forewing ground colour dark brownish, dorsally ochreous with yellowish-brown; central fascia large triangular; discal dot small black; subterminal line costally blackish; apex distinct with a whitish oblique line. Hindwing pale yellowish-brown. Abdomen yellowish-brown. Male genitalia. Uncus long, rod-shaped, apex strongly sclerotised, sharply hooked, pointed. Tegumen hood-shaped; tuba analis long; juxta broad, thick diamond-shape on its side; saccus long, semi-rounded. Valva simple, weakly sclerotised, medially expanded; costal margin medially swollen; sacculus ventral margin medially weakly invaginated; basally a relatively thick and long division of clavus with a minute process. Aedeagus rod-shaped, anteriorly simple; vesica tubular, cornuti a row of spines.

Korea, Japan.

This is the first record for the Korean fauna. The DNA barcode of Hypena pulverulenta was first recorded in this study (GenBank accession No. PV274491). The p-distance with H. proboscidalis and H. tamsi was 10.25%, while the lowest genetic distance (6.63%) was recorded for H. obesalis (Figs 4b, 8a, b).

Korea, Japan, China (South), India.

Fig. 4c, d.

Korea, Japan, China, Russian Far East.

Fig. 4e.

Leech (1889) first recorded this species in Gensan, North Korea. In Japan, it is known to feed on Oreocnide frutescens (Thunb.) Miq. (Urticaceae), a plant species that is exclusively found in Biyang-do, Jeju Island, Korea. Kononenko and Han (2007) highlighted the ambiguity surrounding records of this species in Korea. Considering the distribution of its food plant and the observations made by Kononenko and Han (2007), the presence of this species in Korea remains uncertain.

Korea, Japan, Russian Far East.

Hypena stygiana (GenBank accession No. PV274475, PV274482) showed the highest mean genetic distance of 8.52% from H. pulverulenta, while it exhibited the lowest mean genetic distance of 4.25% from H. squalida (Fig. 4f).