Biodiversity Data Journal :
Research Article
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Corresponding author: Julie Allen (juliema@illinois.edu)
Academic editor: Vincent Smith
Received: 13 Oct 2017 | Accepted: 25 Jul 2018 | Published: 28 Aug 2018
© 2018 Juliana Soto-Patiño, Gustavo Londoño, Kevin Johnson, Jason Weckstein, Jorge Avendaño, Therese Catanach, Andrew Sweet, Andrew Cook, Jill Jankowski, Julie Allen
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Soto-Patiño J, Londoño G, Johnson K, Weckstein J, Avendaño J, Catanach T, Sweet A, Cook A, Jankowski J, Allen J (2018) Composition and distribution of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) on Colombian and Peruvian birds: New data on louse-host association in the Neotropics. Biodiversity Data Journal 6: e21635. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e21635
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The diversity of permanent ectoparasites is likely underestimated due to the difficulty of collecting samples. Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) are permanent ectoparasites of birds and mammals; there are approximately 5,000 species described and many more undescribed, particularly in the Neotropics. We document the louse genera collected from birds sampled in Peru (2006–2007) and Colombia (2009–2016), from 22 localities across a variety of ecosystems, ranging from lowland tropical forest and Llanos to high elevation cloud forest. We identified 35 louse genera from a total of 210 bird species belonging to 37 avian families and 13 orders. These genera belong to two suborders and three families of lice: Amblycera, families Menoponidae (present on 131 bird species) and Ricinidae (39 bird species); and Ischnocera, family Philopteridae (119 bird species). We compared our bird-louse associations with data in Price et al. (2003) and recently published Neotropical studies. The majority of bird-louse associations (51.9%) were new, with most of these coming from Passeriformes, the most diverse avian order, with the most poorly known louse fauna. Finally, we found geographical variation in louse infestation and prevalence rates. With this study, we report the first comprehensive documentation of bird-louse associations for Colombia and substantially increase the known associations documented for Peru.
Ectoparasites, Feather Lice, Tropical Forests
Parasites are one of the most common forms of life on the planet (
Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) are permanent parasites occurring on both birds and mammals. There are approximately 5,000 described species of lice, about 3,000 of which are known from birds (
From large collections of louse specimens from birds in Peru,
In this study, we provide data from extensive sampling and description of louse-host associations from Colombia and Peru. Material was collected from 22 localities over nine years. From these samples, we identified 36 unique genera of lice and compared our results with those found in previous studies and with data compiled in the published checklist in
Lice were collected at 22 localities in Peru (2006–2007) and Colombia (2009–2016) (Table
Country |
Department |
Locality |
Coordinates |
Elevation (m a.s.l) |
Habitat |
Collector (s) |
Peru |
Cusco |
1. Buenos Aires (Mun. Paucartambo) |
|
2480-2550 |
Highland cloud forest |
GAL-JEJ |
Cusco |
2. Tono (Mun. Patria) |
|
800-1100 |
Andean foothill forest |
GAL-JEJ |
|
Cusco |
3. Lodge Gallito de las rocas (Mun. San Pedro) |
|
1200-1500 |
Montane cloud forest |
GAL-JEJ |
|
Cusco |
4. Wayqecha Biological Station (Mun. Paucartambo) |
|
2600-3000 |
Highland cloud forest |
GAL-JEJ |
|
Colombia |
Santander |
5. El Rasgón Reserve (Mun. Piedecuesta) |
|
2200 |
Primary cloud forest and borders |
JEA |
Antioquia |
6. Remedios (Mun. Remedios) |
|
500 |
Lowland humid forest |
GAL |
|
Santander |
7. Salabuga farm (Mun. San Andrés) |
|
2650 |
Primary cloud forest and borders |
JEA |
|
Santander |
8. El Tablón farm (Mun. San Andrés) |
|
2770-2800 |
Primary cloud forest and borders |
JEA |
|
Santander |
9. La Rinconada farm (Mun. San Andrés) |
|
2880 |
Primary cloud forest and borders |
JEA |
|
Risaralda |
10. Montezuma, Tatama Nationla Park (Mun. Pueblo Rico) |
|
1200-2500 |
Forest types from foothills, to mid and high elevation cloud forests |
GAL |
|
Casanare |
11. El Porvernir farm (Mun. Aguazul) |
|
350-400 |
Secondary humid tropical forest |
JEA |
|
Meta |
12. Universidad de los Llanos (Mun. Villavicencio) |
|
400-440 |
Secondary humid tropical forest |
JEA |
|
Meta |
13. Mitimiti farm (Mun. Puerto Gaitán) |
|
141 |
Savannah, gallery forest |
JEA |
|
Cundinamarca |
14. San Antonio farm (Mun. Medina) |
|
570 |
Secondary humid tropical forest |
JEA |
|
Meta |
15. Manacacías farm (Mun. Puerto Gaitán) |
|
200-250 |
Savannah, gallery forest |
JEA |
|
Valle del Cauca |
16. La Minga farm (Mun. La Cumbre) |
|
2000 |
Cloud forest on top of the Western cordillera |
GAL |
|
Valle del Cauca |
17. Icesi University research station, Zygia, Farallones de Cali National Park (Mun. Cali) |
|
2400 |
High elevation cloud forest |
GAL |
|
Valle del Cauca |
18. Danubio (Mun. Cali) |
|
2200 |
High elevation cloud forest |
GAL-JSP |
|
Guaviare |
19. Laguna Grande (Mun. San José del Guaviare) |
|
400 |
Savannah, gallery forest |
JEA |
|
Cauca |
20. Mirabilis-Swarovski Reserve (Mun. El Tambo) |
|
2270 |
Primary humid montante forest |
JEA |
|
Cauca |
21. Tambito Reserve (Mun. El Tambo) |
|
1500 |
Primary premontane forest |
JEA |
|
Nariño |
22. El Pangán Reserve (Mun. Barbacoas) |
|
710 |
Primary humid tropical forest |
JEA |
At each site, 10 to 20 netting stations were run and, at each station, 10 mist nets were opened for three days to capture birds. Each netting station was sampled twice during each 4 to 6 month field season. After removing birds from the nets, each individual host was placed in a clean cloth bag until processing for ectoparasites. We used three methods for collecting ectoparasites, detailed in
JEA also collected ectoparasite specimens using Clayton and Drown's (2001) post-mortem ruffling method for euthanised avian hosts. These hosts were collected and prepared as museum voucher specimens. To collect ectoparasites, JEA placed each euthanised host in a Ziploc bag with cotton soaked in ethyl acetate for 20 minutes. He then removed the bird from the bag and ruffled the plumage for 60 seconds over a white sheet of paper. Each specimen was returned to its Ziploc bag (with cotton soaked with ethyl acetate), ruffling the plumage two additional times, at intervals of 15 minutes. The ectoparasites were collected from the paper with a small brush and placed in a vial with 96% ethyl alcohol with a label including host specimen metadata. Bird voucher specimens were deposited in the bird collection of Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (ICN) of Universidad Nacional (Bogotá, Colombia) and the Museum of Natural History (MHNU) at Universidad de los Llanos (Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia). Lice were separated from the other ectoparasites, placed into individual vials and identified to genus using taxonomic keys
We compared our findings with the world checklist of chewing lice in
0) Not previously reported - avian species with no louse association data reported.
1) Same as reported - avian species for which our study found the same louse genera as reported.
2) Fewer than reported - avian species for which our study found fewer louse genera than reported
3) More than reported - avian species for which our study found more louse genera than reported
In Colombia, we sampled 1,032 individual birds from 280 species. Just over half, 51.6% (532), of these birds were infected with ectoparasites (i.e. feather mites, ticks, parasitic flies, fleas and lice) and we found lice on 30% (310) of individual hosts from 138 avian species, 36 avian families and 13 avian orders (Table
Louse-host associations from birds captured in Colombia. N - number of birds examined, Ni - Number of infected birds. Superscripts A and I represent louse suborders Amblycera or Ischnocera and * indicates a previously unrecorded louse host association.
Bird taxa | Louse genera | N | Ni |
Tinamiformes | |||
Tinamidae (1) | |||
Crypturellus soui | Strongylocotes sp. I | 1 | 1 |
Galliformes | |||
Odontophoridae (1) | |||
Colinus cristatus | Gonioides sp.I | 2 | 2 |
Lipeurus sp.I | |||
Oxylipeurus sp.I | |||
Columbiformes | |||
Columbidae (3) | |||
Leptotila rufaxilla | Columbicola sp.I | 2 | 2 |
Physconelloides sp.I | |||
Columbina talpacoti | Columbicola sp.I | 2 | 2 |
Physconelloides sp.I | |||
Zentrygon frenata | Campanulotes sp.I | 1 | 1 |
Cuculiformes | |||
Cuculidae (2) | |||
Crotophaga ani | Osborniella sp.A | 1 | 1 |
Vernoniella sp.I | |||
Piaya cayana | Cuculoecus sp.I | 1 | 1 |
Caprimulgiformes | |||
Caprimulgidae (2) | |||
Systellura longirostris | Mulcticola sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Nyctidromus albicollis | Mulcticola sp.I | 3 | 3 |
Apodiformes | |||
Apodidae (1) | |||
Chaetura meridionalis | Eureum sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Trochilidae (2) | |||
Anthracothorax nigricollis | Trochiliphagus sp.A | 2 | 2 |
Thalurania colombica | Myrsidea sp. A,* | 1 | 1 |
Charadriiformes | |||
Scolopacidae (1) | |||
Gallinago paraguaiae | Saemundssonia sp. I | 1 | 1 |
Rhynonirmus sp.I,* | |||
Jacanidae (1) | |||
Jacana jacana | Rallicola sp.I | 1 | 1 |
Accipitriformes | |||
Accipitridae (1) | |||
Accipiter striatus | Degeeriella sp.I | 1 | 1 |
Coraciiformes | |||
Alcedinidae (3) | |||
Chloroceryle americana | Alcedoffula sp. I | 2 | 2 |
Chloroceryle inda | Alcedoffula sp. I | 2 | 2 |
Chloroceryle aenea | Alcedoffula sp. I | 3 | 2 |
Momotidae (2) | |||
Momotus momota | Philopterus sp. I | 2 | 2 |
Momotus aequatorialis | Brueelia s.l. I,* | 4 | 1 |
Galbuliformes | |||
Bucconidae (1) | |||
Hypnelus ruficollis | Picicola sp. I,* | 3 | 3 |
Piciformes | |||
Capitonidae (1) | |||
Eubucco bourcierii | Penenirmus sp.I | 3 | 1 |
Ramphastidae (1) | |||
Aulacorhynchus haematopygus | Austrophilopterus sp.I | 4 | 1 |
Picidae (6) | |||
Picumnus squamulatus | Penenirmus sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Melanerpes formicivorus | Penenirmus sp.I | 1 | 1 |
Melanerpes rubricapillus | Brueelia s.l. I,* | 1 | 1 |
Picoides fumigatus | Brueelia s.l. I,* | 5 | 1 |
Colaptes rubiginosus | Penenirmus sp. I,* | 1 | 1 |
Dryocopus lineatus | Picicola sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Psittaciformes | |||
Psittacidae (3) | |||
Brotogeris cyanoptera | Psittacobrosus sp.A | 1 | 1 |
Forpus conspicillatus | Psittacobrosus sp. A | 1 | 1 |
Eupsittula pertinax | Psittacobrosus sp. A | 2 | 2 |
Paragoniocotes sp.I | |||
Passeriformes | |||
Thamnophilidae (3) | |||
Dysithamnus puncticeps | Ricinus sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Myrmotherula schisticolor | Ricinus sp.A,* | 6 | 1 |
Formicivora grisea | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Conopophagidae (1) | |||
Conopophaga castaneiceps | Formicaphagus sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Grallaridae (1) | |||
Grallaria alleni | Picicola sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Rhynocrhyptidae (1) | |||
Scytalopus griseicollis | Rallicola sp.I,* | 3 | 1 |
Furnariidae (12) | |||
Dendrocincla fuliginosa | Rallicola sp.I | 10 | 2 |
Ricinus sp.A,* | |||
Glyphorhynchus spirurus | Rallicola sp.I | 23 | 1 |
Xiphorhynchus obsoletus | Rallicola sp.I,* | 2 | 2 |
Dendroplex picus | Rallicola sp.I,* | 3 | 2 |
Anabacerthia variegaticeps | Philopterus sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Syndactyla subalaris | Rallicola sp. I,* | 8 | 1 |
Myrsidea sp.A | |||
Clibanornis rubiginosus | Rallicola sp.I,* | 2 | 2 |
Thripadectes ignobilis | Rallicola sp.I,* | 2 | 2 |
Thripadectes virgaticeps | Rallicola sp.I,* | 4 | 2 |
Myrsidea sp.A | |||
Premnoplex brunnescens | Rallicola sp.I | 10 | 1 |
Myrsidea sp.A | |||
Cranioleuca vulpina | Rallicola sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Myrsidea sp.A | |||
Synallaxis unirufa | Rallicola sp.I,* | 2 | 1 |
Tyrannidae (13) | |||
Elaenia flavogaster | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 | 1 |
Elaenia parvirostris | Ricinus sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Elaenia chiriquensis | Menacanthus sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Elaenia pallatangae | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 2 | 1 |
Mecocerculus leucophrys | Menacanthus sp.A,* | 2 | 1 |
Mionectes striaticollis | Myrsidea sp.A, | 28 | 12 |
Philopterus sp. I,* | |||
Mionectes olivaceus | Myrsidea sp.A | 13 | 4 |
Philopterus sp.I,* | |||
Mionectes oleagineus | Myrsidea sp.A | 18 | 2 |
Leptopogon amaurocephalus | Philopterus sp.I,* | 16 | 3 |
Atalotriccus pilaris | Philopterus sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Rhynchocyclus olivaceus | Myrsidea sp.A | 4 | 1 |
Platyrinchus coronatus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 2 | 1 |
Myiarchus tyrannulus | Philopterus sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Cotingidae (3) | |||
Pipreola riefferii | Cotingacola sp.I | 26 | 8 |
Philopterus sp. I,* | |||
Myrsidea sp.A,* | |||
Pipreola arcuata | Pseudocophorus sp.I | 1 | 1 |
Pipreola jucunda | Ricinus sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Pipridae (4) | |||
Chloropipo flavicapilla | Philopterus sp.I,* | 7 | 2 |
Manacus manacus | Ricinus sp.A | 9 | 2 |
Philopterus sp.I | |||
Pipra filicauda | Ricinus sp.A,* | 7 | 6 |
Philopterus sp.I,* | |||
Myrsidea sp.A,* | |||
Machaeropterus regulus | Ricinus sp.A | 21 | 3 |
Tytiridae (1) | |||
Pachyramphus polychopterus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 3 | 3 |
Ricinus sp.A | |||
Corvidae (1) | |||
Cyanocorax violaceus | Brueelia s.l.I | 1 | 1 |
Myrsidea sp.A | |||
Hirundinidae (1) | |||
Progne tapera | Philopterus sp.I,* | 2 | 2 |
Myrsidea sp.A | |||
Troglodytidae (2) | |||
Troglodytes aedon | Penenirmus sp.I | 6 | 2 |
Cyphorhinus thoracicus | Penenirmus sp.I,* | 8 | 1 |
Turdidae (10) | |||
Myadestes ralloides | Philopterus sp.I,* | 29 | 15 |
Myrsidea sp.A,* | |||
Catharus ustulatus | Philopterus sp.I,* | 10 | 4 |
Myrsidea sp.A | |||
Entomodestes coracinus | Brueelia s.l.I,* | 8 | 4 |
Myrsidea sp.A | |||
Myrsidea sp.A | |||
Turdus leucops | Brueelia s.l.I,* | 13 | 2 |
Turdus leucomelas | Myrsidea sp.A | 4 | 4 |
Brueelia s.l.I | |||
Turdus nudigenis | Myrsidea sp.A | 6 | 6 |
Brueelia s.l.I,+ | |||
Turdus ignobilis | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 | 1 |
Brueelia s.l.I,* | |||
Turdus fuscater | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 2 | 1 |
Brueelia s.l.I,* | |||
Turdus serranus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 19 | 12 |
Brueelia s.l.I,* | |||
Turdus albicollis | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 2 | 2 |
Brueelia s.l. I,* | |||
Thraupidae (34) | |||
Paroaria nigrogenis | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Brueelia s.l.I,* | |||
Schistochlamys melanopis | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 | 1 |
Hemispingus atropileus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 2 | 1 |
Hemispingus frontalis | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 7 | 1 |
Ramphocelus carbo | Myrsidea sp.A | 15 | 15 |
Brueelia s.l.I,* | |||
Ricinus sp.A | |||
Ramphocelus flammigerus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 3 | 2 |
Bangsia edwardsi | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 2 | 2 |
Bangsia aureocincta | Philopterus sp.I,* | 3 | 1 |
Myrsidea sp.A,* | |||
Buthraupis montana | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 2 | 2 |
Chlorornis riefferii | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 3 | 1 |
Anisognathus somptuosus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 10 | 6 |
Iridosornis rufivertex | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Chlorochrysa phoenicotis | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 4 | 2 |
Thraupis palmarum | Myrsidea sp.A | 3 | 2 |
Ricinus sp.A | |||
Thraupis cyanocephala | Myrsidea sp.A | 3 | 2 |
Brueelia s.l.I,* | |||
Tangara heinei | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 4 | 2 |
Tangara cayana | Myrsidea sp.A | 9 | 9 |
Machaerilaemus sp.A,* | |||
Tangara vitriolina | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Tangara rufigula | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 3 | 3 |
Tangara nigroviridis | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 5 | 1 |
Tangara gyrola | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 | 1 |
Tangara arthus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 8 | 1 |
Tangara icterocephala | Myrsidea sp.A | 3 | 3 |
Ricinus sp.A,* | |||
Tersina viridis | Menacanthus sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Diglossa albilatera | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 14 | 2 |
Diglossa caerulescens | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 4 | 2 |
Philopterus sp.I | |||
Catamblyrhynchus diadema | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 3 | 2 |
Haplospiza rustica | Philopterus sp.I,* | 2 | 1 |
Saltator maximus | Myrsidea sp.A | 2 | 2 |
Saltator coerulescens | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Volatinia jacarina | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 2 | 2 |
Sporophila minuta | Ricinus sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Sporophila crassirostris | Philopterus sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Coereba flaveola | Brueelia s.l.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Emberizidae (6) | |||
Oreothraupis arremonops | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 3 | 1 |
Chlorospingus flavigularis | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 3 | 2 |
Chlorospingus flavopectus | Myrsidea sp.A | 10 | 9 |
Ricinus sp. A,* | |||
Philopterus sp. I,* | |||
Penenirmus sp.I,* | |||
Chlorospingus semifuscus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 8 | 5 |
Philopterus sp.I,* | |||
Brueelia s.l.I,* | |||
Arremonops conirostris | Myrsidea sp.A | 3 | 3 |
Arremon brunneinucha | Myrsidea sp.A | 18 | 8 |
Brueelia s.l.I | |||
Cardinalidae (1) | |||
Habia cristata | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Brueelia s.l.I,* | |||
Parulidae (5) | |||
Setophaga fusca | Ricinus sp.A | 2 | 1 |
Myiothlypis fulvicauda | Menacanthus sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Myiothlypis coronata | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 17 | 7 |
Brueelia s.l.I,* | |||
Basileuterus tristriatus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 18 | 4 |
Menacanthus sp. A,* | |||
Myrsidea sp.A | |||
Myioborus miniatus | Ricinus sp.A,* | 7 | 2 |
Icteridae (4) | |||
Psarocolius decumanus | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 | 1 |
Cacicus cela | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 | 1 |
Brueelia s.l. I | |||
Cacicus chrysonotus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 4 | 1 |
Brueelia s.l. I | |||
Gymnomystax mexicanus | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Fringillidae (3) | |||
Euphonia chlorotica | Myrsidea sp.A,* | 1 | 1 |
Euphonia laniirostris | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 | 1 |
Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys | Philopterus sp.I,* | 1 | 1 |
Brueelia s.l.I,* | |||
TOTAL (138) | 641 | 310 |
Host-louse associations from sites in Peru. Ni Number of birds infested. Superscripts A and I represent the suborders of lice Amblycera and Ischnocera, * represents new host-louse association reported in this study. +New genus reported for a host species with louse associations known (No) Number of host species representing each bird family.
Bird taxa | Louse genera | Ni |
Columbiformes | ||
Columbidae (1) | ||
Geotrygon montana | Columbicola sp.I | 1 |
Apodiformes | ||
Trochilidae (2) | ||
Coeligena violifer | Trochiloecetes sp.A, * | 1 |
Thalurania furcata | Trochiliphagus sp.A,* | 1 |
Coraciiformes | ||
Momotidae (1) | ||
Baryphthengus martii | Brueelia s.l.I | 1 |
Piciformes | ||
Capitonidae (1) | ||
Eubucco versicolor | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Passeriformes | ||
Thamnophilidae (7) | ||
Thamnophilus caerulescens | Formicaphagus sp.I, * | 1 |
Macharilaemus sp.A, * | ||
Dysithamnus mentalis | Formicaphagus sp.I, * | 3 |
Myrsidea sp.A, * | ||
Pyriglena leuconota | Formicaphagus sp.I | 1 |
Myrmoborus myotherinus | Formicaphagus sp.I, * | 1 |
Sciaphylax hemimelaena | Ricinus sp.A, * | 1 |
Rhegmatorhina melanosticta | Ricinus sp.A, * | 1 |
Myrsidea sp.A, * | ||
Phlegopsis nigromaculata | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Grallaridae (1) | ||
Grallaricula flavirostris | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Formicariidae (1) | ||
Chamaeza campanisona | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Furnariidae (15) | ||
Dendrocincla fuliginosa | Rallicola sp.I | 1 |
Glyphorhynchus spirurus | Myrsidea sp.A | 3 |
Rallicola sp.I | ||
Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus | Rallicola sp.I, * | 1 |
Xiphorhynchus triangularis | Rallicola sp.I | 2 |
Anabacerthia striaticollis | Philopterus sp.I,* | 3 |
Ricinus sp.A,* | ||
Syndactyla ucayalae | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Clibanornis rubiginosus | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 2 |
Rallicola sp.I | ||
Thripadectes holostictus | Furnariphilus sp.I, * | 2 |
Myrsidea sp.A, * | ||
Thripadectes melanorhynchus | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 5 |
Rallicola sp.I | ||
Automolus ochrolaemus | Myrsidea sp.A | 2 |
Automolus subulatus | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Rallicola sp.I | ||
Premnoplex brunnescens | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 |
Margarornis squamiger | Rallicola sp.I | 1 |
Asthenes helleri | Philopterus sp.I, * | 2 |
Synallaxis azarae | Furnariphilus sp.I, * | 1 |
Tyrannidae (16) | ||
Phylloscartes poecilotis | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Phylloscartes ophtalmicus | Philopterus sp.I, * | 1 |
Myrsidea sp.A | ||
Mionectes olivaceus | Myrsidea sp.A | 17 |
Mionectes striaticollis | Myrsidea sp.A | 26 |
Philopterus sp.I, * | ||
Mionectes oleagineus | Myrsidea sp.A | 6 |
Leptopogon superciliaris | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 7 |
Philopterus sp.I | ||
Myiotriccus ornatus | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Lophotriccus pileatus | Philopterus sp.I, * | 1 |
Myiophobus inornatus | Ricinus sp.A, * | 1 |
Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus | Philopterus sp.I, * | 1 |
Mitrephanes olivaceus | Philopterus sp.I, * | 1 |
Ochthoeca frontalis | Philopterus sp.I, * | 6 |
Myrsidea sp.A | ||
Ochthoeca pulchella | Philopterus sp.I, * | 6 |
Myrsidea sp.A, * | ||
Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris | Philopterus sp.I, * | 1 |
Ochthoeca rufipectoralis | Philopterus sp.I, * | 2 |
Conopias cinchoneti | Philopterus sp.I, * | 1 |
Cotingidae (2) | ||
Pipreola intermedia | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 2 |
Philopterus sp.I, * | ||
Pipreola pulchra | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Pipridae (4) | ||
Chiroxiphia boliviana | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 6 |
Philopterus sp.I | ||
Ricinus sp.A | ||
Lepidothrix coeruleocapilla | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 8 |
Philopterus sp.I, * | ||
Ricinus sp.A, * | ||
Pipra fasciicauda | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Philopterus sp.I, * | ||
Machaeropterus pyrocephalus | Philopterus sp.I, * | 2 |
Ricinus sp.A | ||
Troglodytidae (1) | ||
Henicorhina leucophrys | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Turdidae (6) | ||
Myadestes ralloides | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 4 |
Philopterus sp.I, * | ||
Brueelia s.l.I, * | ||
Catharus ustulatus | Myrsidea sp.A | 5 |
Brueelia s.l.I | ||
Entomodestes leucotis | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 4 |
Brueelia s.l.I | ||
Sturnidoecus sp.I, * | ||
Turdus leucops | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Turdus fuscater | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Philopterus sp.I | ||
Turdus serranus | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 3 |
Menacanthus sp.A | ||
Philopterus sp.I | ||
Brueelia s.l.I, * | ||
Ricinus sp.A | ||
Thraupidae (25) | ||
Hemispingus superciliaris | Ricinus sp.A, * | 1 |
Hemispingus melanotis | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 4 |
Ricinus sp.A | ||
Trichothraupis melanops | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 3 |
Thlypopsis ruficeps | Philopterus sp.I, * | 2 |
Ricinus sp.A | ||
Ramphocelus carbo | Myrsidea sp.A | 2 |
Buthraupis montana | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Chlorornis riefferii | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Iridosornis analis | Myrsidea sp.A, * | |
Brueelia s.l.I, * | 5 | |
Iridosornis jelskii | Myrsidea sp.A, * | |
Chlorochrysa calliparaea | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Thraupis cyanocephala | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 |
Tangara cyanicollis | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Brueelia s.l.I, * | 2 | |
Tangara punctata | Myrsidea sp.A, * | |
Tangara nigroviridis | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 2 |
Tangara chilensis | Myrsidea sp.A | 2 |
Tangara gyrola | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 |
Tangara schrankii | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Tangara arthus | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 2 |
Conirostrum albifrons | Ricinus sp.A, * | 2 |
Diglossa mystacalis | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 2 |
Diglossa brunneiventris | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 2 |
Diglossa glauca | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Ricinus sp.A, * | 1 | |
Diglossa cyanea | Myrsidea sp.A, * | |
Saltator maximus | Brueelia s.l.I,+ | 3 |
Coereba flaveola | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 |
Emberizidae (6) | ||
Chlorospingus flavigularis | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 8 |
Chlorospingus parvirostris | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 2 |
Chlorospingus flavopectus | Myrsidea sp.A | 1 |
Arremon taciturnus | Myrsidea sp.A | 2 |
Arremon brunneinucha | Brueelia s.l.I | 1 |
Atlapetes melanolaemus | Ricinus sp.A, * | 4 |
Cardinalidae (1) | ||
Piranga leucoptera | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 1 |
Parulidae (5) | ||
Myiothlypis luteoviridis | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 5 |
Ricinus sp.A, * | ||
Myiothlypis signata | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 3 |
Menacanthus sp.A, * | ||
Picicola sp.I, * | ||
Ricinus sp.A, * | ||
Myiothlypis bivittata | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 5 |
Ricinus sp.A | ||
Myiothlypis coronata | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 7 |
Brueelia s.l.I, * | ||
Myioborus miniatus | Myrsidea sp.A | 6 |
Menacanthus sp.A, * | ||
Ricinus sp.A, * | ||
Icteridae (1) | ||
Amblycercus holosericeus | Philopterus sp.I, * | 1 |
Fringillidae (2) | ||
Euphonia mesochrysa | Ricinus sp.A, * | 1 |
Euphonia xanthogaster | Myrsidea sp.A, * | 7 |
TOTAL (98) | 262 |
Suborder Amblycera
Menoponidae - Six menoponid louse genera were distributed on 131 bird species: Myrsidea
Ricinidae – Three ricinid louse genera were distributed on 39 bird species: Ricinus
Suborder Ischnocera
Philopteridae – Twenty six philopterid genera were distributed on 119 bird species: Philopterus
In total, including the two louse suborders, 131 bird species had one louse genus, 61 had two louse genera, 16 had three louse genera, 1 had four and 1 had five louse genera.
We compared our findings with the world checklist of chewing lice in
The dataset is the result of several trips to 22 localities to study Neotropical bird communities in Colombia and Peru Table
In the present study, we report the genera of lice collected from 210 bird species at 22 sites in Colombia and Peru. We compared the louse-host association found in our study with the known genera of lice from these species of birds. We used
We report 109 novel host-louse generic associations. This was not unexpected as we sampled several lowland and Andean habitats which have previously had few studies of bird-louse associations.
The majority (87.1%) of these new records were from Passeriformes. Knowledge of lice from many Passeriformes is relatively poor compared to non-passerines
The distribution of lice is related to the distribution of their hosts
In Ischnocera, the family Philopteridae is widely distributed on birds
Thirty percent of the Colombian birds sampled (138 host species) were infected with lice. In Peru,
This manuscript presents data on avian lice from 210 host species. We report and document significant new host-louse association records from poorly sampled yet diverse regions of the world. This information provides an important basis for future studies in the tropics and further enriches our knowledge of the parasite fauna associated with Neotropical birds.
This study was possible thanks to hundreds of volunteers that extracted birds and dusted them and to the private land owners in Colombia and Peru who both allowed us to work at their properties and provided housing and logistic support. We thank SERNAP for giving us permission to work in the buffer zone of Manu National Park in Peru and Parques Naturales de Colombia that allowed us to work in Colombia. This study was supported in part by scholarship fund “Colombia Biodiversa” of the Alejandro Angel Escobar Foundation to JSP, US National Science Foundation grants DEB-1503804 to JDW and DEB-1239788, DEB-1342604 to KPJ and DEB-1120682 to JEJ and GAL.