Biodiversity Data Journal : Data Paper (Biosciences)
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Data Paper (Biosciences)
Standardized spider (Arachnida, Araneae) inventory of Hankoniemi, Finland
expand article infoPedro Cardoso‡,§, Lea Heikkinen|, Joel Jalkanen, Minna Kohonen|, Matti Leponiemi|, Laura Mattila, Joni Ollonen|, Jukka-Pekka Ranki|, Anni Virolainen|, Xuan Zhou|, Timo Pajunen‡
‡ Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
§ IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland
| Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
¶ Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Corresponding author: Pedro Cardoso (pedro.cardoso@helsinki.fi)
Academic editor: Jeremy Miller
Received: 15 Sep 2017 | Accepted: 14 Dec 2017 | Published: 18 Dec 2017
© 2017 Pedro Cardoso, Lea Heikkinen, Joel Jalkanen, Minna Kohonen, Matti Leponiemi, Laura Mattila, Joni Ollonen, Jukka-Pekka Ranki, Anni Virolainen, Xuan Zhou, Timo Pajunen
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Cardoso P, Heikkinen L, Jalkanen J, Kohonen M, Leponiemi M, Mattila L, Ollonen J, Ranki J, Virolainen A, Zhou X, Pajunen T (2017) Standardized spider (Arachnida, Araneae) inventory of Hankoniemi, Finland. Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e21010. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e21010
 Open Access

Abstract

Background

During a field course on spider taxonomy and ecology at the University of Helsinki, the authors had the opportunity to sample four plots with a dual objective of both teaching on field methods, spider identification and behaviour and uncovering the spider diversity patterns found in the southern coastal forests of Hankoniemi, Finland. As an ultimate goal, this field course intended to contribute to a global project that intends to uncover spider diversity patterns worldwide. With that purpose, a set of standardised methods and procedures was followed that allow the comparability of obtained data with numerous other projects being conducted across all continents.

New information

A total of 104 species and 1997 adults was collected. Of these, 41 species (39%) were Linyphiidae and 13 (12%) Theridiidae. All other families had 6 or less species represented. Linyphiidae were also dominant in terms of adult individuals captured, with 1015 (51%), followed by 428 (21%) Lycosidae, 158 (8%) Tetragnathidae and 145 (7%) Theridiidae. All other families had less than 100 individuals. The most abundant species were Neriene peltata, Alopecosa taeniata, Piratula hygrophila and Dismodicus elevatus, all with more than 100 individuals. All sites had between 56 and 62 species and between 445 and 569 individuals.

Keywords

arthropoda, boreal forest, COBRA, sampling

Introduction

Dominated by taiga (boreal forest) in the centre and south and tundra in the north, Finland (and the neighbouring Scandinavian Peninsula) marks the transition between the temperate and subarctic zones in Europe. With approximately 45000 multicellular species known to occur in the country (Rassi et al. 2010), Finnish biota is of recent origin, as this area was completely covered by ice during the Last Glacial Maximum until as recently as 10000 years ago. Most species have therefore migrated from the south during the last thousands of years, with very few endemic species constituting exceptions. Most groups show relatively low diversity, both at a local scale (alpha diversity) and when comparing sites on their composition (beta diversity). Low diversity, mainly of endemics and a long tradition of taxonomic work for most groups, means that Finnish fauna and flora are well-known, to the point that Finland currently is the only country worldwide where a full set of organisms, from vascular plants and arthropods to birds and mammals, have already been assessed twice for their threat level according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (Rassi et al. 2001, Rassi et al. 2010, Juslén et al. 2013, Juslén et al. 2016).

In Finland and despite obvious knowledge gaps on the distribution of species - the Wallacean Shortfall (Lomolino 2004, Cardoso et al. 2011), spiders are particularly well-known. Seppo Koponen recently described the history of Finnish arachnology (Koponen 2010). The first list of Finnish spider species was published by A. von Nordmann in 1863 with 140 species (von Nordmann 1863). By the beginning of the twentieth century, F. W. Mäklin, K. E. Odenwall and T. H. Järvi had increased the list to 255 species (Mäklin 1874, Odenwall and Järvi 1901, Järvi 1906). Later, major taxonomic and faunistic work directed to spiders has been done mainly by P. Palmgren (e.g. Palmgren 1939, Palmgren 1943, Palmgren 1950, Palmgren 1974a, Palmgren 1974b, Palmgren 1975, Palmgren 1976, Palmgren 1977), P. Lehtinen (e.g. Lehtinen 1964, Lehtinen et al. 1979) and S. Koponen (e.g. Koponen 1977, Koponen 1999, Koponen et al. 2007), with more recent additions by T. Pajunen (e.g. Pajunen et al. 2009, Pajunen and Väisänen 2015) and N. Fritzén (e.g. Fritzén 2005, Fritzén 2012, Fritzén et al. 2015). Currently, this list consists of 647 species (Koponen et al. 2016).

The last arachnological paper by Järvi described the spider fauna around the Tvärminne Zoological Station of the University of Helsinki, in southeast Hankoniemi, listing about 150 species (Järvi 1916). Some decades later, Palmgren dedicated extensive and long-lasting research to this same area, reporting 425 species (Palmgren 1972). This region now has one of the best known spider faunas worldwide. The peninsula of Hanko (Hankoniemi) is the southernmost region of Finland, lying just south of 60 degrees north. Its bedrock is a mixture of Precambrian bedrock and a recent end-moraine complex, running as a continuous ridge from the Russian Karelia through the whole of southern Finland and even further into the northern Baltic Sea. Hankoniemi is therefore dominated by moraine or sandy soils, interspersed with strips of calciferous minerals. The area is comparatively rich, with a number of different biotopes and high species richness for the region (it harbours about 15% of the endangered species of Finland). The main habitat type is pine forest (dominated by Pinus sylvestris), often over consolidated dunes fields. Yet, mixed spruce (Picea abies) and mixed forests are also very common in smaller areas.

During a field course on spider taxonomy and ecology at the University of Helsinki, the authors had the opportunity to sample four plots with the dual objective of both teaching on field methods, spider identification and behaviour and uncovering the spider diversity patterns found in the southern coastal forests of Hankoniemi. As an ultimate goal, this field course intended to contribute to a global project that intends to uncover spider diversity patterns worldwide (see http://biodiversityresearch.org/research/biogeography/). With that purpose, a set of standardised methods and procedures was followed (Cardoso 2009) that allow the comparability of obtained data with numerous other samples being conducted across all continents. By doing so, these data are guaranteed to be reused for multiple future projects currently being implemented.

Sampling methods

Description: 

Four 50 x 50 m plots following a west to east transect were selected for sampling (Table 1). All were in mixed coastal forests dominated by Norway spruce and Scots pine at sea level (0 - 10 m). Plots 1 and 2 were separated by about 100 m, plot 3 was 1.8 km and plot 4 was 5 km from the first (Fig. 1).

Table 1.
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Location of sampling plots.

Latitude

Longitude

Plot 1

59.83226

23.14042

Plot 2

59.83281

23.14137

Plot 3

59.83779

23.17062

Plot 4

59.84147

23.22869

Figure 1.  

Location of sampling plots in Hankoniemi, southern Finland. TZS = Tvärminne Zoological Station.

Study dates: Samples were collected in June 2016, with all but pitfall trapping being conducted on the 13th and 14th. Pitfall traps were left in the field between the 13th and 26th of June 2016.

Sampling description: 

The COBRA - Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment - protocol at the four plots was followed. This protocol, first proposed for Mediterranean spiders (Cardoso 2009) and very recently adapted for and being applied both on the tropics (Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2016) and islands (Emerson et al. 2017) involves night aerial sampling (4 hours/plot), day/night sweeping (4 hours/plot), day/night beating (4 hours/plot) and pitfall traps (48 traps distributed for 12 samples). In total, it involves about 24 hours of effective work per site (see Cardoso 2009 for details).

Geographic coverage

Description: 

Hankoniemi, Finland

Coordinates: 

59.8 and 59.9 Latitude; 23.0 and 23.3 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

Taxa included:
Rank Scientific Name Common Name
order Araneae Spiders

Temporal coverage

Data range: 
2016-6-13 - 2016-6-26.

Usage rights

Use license: 
Open Data Commons Attribution License

Data resources

Data package title: 
COBRA_Finland_Hankoniemi
Resource link: 
http://ipt.pensoft.net/resource?r=cobra_hankoniemi_finland
Number of data sets: 
1

Additional information

Results: A total of 104 species and 1997 adults was collected (Table 2, voucher specimens are deposited at the Finnish Museum of Natural History). Of these, 41 species (39%) were Linyphiidae and 13 (12%) Theridiidae. All other families had 6 or less species represented. Linyphiidae were also dominant in terms of adult individuals captured, with 1015 (51%), followed by 428 (21%) Lycosidae, 158 (8%) Tetragnathidae and 145 (7%) Theridiidae. All other families had less than 100 individuals. The most abundant species were Neriene peltata, Alopecosa taeniata, Piratula hygrophila and Dismodicus elevatus, all with more than 100 individuals. All sites had between 56 and 62 species and between 445 and 569 individuals.

Table 2.
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Richness and abundance of species per plot (adults only).

Family

Species

Plot 1

Plot 2

Plot 3

Plot 4

Total

Anyphaenidae

Anyphaena accentuata (Walckenaer, 1802)

1

2

3

Araneidae

Araneus marmoreus Clerck, 1757

1

1

Araneidae

Araneus sturmi (Hahn, 1831)

3

5

2

10

Araneidae

Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757)

1

2

3

Araneidae

Cyclosa conica (Pallas, 1772)

1

1

1

3

Araneidae

Gibbaranea omoeda (Thorell, 1870)

1

1

1

3

Araneidae

Leviellus stroemi (Thorell, 1870)

1

1

Clubionidae

Clubiona comta C. L. Koch, 1839

4

8

5

2

19

Clubionidae

Clubiona lutescens Westring, 1851

1

4

5

Clubionidae

Clubiona subsultans Thorell, 1875

2

2

4

Dictynidae

Dictyna arundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758)

1

4

5

Dictynidae

Dictyna pusilla Thorell, 1856

4

4

7

3

18

Dictynidae

Lathys nielseni (Schenkel, 1932)

1

1

Gnaphosidae

Drassyllus praeficus (L. Koch, 1866)

1

1

Gnaphosidae

Gnaphosa bicolor (Hahn, 1833)

1

4

2

7

Gnaphosidae

Haplodrassus signifer (C. L. Koch, 1839)

1

1

Gnaphosidae

Haplodrassus soerenseni (Strand, 1900)

4

1

3

8

Gnaphosidae

Haplodrassus umbratilis (L. Koch, 1866)

1

1

2

Gnaphosidae

Zelotes clivicola (L. Koch, 1870)

1

1

Hahniidae

Cryphoeca silvicola (C. L. Koch, 1834)

6

12

3

3

24

Linyphiidae

Agyneta cauta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902)

7

12

6

1

26

Linyphiidae

Agyneta ramosa Jackson, 1912

2

5

10

17

Linyphiidae

Agyneta subtilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1863)

1

2

3

Linyphiidae

Anguliphantes angulipalpis (Westring, 1851)

1

1

Linyphiidae

Bathyphantes nigrinus (Westring, 1851)

1

1

Linyphiidae

Bathyphantes parvulus (Westring, 1851)

3

4

7

Linyphiidae

Ceratinella brevis (Wider, 1834)

1

1

Linyphiidae

Dicymbium tibiale (Blackwall, 1836)

1

1

2

Linyphiidae

Diplocentria bidentata (Emerton, 1882)

3

3

Linyphiidae

Diplocephalus picinus (Blackwall, 1841)

1

1

2

Linyphiidae

Diplostyla concolor (Wider, 1834)

3

1

4

8

Linyphiidae

Dismodicus elevatus (C. L. Koch, 1838)

14

36

38

19

107

Linyphiidae

Entelecara congenera (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879)

1

1

Linyphiidae

Entelecara erythropus (Westring, 1851)

8

9

17

Linyphiidae

Entelecara flavipes (Blackwall, 1834)

1

1

Linyphiidae

Gongylidium rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758)

19

19

Linyphiidae

Hylyphantes graminicola (Sundevall, 1830)

4

2

1

7

Linyphiidae

Hypomma cornutum (Blackwall, 1833)

3

2

2

7

Linyphiidae

Macrargus rufus (Wider, 1834)

1

1

2

Linyphiidae

Maro minutus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1906

1

1

Linyphiidae

Maso sundevalli (Westring, 1851)

23

9

32

11

75

Linyphiidae

Micrargus apertus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871)

1

1

Linyphiidae

Minyriolus pusillus (Wider, 1834)

1

2

1

4

Linyphiidae

Moebelia penicillata (Westring, 1851)

2

2

Linyphiidae

Neriene clathrata (Sundevall, 1830)

5

11

3

3

22

Linyphiidae

Neriene peltata (Wider, 1834)

89

169

88

159

505

Linyphiidae

Obscuriphantes obscurus (Blackwall, 1841)

20

12

5

8

45

Linyphiidae

Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall, 1841)

1

1

Linyphiidae

Palliduphantes pallidus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871)

1

1

Linyphiidae

Pelecopsis elongata (Wider, 1834)

1

3

1

5

Linyphiidae

Pityohyphantes phrygianus (C. L. Koch, 1836)

3

2

2

7

Linyphiidae

Pocadicnemis pumila (Blackwall, 1841)

1

1

1

3

Linyphiidae

Tenuiphantes alacris (Blackwall, 1853)

3

1

2

15

21

Linyphiidae

Tenuiphantes cristatus (Menge, 1866)

1

1

Linyphiidae

Tenuiphantes tenebricola (Wider, 1834)

21

16

10

23

70

Linyphiidae

Walckenaeria antica (Wider, 1834)

2

2

Linyphiidae

Walckenaeria atrotibialis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1878)

2

2

Linyphiidae

Walckenaeria cucullata (C. L. Koch, 1836)

3

1

4

4

12

Linyphiidae

Walckenaeria cuspidata Blackwall, 1833

1

1

Linyphiidae

Walckenaeria dysderoides (Wider, 1834)

1

1

Linyphiidae

Walckenaeria nudipalpis (Westring, 1851)

1

1

Liocranidae

Agroeca brunnea (Blackwall, 1833)

1

1

Lycosidae

Alopecosa taeniata (C. L. Koch, 1835)

87

72

61

61

281

Lycosidae

Pardosa lugubris (Walckenaer, 1802)

2

4

14

3

23

Lycosidae

Piratula hygrophila (Thorell, 1872)

9

3

33

78

123

Lycosidae

Trochosa terricola Thorell, 1856

1

1

Mimetidae

Ero furcata (Villers, 1789)

1

1

Miturgidae

Zora nemoralis (Blackwall, 1861)

3

3

Miturgidae

Zora spinimana (Sundevall, 1833)

3

2

1

6

Philodromidae

Philodromus aureolus (Clerck, 1757)

3

2

5

Philodromidae

Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer, 1802)

1

1

2

Philodromidae

Philodromus collinus C. L. Koch, 1835

5

10

9

6

30

Philodromidae

Philodromus fuscomarginatus (De Geer, 1778)

1

1

3

5

Philodromidae

Philodromus margaritatus (Clerck, 1757)

1

1

Phrurolithidae

Phrurolithus festivus (C. L. Koch, 1835)

1

1

Pisauridae

Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck, 1757)

1

1

Salticidae

Evarcha falcata (Clerck, 1757)

3

1

12

16

Salticidae

Neon reticulatus (Blackwall, 1853)

2

2

Segestriidae

Segestria senoculata (Linnaeus, 1758)

2

1

3

Tetragnathidae

Metellina mengei (Blackwall, 1869)

30

16

7

29

82

Tetragnathidae

Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763)

2

2

Tetragnathidae

Pachygnatha listeri Sundevall, 1830

6

15

12

12

45

Tetragnathidae

Tetragnatha dearmata Thorell, 1873

1

1

Tetragnathidae

Tetragnatha obtusa C. L. Koch, 1837

7

7

5

3

22

Tetragnathidae

Tetragnatha pinicola L. Koch, 1870

1

1

4

6

Theridiidae

Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck, 1757)

4

4

Theridiidae

Episinus angulatus (Blackwall, 1836)

1

1

2

4

Theridiidae

Euryopis flavomaculata (C. L. Koch, 1836)

1

1

3

5

Theridiidae

Neottiura bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767)

7

7

Theridiidae

Paidiscura pallens (Blackwall, 1834)

15

5

4

15

39

Theridiidae

Parasteatoda lunata (Clerck, 1757)

2

2

4

Theridiidae

Phylloneta sisyphia (Clerck, 1757)

3

1

4

Theridiidae

Platnickina tincta (Walckenaer, 1802)

9

9

11

11

40

Theridiidae

Robertus lividus (Blackwall, 1836)

9

3

3

1

16

Theridiidae

Simitidion simile (C. L. Koch, 1836)

2

2

Theridiidae

Theridion mystaceum L. Koch, 1870

2

1

3

Theridiidae

Theridion pinastri L. Koch, 1872

1

1

2

Theridiidae

Theridion varians Hahn, 1833

3

5

4

3

15

Thomisidae

Diaea dorsata (Fabricius, 1777)

10

5

4

10

29

Thomisidae

Ozyptila atomaria (Panzer, 1801)

1

1

Thomisidae

Ozyptila trux (Blackwall, 1846)

1

8

4

13

Thomisidae

Xysticus audax (Schrank, 1803)

1

3

4

Thomisidae

Xysticus luctuosus (Blackwall, 1836)

4

1

5

Thomisidae

Xysticus obscurus Collett, 1877

2

2

Species richness

56

62

62

57

104

Individuals

445

516

467

569

1997

Remarks: The vast majority of species are widespread in Finland and most of Europe. The most notable exception is the uloborid Hyptiotes paradoxus (C. L. Koch, 1834), found for the first time on the Finnish mainland, although only represented here by two juveniles. The species was earlier known in Finland only from Ahvenanmaa, an archipelago on the south-western part of the country (Fritzén 2002) and should be a recent addition due to the effects of global warming that drive a northwards movement of many species until recently only recorded south of the country (Fritzén et al. 2015). Additionally, the linyphiid Entelecara flavipes was found in Finland just a few years ago in the region of Helsinki, about 100 km east from Hankoniemi (Pajunen and Väisänen 2015). Finally, the thomisid Diaea dorsata, which was considered threatened in the 1980s, is now numerous at Hankoniemi.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Joanna Norkko and Riitta Savolainen for logistic support to the field course. Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte friendly reviewed a first draft of the paper.

References

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