Biodiversity Data Journal :
Species Conservation Profiles
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Corresponding author: Paulo A.V. Borges (pborges@uac.pt)
Academic editor: Pedro Cardoso
Received: 28 Dec 2017 | Accepted: 13 Apr 2018 | Published: 19 Apr 2018
© 2018 Paulo Borges, Jose Pérez Santa-Rita, Rui Nunes, Anja Danielczak, Axel Hochkirch, Isabel Amorim, Lucas Lamelas-Lopez, Ole Karsholt, Virgílio Vieira
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Borges P, Pérez Santa-Rita J, Nunes R, Danielczak A, Hochkirch A, Amorim I, Lamelas-Lopez L, Karsholt O, Vieira V (2018) Species conservation profile of moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera) from Azores, Portugal. Biodiversity Data Journal 6: e23311. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e23311
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The few remnants of Azorean native forests harbour a unique set of endemic moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera), some of them under severe long term threats due to small sized habitats or climatic changes. In this contribution, we present the IUCN Red List profiles of 34 endemic moths to the Azorean archipelago, including species belonging to two diverse families: Noctuidae (11 species) and Crambidae (eight species). The objective of this paper is to assess all endemic Azorean moth species and advise on possible future research and conservation actions critical for the long-trem survival of the most endangered species.
Most species have a large distribution (i.e. 58% occur in at least four islands), very large extent of occurrence (EOO) and a relatively large area of occupancy (AOO). Only nine species are single-island endemics, three of them from Flores, three from São Miguel and one from Pico, São Jorge and Faial. Most of the species also experience continuing decline in habitat quality, number of locations and subpopulations caused by the ongoing threat from pasture intensification, forestry, invasive plant species and future climatic changes. The lack of new records may indicate that one of the species previously named is extinct (Eupithecia ogilviata). Therefore, we suggest as future conservation actions: (1) a long-term species monitoring plan and (2) control of invasive species.
Azores, invasive species, islands, IUCN, Lepidoptera, moths, Portugal, species conservation profiles, rarity.
Knowledge on Lepidoptera from the Azorean archipelago is still scarce and skewed towards the diurnal species of Rhopalocera (
In this contribution, we present the IUCN Red List profiles of 34 moth species endemic to the Azores, including 11 owlet moths (Noctuidae), eight grass moths (Crambidae), three geometer moths (Geometridae), three Stathmopodidae, three ermine moths (Yponomeutidae), two snout moths or pyralid moths (Pyralidae), one twirler moth or gelechiid moth (Gelechiidae), one leaf-miner moth (Gracillaridae), one plume moth (Pterophoridae) and one fungus moth or tineid moth (Tineidae), which represent the majority of families present in the Azores (
Several of the endemic taxa here listed are known from a single collected individual, so that one of the sexes is unknown. The lack of reference collections for species identification and the low abundance of collected specimens for some taxa stresses the need for further studies that will allow a better understanding of the Lepidoptera fauna of the Azores.
The main objectives of this contribution are: 1) provide updated information on the distribution, abundance and ecology for the 34 Azorean endemic moths; 2) identification of the major threats involving these species; 3) the evaluation of the species conservation profiles for all known Azorean endemic moth species.
To perform the IUCN Red List profiles, we followed the same procedure as in
Prior to the calculation of area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), the 500 m × 500 m cells obtained from Azorean Biodiversity Portal were filtered to consider only the cells with high level of precision: 1 – very precise locality, usually with known UTM data; and 2 – literature locality not exceeding 25 km2. The centroid for each cell was calculated to obtain the distribution points for each species. The calculation of AOO and EOO was performed using the Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool (GeoCAT) and using an approximation to the standard IUCN 2 km × 2 km cells (4 km2). Final maps with species distributions were produced using the IUCN standards with Google Earth (.kmz files).
Critical information on species threats and conservation were mostly obtained from
Scoparia interlinealis Warren, 1957
Grass Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Crambidae |
Eudonia interlinealis was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 41,000 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 324 km2.
Eudonia interlinealis is an endemic species present in the islands of the Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, São Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (
The Extent of Occurrence includes large areas of unsuitable habitats. However, the species is widely distributed, occurring in all islands of the archipelago.
The species is widely distributed occurring in all islands.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
Eudonia interlinealis is a widespread and relatively high abundant species in the native forest. The species currently presents a stable population and occurs in all islands.
Eudonia interlinealis has nine subpopulations, one per island, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
The species occurs in native forests (including Erica azorica shrublands) of Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and S. Maria islands (Azores, Portugal).
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (
This is a bivoltine species. The larva is unknown, but considered to be a specialist herbivore and the adult is frequently seen as a pollinator and has nocturnal activity. Known flight period: January, March to August, October to November (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and S. Maria islands). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address future threats due to climate change. A monitoring plan is necessary for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
This species is not utilised.
Further research is needed on its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva and find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas in all islands of the Azores and to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate commmunity of this habitat. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Grass Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Crambidae |
Eudonia luteusalis was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 32,000 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 160 km2.
Eudonia luteusalis is an endemic species present in the islands of Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and S. Maria (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.
Despite some threats (see below) the species keeps stable subpopulations.
The species is common in medium and high altitude areas in several islands (Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and S. Maria islands). The species presents currently a stable population.
Eudonia luteusalis has seven subpopulations, all of them relatively abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
The species occurs in native forests of Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal). Altitudinal range: 100-1,400 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
The larva is unknown, but considered to be a specialist herbivore and the adult is frequently seen as a pollinator. Known flight period: July, August, October (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and Sta. Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. monitoring plan for the invertebrate community is necessary in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilised
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva, to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas of most of the Azorean islands and to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate commmunity of this habitat. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Scoparia melanographa Hampson, 1907
Grass Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Crambidae |
Eudonia melanographa was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 20,100 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km2.
Eudonia melanographa is an endemic species present in the islands of the Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands. Occurs also at low altitude in human modified habitats.
Despite some threats (see below) the species keeps stable subpopulations.
Eudonia melanographa is a widespread but low abundant species. All the nine known subpopulations occur in a wide range of altitudes in the Azorean islands (Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel), from 10 to 800 m. The species presents currently stable populations.
Eudonia melanographa has five subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
The species occurs in native forest of Azorean islands, with an altitudinal range between 10-800 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
The adults fly from March to October and they rest and fly around rupicolous lichens (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and São Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A monitoring plan for the invertebrate community is necessary in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva, to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas of most of the islands of Azores and to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate commmunity of this habitat. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Eudonia mercurella (L., 1758)
Grass Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Crambidae |
Scoparia aequipennalis was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 41,600 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 380 km2.
Scoparia aequipennalis is an endemic species present in the islands of the Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
Scoparia aequipennalis is a widespread and particularly abundant species in native forests. The species presents a stable population and occurs in all the islands. We assume a stable population.
Scoparia aequipennalis has nine subpopulations, all of them relatively high abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
The species occurs in native forests of mid-high altitude in all the islands (Azores). Altitudinal range: 10-2200 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
Adults and larvae are herbivores; it flies from February to October (
In the past, the species subpopulations have probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A monitoring plan is necessary for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
This species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into this species ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva. Also important will be the promotion of expeditions to find extant specimens in additional natural native forests of mid-high elevation in all the islands of Azores and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Grass Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Crambidae |
Scoparia carvalhoi was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,320 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km2.
Scoparia carvalhoi is an endemic species present in the islands of Faial, Pico, Terceira and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in four islands.
The species has a somewhat restricted distribution but is stable.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
Scoparia carvalhoi is restricted but relatively abundant in some of the locations with native forest. We assume a stable population, but with a tendency to decline in the number of individuals that is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants and from human activities.
Scoparia carvalhoi has four subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
The species occurs in native forests of medium to high altitude in the Faial, Pico, Terceira and Santa Maria islands (Azores). Altitudinal range: 100-700 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
Larvae are herbivores; the moth flies in June and July (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Pico, Terceira and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens. A monitoring plan is necessary for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into this species ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva. Also important will be the promotion of expeditions to find extant specimens in additional natural native forests of mid-high elevation in all the islands of Azores and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Grass Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Crambidae |
Scoparia coecimaculalis was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 38,000 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 288 km2.
Scoparia coecimaculalis is an endemic species present in the islands of Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
Scoparia coecimaculalis is a widespread and particularly abundant species in native forests. The species has probably a stable population.
Scoparia coecimaculalis has seven subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
Scoparia coecimaculalis occurs in native forests in the Azorean archipelago. Altitudinal range: 100-2200 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
Larvae are herbivores and adults are pollinators; the adult flies from January to October, but there are no records from June (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva, to find extant specimens in additional natural native forests of mid-high altitude in all the islands of Azores and to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate commmunity of this habitat. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Grass Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Crambidae |
Scoparia semiamplalis was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 35,500 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 220 km2.
Scoparia semiamplalis is an endemic species present in Flores, Faial, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
Scoparia semiamplalis is a widespread and abundant species in native forest areas. The species presents stable populations.
Scoparia semiamplalis has six subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
Scoparia semiamplalis is known in native forests of Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores). Altitudinal range: 50-900 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
We assume that the larvae are specialist herbivores and adults pollinators. The adult flies from April to October (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threats by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrates in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to earn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva, to find extant specimens in additional natural native forests of mid-high altitude in all the islands of Azores and to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrates in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Grass Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Crambidae |
Udea azorensis was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 20,300 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km2.
Udea azorensis is an endemic species present in Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in several islands.
The species is widely distributed occurring in several islands and some of the host plants are widely distributed.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
Udea azorensis is a widespread and relatively abundant species in native herbaceous vegetation of several habitats of the islands Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel (Azores). The species presents currently stable populations.
Udea azorensis has five subpopulations, all of them relatively abundant in the canopy of endemic trees. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
Udea azorensis occurs in several habitats with native herbaceous vegetation in the Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores). Altitudinal range: 50-800 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. In addition, some of the semi-natural grasslands were replaced by intensive pastures.
It is assumed that the larvae are specialist herbivores and this moth may occur at almost any time of year (March to October), but most often in summer and autumn, with probably three generations per year.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and São Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebratse in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
This species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva, to find extant specimens in additional habitats with native herbaceous vegetation areas of most islands of Azores and to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrates community in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Twirler Moth; Gelechiid Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Gelechiidae |
Brachmia infuscatella was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 13,000 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km2.
Brachmia infuscatella is an endemic species present in Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in five islands. However, there are ongoing severe threats on most sites.
A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.
This species is rare through native vegetation of five islands, but is frequent in low altitude modified habitats and occurs in at least 7 locations under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.
In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.
The species is rare (low number of specimens known) and is known from populations in several elevation areas of the Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and Santa Maria islands. A decline in the number of individuals is probably due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.
The species is rare and a decline is probable due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.
Brachmia infuscatella has five subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents decline in subpopulations due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities and presence of invasive plants.
Brachmia infuscatella occurs in several habitats and in several islands of the Azorean arquipelago (Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and Santa Maria). Altitudinal range: 10-800 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
We assume that the larvae are specialist feeding on plant material and this moth flies in June and July (see data in
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico and Santa Maria). Further research is needed to monitor the species and conservation measures to control the invasive Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum should be implemented to improve habitat quality for this species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva, to find extant specimens in additional natural areas of most islands of Azores and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Cyclophora maderensis azorensis Prout, 1920
Geometer Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Geometridae |
Cyclophora azorensis was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 44,000 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 532 km2.
Cyclophora azorensis is an endemic species present in the islands of the Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed, occurring in all nine islands.
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands and the host plant (Erica azorica) is widely distributed.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
The species is very common and well known from several subpopulations. The maintained number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes (sampled since 1999 by BALA project).
Cyclophora azorensis has eight subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the canopy of endemic trees. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
Cyclophora azorensis occurs in native forest (dominated by Laurus azorica, Juniperus brevifolia and Erica azorica) of all islands and also in all habitats in which the host plant (Erica azorica) grows, being especially common in higher altitudes (above 500 m a.s.l.) where there are remnants of laurel forest. Altitudinal range: 10-1800 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently, the host plant Erica azorica is expanding and has stable population
The larvae are a specialist on Erica azorica. The moth has a continous development with several generations per year (multivoltine species).
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas dominated by Laurus azorica, Juniperus brevifolia and Erica azorica (host plant) of Azores islands and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate commmunity of this habitat. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Tephroclystia ogilviata Warren, 1905
Geometer Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Geometridae |
Eupithecia ogilviata was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
It is known just from one single male captured in Faial in May 1903 (Warren 1905).
Eupithecia ogilviata is a single-island endemic species from Faial (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is considered extinct in the historical locality possibly due to habitat destruction. Not sampled during the last century despite some intensive field work.
The species is likely extinct in the historical locality possibly due to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work.
The species is potentially extinct due to destruction of the habitat in all its range.
Possibly extinct.
The species is only known from a single subpopulation that occurred in the Laurel forest of Central Faial. We assume that this species is probably extinct due to the removal of native forest in the historical locality.
The species is only known from a single subpopulation that occurred in the Laurel forest of Central Faial. We assume that this species is probably extinct due to the removal of native forest in the historical locality.
Eupithecia ogilviata is only known from Central part of Faial island. It has been sampled in a laurel forest, that was later destroyed and therefore this species is considered probably extinct. Altitudinal range: 700-750 m.
There is no information about the habitat.
This is a phytophagous species.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality. The major land-use changes in the island in the last 100 years resulted in the deforestation of the original patch of native forest between 700 and 750 m. If the species is still surviving in any small patch of modified forest, the current and future threats are the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum.
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Faial). Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva and find extant specimens. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by invasive species and climate change. A monitoring plan is necessary for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into the species ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva, to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas of the Faial (unique locality since now) and to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary to establish an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute towards a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Geometer Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Geometridae |
Xanthorhoe inaequata was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 42,000 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 280 km2.
Xanthorhoe inaequata is an endemic species present in the islands of Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed, occurring in all nine islands
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands and some of the host plants are widely distributed.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
The species is a widespread and highly abundant species in native and naturalised vegetation of several habitats of all Azorean islands. The species apparently has currently a stable population, but it greatly depends of the conservation of both native forest fragments and the semi-natural vegetation.
Xanthorhoe inaequata has six subpopulations, all of them relatively high abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
Xanthorhoe inaequata occurs in several habitats with native and naturalised herbaceous vegetation in the all Azorean islands. Altitudinal range: 10-1,400 m.
The species occurs in native forest and herbaceous vegetation, but has also adapted to naturalised plants.
We assume that the larvae are specialist herbivores (e.g. Rubiaceae family such as Rubia agostinhoi and Galium spp.); the adult flies from May to August, having probably two generations per year.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas of all the islands of Azores and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Gracilaria bistrigella Rebel, 1940
Leaf-Miner Moth (English); Lagarta mineira (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Gracillariidae |
Micrurapteryx bistrigella was described in the genus Gracilaria by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 6,200 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.
Micrurapteryx bistrigella is an endemic species from Flores, Pico, S. Jorge and Terceira islands (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in four islands.
A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.
This species is not abundant but it is widespread through the native vegetation of four islands and occurs in at least 5 locations under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.
In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.
The species is a widespread and relatively abundant species in native plants from medium and hight altitudes (e.g. Hypericum foliosum, Morella faya) of several habitats in four islands (Azores). We assume that the species presents decreasing populations, due to the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum which are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and which will impact the species habitat quality.
Micrurapteryx bistrigiella has four subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the canopy of endemic trees. We assume that the species presents decreasing subpopulations, due to the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum which are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and which will impact the species habitat quality.
Micrurapteryx bistrigella occurs in several habitats with native vegetation in the four Azorean islands. Altitudinal range: 10-800 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
This leafminer is a specialist herbivore and was found associated with Hypericum foliosum and Morella faya plants; it flies from June to August and has probably two generations per year.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Pico, S. Jorge and Terceira). Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and confirm data on the feeding substrate of the larva and find extant specimens. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate commmunity of this habitat. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at mid elevations. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuida |
Apamea ramonae was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km2.
Apamea ramonae is single-island endemic species from Flores island, but it is possible that a small population exists in Corvo island (Azores, Portugal) (
This species occurs in the native vegetation at high elevations from Flores island and also in mid-elevation areas. Several sections of the habitat are currently being invaded by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Hydrangea macrophylla). The surrounding area is already heavily invaded by the same invasive plants and parts are occupied by Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Consequently the EOO is in continuing decline.
A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities (human activities at mid elevations) and invasions of alien plants at high elevation.
This species occurs only in two locations of native forest and naturalised vegetation of Flores, which have several ongoing threats (see below).
In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Hydrangea macrophylla are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality. Midland habitat is under severe impact of agriculture activities.
This species is rare in Flores island, occurring mostly in highland Juniperus brevifolia woodland wet habitats with Fetusca spp. grass and Sphagnum spp. moss (
The species has one subpopulation in Flores. Currently, invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat in both islands. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns). In addition,
The species occurs mostly in highland Juniperus brevifolia woodland wet habitats with Fetusca spp. grass and Sphagnum spp. moss (
A decline is inferred due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities at mid elevations and invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Hydrangea macrophylla) at mid to high elevations that are changing the structure of soil moss occupation (Sphagnum spp.) with impacts on the species.
Primarily, the larvae feed on various mosses (especially Sphagnum spp.) and grass tussocks (mainly Festuca francoi) (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Flores). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. A survey in Corvo Island is needed to inform about the possibility of occurrence in this island. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is performing an area-based management plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuidae |
Apamea sphagnicola was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 1,958 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km2.
Apamea sphagnicola is an endemic species present in Pico and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) with two subspecies: A. sphagnicola sphagnicola from S. Miguel and A. sphagnicola centralazorensis from Pico (
The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation. Several sections of the habitat are currently being invaded by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum). The surrounding area is already heavily invaded by the same invasive plants and parts are occupied by Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Consequently the EOO is in continuing decline.
A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities (at Serra Devassa and Serra deÁgua de Pau), invasions of alien plants and cattle trampling in the habitat.
The species inhabits four native vegetation patches in two islands (Pico, S. Miguel) under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants and cattle trampling in the habitat.
In the last 100 years, major alterations have been made within this species' territory. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality. Cattle trampling in the habitat is also a major problem, with impacts on larvae.
This species is relatively abundant and occurs mostly in highland Juniperus brevifolia woodland wet habitats with Fetusca francoi grass and Sphagnum spp. moss (
The species has two subpopulations, one in Pico and another in S. Miguel corresponding to two subspecies. Currently invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat in both islands. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns). In addition,
A. sphagnicola occurs in wet embankments or steep slopes in open heathland or more rarely in open woodland mostly between elevations of 700-900 m (supposedly up to 1,100 m) at S. Miguel (
In the past, the species population has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently, invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. In addition, in Pico Island cattle are destroying lower embankments with Sphagnum through their weight (“cattle erosion”) with impacts on the species. In S. Miguel, the impact of cattle in some of the sites, tourism activity (hiking in accessible parts) and large-scale collecting of Sphagnum mosses, are all decreasing the quality of the habitat (
Primarily the larvae feed on various mosses (especially Sphagnum spp.) and grass tussocks (mainly Festuca francoi) (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Parks of Pico and S. Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate commmunity of this habitat. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years. Education and awareness are needed to avoid large-scale collecting of Sphagnum mosses.
The species it not utilised.
Further research is needed to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas in all Azorean islands and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate commmunity of this habitat. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Hadena bicruris (Hufnagel, 1766)
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuidae |
Hadena azorica was described as genus Hadena by Meyer & Fibiger 2002. This species is only known from a single specimen from São Jorge. To clarify the identity of the taxon, it is necessary to collect more individuals and obtain more information about morphological characters and molecular data. In the original description, H. azorica differs from other species of the same genus by a ground colour of forewing dark grey, uncus norrower and smaller, valva subapically broader and phallus with a subbasal cornutus, basally broader and double-peaked and other smaller narrower, basally membranous and the presence of a subapical spinoluse field larger than other species of the genus.
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.
Hadena azorica is a single-island endemic species from São Jorge island (Azores, Portugal) (
If extant, the species occurs only in a patch of native forest in São Jorge.
The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction, invasive plants habitat modification and habitat fragmentation.
This species occurs in one single native forest patch in São Jorge island under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.
In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. The historical location suffered major changes during the last 20 years and invasive plants are occuppying vast areas, destroying the original habitat.
Probably the species is rare and only known from a single population in high elevation areas in São Jorge island (at Pico das Morgadas).
The species is only known from a single population inhabiting in São Jorge. We assume that this population is declining or, in the worst case, the species is probably extinct.
Probably, the species is rare and only known from a single population in high elevation areas in São Jorge island (at Pico das Morgadas, 500 m a.s.l.) but can also occur in other places with native and naturalised plants like Caryophyllaceae.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species (namely Pittosporum undulatum) are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
We assume that one or two broods are produced per year and adults can be seen flying in to light from June to August.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at high elevations in São Jorge Island (only known at Pico das Morgadas, 500 m a.s.l.) or in other places with native and naturalised plants like Caryophyllaceae. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests and performingan area-based management plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Graphania granti granti Warren, 1905; Polia granti (Rebel, 1940); Mamestra granti (Warren, 1905)
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuidae |
Melanchra granti was described in the genus Melanchra by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 7,800 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km2.
Melanchra granti is an endemic species occurring in Pico, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (
The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation.
A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.
This species is not particularly abundant and widespread through the native vegetation of three islands and occurs in at least four locations under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.
In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants, namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.
The species is scattered and rare in Pico, Terceira and São Miguel islands (Azores), occurring mostly in uplands wet biotopes with native vegetation (larvae associated with grasses and mosses). There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, based on the ongoing threats.
Melanchra granti has three subpopulations. All of them are in continuing decline due to human activity and the spread of invasive plants.
The species is rare and is scattered through a restricted number of suitable patches in three islands. At least 50% of its population can be found in subpopulations that are 1) smaller than would be required to support a viable population and 2) separated from other habitat patches by a large distance. In fact, the species occurs in fragments that are isolated in a matrix of pastures.
The species occurs preferably in the native forests of the Pico, Terceira and São Miguel islands (Azores), surrounded by plantations of exotic trees and pastures. Altitudinal range: 200-600 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently human activities in historical localities and invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
This species is probably a univoltine species, but the life cycle is unknown. Some adults were captured in light traps from January to July (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in only one regionally protected area (Natural Park of Terceira). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva and to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas of the Pico, Terceira and São Miguel islands (Azores), surrounded by plantations of exotic trees and pastures. Obtaining information on population size, distribution and trends is important too. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Hadena storai Rebel, 1940; Mesapamea acorina strigata Pinker, 1969; Mesapamea acorina Pinker, 1969
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuidae |
Mesapamea storai was described in the genus Hadena by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 28,000 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km2.
Mesapamea storai is an endemic species occurring in Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in eight islands.
The species is widely distributed occurring in eight islands in native forest and introduced coniferous forests.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
This species is common in most Azorean islands except Santa Maria, being rare in terms of abundance at lower elevations (e.g. in Terceira island) (
Mesapamea storai has seven subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
Mesapamea storai occurs at medium and high elevations in the Azorean islands except Santa Maria (above 350 m a.s.l.), preferably associated with native grasses (e.g. Holcus azoricus; Poaceae) of Juniperus brevifolia woodland forests as well as habitats located in and around exotic coniferous forests. Altitudinal range: 10-1000 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to reduction in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. Nevertheless, the species has also adapted to naturalised vegetation.
The larvae develop from autumn to spring and the moths fly readily to light from March to November (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. Since this species occurs in relict native Azorean forests, some awareness measures were put recently into practice using, for instance, images from extreme macro (see Fig.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at high elevations associated with native grasses (e.g. Holcus azoricus; Poaceae) of Juniperus brevifolia woodland forests as well as habitats located in and around exotic coniferous forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Agrotis atlantica Warren, 1905
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuidae |
Noctua atlantica was described in the genus Agrotis by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 28,800 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 312 km2.
Noctua atlantica is an endemic species present in Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in eight islands.
The species is widely distributed occurring in eight islands in native forest and introduced coniferous forests.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
This species is very abundant on most Azorean islands and occurs mainly in native vegetation. This species presents a stable population.
Noctua atlantica has eight subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
This species inhabits the uplands on Azorean islands except Santa Maria (above 600 m a.s.l.), preferably into native forest and also at their surroundings with grassy clearings as well as along sunny forest roads of exotic coniferous forests. Altitudinal range: 10-1000 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to reduction in habitat size and quality. Currently, invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. Nevertheless, the species has also adapted to naturalised vegetation.
The larvae are polyphagous feeding on grasses and the adults are nearly present throughout the year, with individuals flying readily to light from April to November (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at high elevations associated with surroundings with grassy clearings as well as along sunny forest roads of exotic coniferous forests. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Sineugraphe carvalhoi Pinker, 1983
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuidae |
Noctua carvalhoi was described in the genus Sineugraphe by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 10,900 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2.
Noctua carvalhoi is an endemic species occurring in Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge and Terceira islands (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in five islands.
A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.
The species is widespread but has low abundancy in native and exotic vegetation of five islands and occurs in at least 11 locations under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.
In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants, namely Pittosporum undulartum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.
This species has low populations in Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge and Terceira islands (Azores), occurring mostly in the native vegetation at medium and high elevations of these islands, but also in exotic vegetation. This species presents declined populations.
Noctua carvalhoi has five subpopulations, all of them with relatively low abundance in the native forest. The species currently presents declining subpopulations.
This species occurs mostly in areas of native forest, but also at their surroundings and in other modified biotopes. Altitudinal range: 50-1,000 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to reduction in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
The larvae are polyphagous on herbs and small shrubs like Rubus spp., being recorded on Scrophularia spp. and Rubus spp. in Flores Island; they feed at night and immature stages occur from autumn to spring and larvae mature between early March and early May; the adult flies in summer and seem to aestivate (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly from the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Flores, Pico, S. Jorge). Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva and to find extant specimens. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at high elevations. A monitoring plan is also necessary for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to forming a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuidae |
Phlogophora cabrali was recorded originally as Eumichtis whitei
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 6,200 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 92 km2.
Phlogophora cabrali is an endemic species present in Faial, Pico, S. Jorge and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (
The species is widely distributed occurring in four islands.
The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands and some of the host plants are widely distributed.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
This species is relatively abundant in Faial, Pico, S. Jorge and S. Miguel islands, occurring mostly in the native vegetation and naturalised plants at medium and high elevations (between 400 and 800 m a.s.l.), in particular, in areas with Rubus species located in and around exotic coniferous forests as well as laurel woodlands (
Phlogophora cabrali has four subpopulations, all of them relatively abundant in the canopy of endemic trees. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
Phlogophora cabrali occurs in humid, wind-protected places most often between 400 and 1,000 m a.s.l. in Faial, Pico, S. Jorge and S. Miguel islands (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently, invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. Nevertheless, the species has also adapted to naturalised vegetation.
The larvae feeds preferably on Rubus species that are located in and around allochthonous coniferous forests as well as native woodlands (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly from the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Pico, S. Jorge and S. Miguel). Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva and to find extant specimens. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at high elevations. A monitoring plan is also necessary for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to undertaking a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuidae |
Phlogophora furnasi was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 10,000 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km2.
Phlogophora furnasi is an endemic species present in Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (
This species occurs in the native vegetation from characteristic highland biotopes of Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel. The EOO includes a relative large area of unsuitable areas and possibly its value is slightly overestimated.
The species occurs in the native and naturalised vegetation of four islands of the Azorean archipelago, that are under threat due to invasive plants expansion.
This species is moderately widespread, occurring in the native medium and high altitude vegetation of four islands, occurring in at least 6 locations under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.
In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants, namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.
This species was particularly abundant in Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands, occurring mostly in the native and naturalised vegetation at medium and high elevations of these islands. However, changes in the vegetation in the last 30 years are threatening this species. Therefore, we suspect that the population is decreasing.
Phlogophora furnasi has four subpopulations, all of them relatively abundant in the canopy of endemic trees. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
Phlogophora furnasi occurs particularly in native vegetation (Calluna vulgaris, Erica azorica, mosses and Festuca francoi) of open native woodlands. Altitudinal range: 200-1,000 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. Nevertheless, the species has also adapted to naturalised vegetation.
The larvae are mostly abundant in humid, shady, wind-protected places in northern exposition with only small Calluna vulgaris bushes between ca. 500 and 1000 m a.s.l.and in low numbers also in embankments and edges of streets through allochthonous coniferous forests and other places (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly from the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Terceira). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at high elevations. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Brotolomia periculosa ab. interrupta Warren, 1905; Chutapha wollastoni interrupta Warren; Phlogophora jarmilae (Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2006).
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuidae |
Phlogophora interrupta was described as Brotolomia periculosa ab. interrupta by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 38,000 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 312 km2.
Phlogophora interrupta is an endemic species present in Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal) (
This species occurs in the native vegetation from medium and high altitudes in eight of the nine Azorean islands. The EOO includes a relative large area of unsuitable habitats and possibly the value is slightly overestimated.
The species occurs in the native forests of eight islands of the Azorean arquipelago, as well as in naturalised vegetation.
Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.
The species is a widespread and abundant species in native and naturalised vegetation at medium and high elevations of the Azorean islands (with the exception of Corvo island). The adults are rare at lower elevations (
Phlogophora interrupta has eight subpopulations, all of them relatively abundant in the canopy of endemic trees. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.
This species occurs particularly in typical medium to highland biotopes with native grass and moss on Azorean islands (despite some registered records at lower altitudes). Altitudinal range: 100-1,000 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to reduction in habitat size and quality. Currently, invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. Nevertheless, the species has also adapted to naturalised vegetation.
The adults of P. interrupta are captured in light traps from April to November, with a maximum of individuals in summer (e.g. Santa Bárbara, Terceira, at the end of july;
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly from the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at high elevations, mostly with a high dominance of mosses. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Owlet Moth; Underwing Moth (English); Traça; Borboleta noturna (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Noctuidae |
Phlogophora kruegeri was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.
Phlogophora kruegeri is a single-island endemic species from Flores island (Azores, Portugal) (
This species is restricted to remnant native vegetation of Flores island, the Natural Forest Reserve of Caldeiras Funda e Rasa that has a very low index of habitat quality due to the rapid expansion of invasive plants (
Due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation. The species is restricted to a single native forest patch in Flores island, the Natural Forest Reserve of Caldeiras Funda e Rasa that has a very low index of habitat quality due to the rapid expansion of invasive plants (
This species occurs in one single native forest patch in Flores island, with a very low index of habitat quality due to the rapid expansion of invasive plants (
In the last ten years, the rapid spread of invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Hydrangea macrophylla, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality. Habitat destruction and invasive plants can drive this species to extinction very fast.
This species is still relatively abundant on Flores island, occurring mostly in highland Juniperus brevifolia woodland wet habitats with grass and Sphagnum spp. moss (
Phlogophora kruegeri has one subpopulation which is in continuing decline due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants. Habitat destruction and invasive plants can drive this species to extinction very fast.
This species occurs mostly in typical highland wet Juniperus brevifolia woodland habitats with native grasses and mosses on Flores island (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
This species is a polyphagous herbivore. Adults are present except for winter months with surveys suggesting highest abudance from July to August.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to reductions in habitat size and quality, mostly from the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Flores). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at high elevations with Juniperus brevifolia and areas of native grasses and mosses on Flores island. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Plume Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Pterophoridae |
Stenoptilia meyeri was described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 8 km2.
Stenoptilia meyeri is a single-island endemic species from S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal). This species occurs in Natural Forest Reserve of Pico da Vara (S. Miguel).
The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation. Several sections of the habitat are currently being invaded by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Clethra arborea). The surrounding area is already heavily invaded by the same invasive plants and parts are occupied by Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Consequently, the EOO is in continuing decline.
Several sections of the habitat are currently being invaded by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Clethra arborea). The surrounding area is already heavily invaded by the same invasive plants and parts are occupied by Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Consequently the AOO is in continuing decline.
The species occurs only at Tronqueira native forest area at Northeast part of S. Miguel. The complete forest is threatened by invasive plants.
Only one location left.
The species is possibly rare and only known from a single population. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions by alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Clethra arborea).
The species is possibly rare and only known from a single population. A continuing decline habitat due to degradation and the presence of invasions by alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Clethra arborea) possibly has caused a decline of the only population.
This is possibly a closed forest species that occurs in the hyper-humid Azorean native forests, surrounded by plantations of exotic trees (Cryptomeria japonica), with an altitudinal range between 700 and 1000 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
We assume that this species is a specialist herbivore, but with unknown current details on its ecology.
The most important ongoing threat to this species is the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Research performed by
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (S. Miguel Natural Park). The São Miguel Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. LIFE PRIOLO project started with a restoration of degraded habitats to increase the area of pristine forest. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva. Further surveys and monitoring is required to clarify its population size, trends and distribtion into other forest areas of S. Miguel island. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests and performing an area-based management plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Snout Moth; Pyralid Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Pyralidae |
Homoesoma miguelensis and Homoesoma picoensis were described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 20 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2.
Homoeosoma miguelensis is a single-island endemic species restricted to S. Miguel island (Azores, Portugal) (
This species possibly occurs in the native vegetation from medium and high altitudes of the Povoação and Nordeste localities (S. Miguel island).
A decline is inferred due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation.
This species occurs in one single native forest patch in São Miguel island under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.
In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants namely, Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.
Homoeosoma miguelensis is possibly scattered and low abundant in S. Miguel island, occurring mostly in native vegetation but also in naturalised plants.
The species has one subpopulation in S. Miguel. Currently invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat in both islands. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns). Consequently, we assume a decline in number of subpopulations due to major threats.
Preferably, the species occurs in areas of native forest and fragmented areas of the surroundings. Altitudinal range: 200-600 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
The larvae are supposed to feed on the Asteraceae plants. We assume that this species is a specialist herbivore and flies in July at medium altitudes of the Povoação (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Park of S. Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at high elevations with Juniperus brevifolia and areas of native grasses and mosses on S. Miiguel island. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Snout Moth; Pyralid Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Pyralidae |
Homoesoma picoensis and Homoesoma miguelensis were described by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.
Homoeosoma picoensis is a single-island endemic species restricted to Pico island (Azores, Portugal) (
The species occurs in one site with few remnants of native forest. Native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation can greaty influence a decline in EOO.
Possible, due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation. The species is restricted to a single patch in Pico with a dominance of semi-natural pasture and few isolated endemic trees.
This species occurs in one single location with semi-natural grassland and few patches with endemic plants in Pico island under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.
In the last 100 years, major alterations have been made in the territory, mostly for the creation of pastures, with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants, namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.
Homoeosoma picoensis is scattered and scarce in Pico island. As the species is restricted to a single patch in Pico with a dominance of semi-natural pasture and few isolated endemic trees, we assume a decreasing trend in abundance.
The species has one population in Pico. As the species is restricted to a single patch in Pico with a dominance of semi-natural pasture and few isolated endemic trees, we assume a decreasing trend in abundance.
This species occurs mostly in areas of native vegetation at medium and high elevations of the Pico island. Altitudinal range: 700-900 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently human activities (cattle production) and invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.
The species is known to preferably feed on Asteraceae plants. We assume that this species is a specialist herbivore and flies in July (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Park of Pico). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilized.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at high elevations on Pico island. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (e.g. see
Megaceraea incertella Rebel, 1940
Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Stathmopodidae |
Neomariania incertella was described in the genus Megaceraea by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km2.
Neomariania incertella is a single-island endemic species restricted to Flores island (Azores, Portugal) (
Based on the area of the single historical locality. There is an inferred continuing decline in EOO due to the spread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat area in the last 10 years.
Based on the area of a unique cell of the historical locality. There is an inferred continuing decline in AOO due to the spread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat area in the last 10 years.
The original historical single native forest patch in Flores island, which has a severe and ongoing threat from invasive plants.
In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants, namely Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.
This species is rare in Flores island, occurring mostly in native vegetation but also in naturalised plants in a small patch of native vegetation in the North part of the island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the degradation of its habitat due to human activities (pastures for dairy cattle) and invasions of alien plants.
The species is only known from a single population inhabiting in Flores, occurring in disturbed native forest. It is assumed, due to ongoing threats, that this species population is in decline. Worst case inferrences show it could possibly even be extinct.
The species occurs in native forest areas but also in open landscapes with isolated tree groups. Altitudinal range: 10-100 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently human activities (cattle production) and invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. The species has also adapted to naturalised plants.
The feeding substrate of the larvae of Neomariania species is unknown; the adult flies in June (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Park of Flores). The control of the invasive plant species, Hydrangea macrophylla and Pittosporum undulatum, should be implemented to improve the habitat quality for this species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at mid and high elevations associated with native forests of Juniperus brevifolia woodland forests in Flores island. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community at low elevations. The genus Neomariania is in need of a detailed taxonomic revision.
Megaceraea oecophorella Rebel, 1940
Moth (English); Traça (Portuguese)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Insecta | Lepidoptera | Stathmopodidae |
Neomariania oecophorella was described in the genus Megaceraea by
Nicola Mumford
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 17,000 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2.
Neomariania oecophorella is an endemic species present in Flores, Faial, Pico, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (
The EOO includes several islands and, within these islands, a relatively large area of unsuitable habitats exist and possibly the value of EOO is slightly overestimated.
The species occurs in a restricted number of native vegetation patches (currently modified) in Faial, Flores, Pico, Terceira and S. Miguel islands, in the Azorean arquipelago.
This species is somewhat restricted through the native low altitude vegetation of five islands, occurring in at least 6 locations under ongoing severe impacts of land-use changes and invasive plants.
In the last 100 years, major land-use alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats, particularly at low elevations. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants, namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.
This species is scarce in the Azorean islands (Flores, Faial, Pico, Terceira and S. Miguel), occurring mostly in native vegetation but also in naturalised plants at low elevations.
Neomariania oecophorella has four subpopulations, occurring mostly in native vegetation but also in naturalised plants at low elevations. We need more information about the taxon to clarify the real status of the subpopulations, but it is possible that they are declining due to human activities promoting major land-use changes and invasions of alien plants.
The species occurs in native forest areas but also in open landscapes with isolated tree groups. Altitudinal range: 10-200 m.
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality. Currently, human activities (cattle production) and invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. The species has also adapted to naturalised plants.
The feeding substrate of the larvae of Neomariania species is unknown; the adult flies in May and June (
In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (
The species is not protected by regional law. Conservation measures are needed to control the invasive plants, Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests.
The species is not utilised.
In order to learn about the species' population size, distribution and ecological requirements, for example the feeding substrate of the larvae, further research is needed into its ecology and life history. It will be also important to find extant specimens in additional natural forest areas at low and mid elevations. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community at low elevations. The genus