Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 41,000 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 324 km².

Eudonia interlinealis is an endemic species present in the islands of the Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, São Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Nuss et al. 1997, Borges et al. 2010), known from 11 Natural Forest Reserves of Caldeiras Funda e Rasa (Flores); Caldeira do Faial and Cabeço do Fogo (Faial); Caveiro (Pico); Pico Pinheiro and Topo (S. Jorge); Biscoito da Ferraria, Caldeira Sta. Bárbara e Mistérios Negros and Terra Brava (Terceira); Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Sta. Maria).

The Extent of Occurrence includes large areas of unsuitable habitats. However, the species is widely distributed, occurring in all islands of the archipelago.

The species is widely distributed occurring in all islands.

Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.

Eudonia interlinealis is a widespread and relatively high abundant species in the native forest. The species currently presents a stable population and occurs in all islands.

Eudonia interlinealis has nine subpopulations, one per island, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

The species occurs in native forests (including Erica azorica shrublands) of Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and S. Maria islands (Azores, Portugal).

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, invasive plant species are decreasing habitat quality changing the structure of the forest.

This is a bivoltine species. The larva is unknown, but considered to be a specialist herbivore and the adult is frequently seen as a pollinator and has nocturnal activity. Known flight period: January, March to August, October to November (Nuss et al. 1997).

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently invasive plants Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and S. Maria islands). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address future threats due to climate change. A monitoring plan is necessary for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

This species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 32,000 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 160 km².

Eudonia luteusalis is an endemic species present in the islands of Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and S. Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Nuss et al. 1997, Borges et al. 2010), known from eleven Natural Forest Reserves of Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Caldeira do Faial (Faial); Mistério da Prainha, Caveiro and Caiado (Pico); Topo (S. Jorge); Biscoito da Ferraria, Pico Galhardo, Caldeira Sta. Bárbara e Mistérios Negros and Terra Brava (Terceira); and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.

Despite some threats (see below) the species keeps stable subpopulations.

The species is common in medium and high altitude areas in several islands (Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and S. Maria islands). The species presents currently a stable population.

Eudonia luteusalis has seven subpopulations, all of them relatively abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

The species occurs in native forests of Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal). Altitudinal range: 100-1,400 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.

The larva is unknown, but considered to be a specialist herbivore and the adult is frequently seen as a pollinator. Known flight period: July, August, October (Nuss et al. 1997), with probably two generations per year.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently invasive plants Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and Sta. Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. monitoring plan for the invertebrate community is necessary in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

The species is not utilised

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 20,100 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 104 km².

Eudonia melanographa is an endemic species present in the islands of the Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (Nuss et al. 1997, Borges et al. 2010). The species was observed flying in a quarry on the western slope of the volcano Pico (Nuss et al. 1997), which belongs to the Natural Park of Pico island. It can also be found in two Natural Forest Reserves of Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores) and Caldeira Sta. Bárbara e Mistérios Negros (Terceira).

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands. Occurs also at low altitude in human modified habitats.

Despite some threats (see below) the species keeps stable subpopulations.

Eudonia melanographa is a widespread but low abundant species. All the nine known subpopulations occur in a wide range of altitudes in the Azorean islands (Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel), from 10 to 800 m. The species presents currently stable populations.

Eudonia melanographa has five subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

The species occurs in native forest of Azorean islands, with an altitudinal range between 10-800 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.

The adults fly from March to October and they rest and fly around rupicolous lichens (Nuss et al. 1997), with probably two generations per year. The larva is unknown, but considered to be a specialist herbivore and the adult is frequently seen as a pollinator.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently invasive plants Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and São Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A monitoring plan for the invertebrate community is necessary in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 41,600 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 380 km².

Scoparia aequipennalis is an endemic species present in the islands of the Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Nuss et al. 1997, Borges et al. 2010). Within these nine islands, it is known from 15 Natural Forest Reserves of Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Caldeira do Faial and Cabeço do Fogo (Faial); Mistério da Prainha, Caveiro and Caiado (Pico); Pico Pinheiro and Topo (S. Jorge); Biscoito da Ferraria, Pico Galhardo, Caldeira Guilherme Moniz, Caldeira Sta. Bárbara e Mistérios Negros and Terra Brava (Terceira); Atalhada and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel).

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.

Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.

Scoparia aequipennalis is a widespread and particularly abundant species in native forests. The species presents a stable population and occurs in all the islands. We assume a stable population.

Scoparia aequipennalis has nine subpopulations, all of them relatively high abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

The species occurs in native forests of mid-high altitude in all the islands (Azores). Altitudinal range: 10-2200 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.

Adults and larvae are herbivores; it flies from February to October (Nuss et al. 1997), with two or more broods around the year.

In the past, the species subpopulations have probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, invasive plants, Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. A monitoring plan is necessary for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

This species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,320 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km².

Scoparia carvalhoi is an endemic species present in the islands of Faial, Pico, Terceira and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Nuss et al. 1997, Borges et al. 2010), known from native forest. Within these four islands, it is known from two Natural Forest Reserves of Caldeira do Faial (Faial) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

The species is widely distributed occurring in four islands.

The species has a somewhat restricted distribution but is stable.

Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.

Scoparia carvalhoi is restricted but relatively abundant in some of the locations with native forest. We assume a stable population, but with a tendency to decline in the number of individuals that is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants and from human activities.

Scoparia carvalhoi has four subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

The species occurs in native forests of medium to high altitude in the Faial, Pico, Terceira and Santa Maria islands (Azores). Altitudinal range: 100-700 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.

Larvae are herbivores; the moth flies in June and July (Nuss et al. 1997), with one or two broods per year.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, invasive plants, Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Pico, Terceira and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to find extant specimens. A monitoring plan is necessary for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 38,000 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 288 km².

Scoparia coecimaculalis is an endemic species present in the islands of Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Nuss et al. 1997, Borges et al. 2010), known from native forest. Within these islands, it is known from sixteen Natural Forest Reserves: Caldeiras Funda e Rasa and Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Caldeira do Faial and Cabeço do Fogo (Faial); Mistério da Prainha, Caveiro and Caiado (Pico); Pico Pinheiro and Topo (S. Jorge); Biscoito da Ferraria, Pico Galhardo, Caldeira Sta. Bárbara e Mistérios Negros and Terra Brava (Terceira); Graminhais and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.

Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.

Scoparia coecimaculalis is a widespread and particularly abundant species in native forests. The species has probably a stable population.

Scoparia coecimaculalis has seven subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

Scoparia coecimaculalis occurs in native forests in the Azorean archipelago. Altitudinal range: 100-2200 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.

Larvae are herbivores and adults are pollinators; the adult flies from January to October, but there are no records from June (Nuss et al. 1997), with one or two broods per year.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, invasive plants, Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting andalteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 35,500 km2 and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 220 km².

Scoparia semiamplalis is an endemic species present in Flores, Faial, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal) (Nuss et al. 1997, Borges et al. 2010). Within these islands, it is known from ten Natural Forest Reserves: Caldeiras Funda e Rasa and Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Caldeira do Faial (Faial), Topo (S. Jorge), Biscoito da Ferraria and Caldeira Sta. Bárbara e Mistérios Negros (Terceira); Atalhada, Graminhais and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.

Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.

Scoparia semiamplalis is a widespread and abundant species in native forest areas. The species presents stable populations.

Scoparia semiamplalis has six subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

Scoparia semiamplalis is known in native forests of Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores). Altitudinal range: 50-900 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.

We assume that the larvae are specialist herbivores and adults pollinators. The adult flies from April to October (Nuss et al. 1997), having possibly two or more generations per year.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, invasive plants, Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threats by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrates in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 20,300 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 136 km².

Udea azorensis is an endemic species present in Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from native herbaceous vegetation. Within these five islands, it is known from four Natural Forest Reserves of Biscoito da Ferraria, Pico Galhardo, Caldeira Guilherme Moniz and Terra Brava (Terceira).

The species is widely distributed occurring in several islands.

The species is widely distributed occurring in several islands and some of the host plants are widely distributed.

Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.

Udea azorensis is a widespread and relatively abundant species in native herbaceous vegetation of several habitats of the islands Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel (Azores). The species presents currently stable populations.

Udea azorensis has five subpopulations, all of them relatively abundant in the canopy of endemic trees. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

Udea azorensis occurs in several habitats with native herbaceous vegetation in the Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores). Altitudinal range: 50-800 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. In addition, some of the semi-natural grasslands were replaced by intensive pastures.

It is assumed that the larvae are specialist herbivores and this moth may occur at almost any time of year (March to October), but most often in summer and autumn, with probably three generations per year.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Managment of semi-natural pastures is critical for the conservation of this species. In some islands, the input of fertilisers is increasing. The spread of some invasive plants can also be a problem (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum). These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and São Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebratse in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

This species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 13,000 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 68 km².

Brachmia infuscatella is an endemic species present in Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from native habitats (see Rebel 1940). It is known from the Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

The species is widely distributed occurring in five islands. However, there are ongoing severe threats on most sites.

A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.

This species is rare through native vegetation of five islands, but is frequent in low altitude modified habitats and occurs in at least 7 locations under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.

In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.

The species is rare (low number of specimens known) and is known from populations in several elevation areas of the Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and Santa Maria islands. A decline in the number of individuals is probably due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.

The species is rare and a decline is probable due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.

Brachmia infuscatella has five subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents decline in subpopulations due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities and presence of invasive plants.

Brachmia infuscatella occurs in several habitats and in several islands of the Azorean arquipelago (Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and Santa Maria). Altitudinal range: 10-800 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.

We assume that the larvae are specialist feeding on plant material and this moth flies in June and July (see data in Rebel 1940; O. Karsholt unpubl.), with probably one or two generations per year.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, invasive plants (Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on research by Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico and Santa Maria). Further research is needed to monitor the species and conservation measures to control the invasive Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum should be implemented to improve habitat quality for this species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 44,000 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 532 km².

Cyclophora azorensis is an endemic species present in the islands of the Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from all habitats in which the host plant Erica azorica grows, but it is especially common in medium/higher altitudes where there are remnants of Laurisilva forest, being known from all Azorean Natural Forest Reserves: Caldeiras Funda e Rasa and Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Caldeira do Faial and Cabeço do Fogo (Faial); Mistério da Prainha, Caveiro and Caiado (Pico); Pico Pinheiro and Topo (S. Jorge); Biscoito da Ferraria, Pico Galhardo, Caldeira Guilherme Moniz, Caldeira Sta. Bárbara e Mistérios Negros and Terra Brava (Terceira); Atalhada, Graminhais and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

The species is widely distributed, occurring in all nine islands.

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands and the host plant (Erica azorica) is widely distributed.

Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.

The species is very common and well known from several subpopulations. The maintained number of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes (sampled since 1999 by BALA project).

Cyclophora azorensis has eight subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the canopy of endemic trees. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

Cyclophora azorensis occurs in native forest (dominated by Laurus azorica, Juniperus brevifolia and Erica azorica) of all islands and also in all habitats in which the host plant (Erica azorica) grows, being especially common in higher altitudes (above 500 m a.s.l.) where there are remnants of laurel forest. Altitudinal range: 10-1800 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently, the host plant Erica azorica is expanding and has stable population

The larvae are a specialist on Erica azorica. The moth has a continous development with several generations per year (multivoltine species).

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). The species is considered common in the native vegetation. The most important ongoing threat to this species is the spread of invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea in S. Miguel) that are changing the habitat structure. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on research by Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

It is known just from one single male captured in Faial in May 1903 (Warren 1905).

Eupithecia ogilviata is a single-island endemic species from Faial (Azores, Portugal) (Warren 1905, Borges et al. 2010). We assume that this species is probably extinct in Azores.

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality possibly due to habitat destruction. Not sampled during the last century despite some intensive field work.

The species is likely extinct in the historical locality possibly due to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work.

The species is potentially extinct due to destruction of the habitat in all its range.

Possibly extinct.

The species is only known from a single subpopulation that occurred in the Laurel forest of Central Faial. We assume that this species is probably extinct due to the removal of native forest in the historical locality.

The species is only known from a single subpopulation that occurred in the Laurel forest of Central Faial. We assume that this species is probably extinct due to the removal of native forest in the historical locality.

Eupithecia ogilviata is only known from Central part of Faial island. It has been sampled in a laurel forest, that was later destroyed and therefore this species is considered probably extinct. Altitudinal range: 700-750 m.

There is no information about the habitat.

This is a phytophagous species.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality. The major land-use changes in the island in the last 100 years resulted in the deforestation of the original patch of native forest between 700 and 750 m. If the species is still surviving in any small patch of modified forest, the current and future threats are the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum.

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Faial). Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and the feeding substrate of the larva and find extant specimens. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by invasive species and climate change. A monitoring plan is necessary for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 42,000 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 280 km².

Xanthorhoe inaequata is an endemic species present in the islands of Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010). The species can be found in native forest fragments, but also in the habitats which are dominated by forest plantations and patches of semi-natural and exotic vegetation, being known from all eighteen Natural Forest Reserves: Caldeiras Funda e Rasa and Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Caldeira do Faial and Cabeço do Fogo (Faial); Mistério da Prainha, Caveiro and Caiado (Pico); Pico Pinheiro and Topo (S. Jorge); Biscoito da Ferraria, Pico Galhardo, Caldeira Guilherme Moniz, Caldeira Sta. Bárbara e Mistérios Negros and Terra Brava (Terceira); Atalhada, Graminhais and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

The species is widely distributed, occurring in all nine islands

The species is widely distributed occurring in many islands and some of the host plants are widely distributed.

Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.

The species is a widespread and highly abundant species in native and naturalised vegetation of several habitats of all Azorean islands. The species apparently has currently a stable population, but it greatly depends of the conservation of both native forest fragments and the semi-natural vegetation.

Xanthorhoe inaequata has six subpopulations, all of them relatively high abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

Xanthorhoe inaequata occurs in several habitats with native and naturalised herbaceous vegetation in the all Azorean islands. Altitudinal range: 10-1,400 m.

The species occurs in native forest and herbaceous vegetation, but has also adapted to naturalised plants.

We assume that the larvae are specialist herbivores (e.g. Rubiaceae family such as Rubia agostinhoi and Galium spp.); the adult flies from May to August, having probably two generations per year.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently invasive plants, Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on reaserch by Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 6,200 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km².

Micrurapteryx bistrigella is an endemic species from Flores, Pico, S. Jorge and Terceira islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010). It is especially known in higher elevations where there are remnants of native forest, being known from the Natural Forest Reserves of Caldeiras Funda e Rasa (Flores) and Biscoito da Ferraria (Terceira).

The species is widely distributed occurring in four islands.

A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.

This species is not abundant but it is widespread through the native vegetation of four islands and occurs in at least 5 locations under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.

In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.

The species is a widespread and relatively abundant species in native plants from medium and hight altitudes (e.g. Hypericum foliosum, Morella faya) of several habitats in four islands (Azores). We assume that the species presents decreasing populations, due to the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum which are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and which will impact the species habitat quality.

Micrurapteryx bistrigiella has four subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the canopy of endemic trees. We assume that the species presents decreasing subpopulations, due to the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum which are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and which will impact the species habitat quality.

Micrurapteryx bistrigella occurs in several habitats with native vegetation in the four Azorean islands. Altitudinal range: 10-800 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.

This leafminer is a specialist herbivore and was found associated with Hypericum foliosum and Morella faya plants; it flies from June to August and has probably two generations per year.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently Cryptomeria japonica plantations management and invasive plants Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Pico, S. Jorge and Terceira). Further research is needed into its ecology and life history in order to learn about the ecological requirements of the species and confirm data on the feeding substrate of the larva and find extant specimens. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate commmunity of this habitat. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 12 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

Apamea ramonae is single-island endemic species from Flores island, but it is possible that a small population exists in Corvo island (Azores, Portugal) (Wagner 2015a), known from native vegetation dominated by a mix of mosses as Sphagnum and grass tussocks as Festuca, but also at their sorroundings (between 400 and 900 m). This species occurs in the Natural Forest Reserve of Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores).

This species occurs in the native vegetation at high elevations from Flores island and also in mid-elevation areas. Several sections of the habitat are currently being invaded by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Hydrangea macrophylla). The surrounding area is already heavily invaded by the same invasive plants and parts are occupied by Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Consequently the EOO is in continuing decline.

A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities (human activities at mid elevations) and invasions of alien plants at high elevation.

This species occurs only in two locations of native forest and naturalised vegetation of Flores, which have several ongoing threats (see below).

In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Hydrangea macrophylla are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality. Midland habitat is under severe impact of agriculture activities.

This species is rare in Flores island, occurring mostly in highland Juniperus brevifolia woodland wet habitats with Fetusca spp. grass and Sphagnum spp. moss (Wagner 2015a). A decline is inferred due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities at mid elevations and invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Hydrangea macrophylla) at mid to high elevations that are changing the structure of soil moss occupation (Sphagnum spp.) with impacts on the species.

The species has one subpopulation in Flores. Currently, invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat in both islands. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns). In addition, Wagner (2015a) observed that, in Flores island, cattle are destroying lower embankments of Sphagnum through their weight (“cattle erosion”) which impacts the species.

The species occurs mostly in highland Juniperus brevifolia woodland wet habitats with Fetusca spp. grass and Sphagnum spp. moss (Wagner 2015a). The species occurs in very wet embankments, slopes or more rarely also plain areas in open heathland between 400 and 900 m.

A decline is inferred due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities at mid elevations and invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Hydrangea macrophylla) at mid to high elevations that are changing the structure of soil moss occupation (Sphagnum spp.) with impacts on the species.

Primarily, the larvae feed on various mosses (especially Sphagnum spp.) and grass tussocks (mainly Festuca francoi) (Wagner 2015a). Possibly, the larvae are a specialised herbivore and the adults have probably only one generation per year. Wagner (2015a) observed that adults emerged after a pupal phase of 21 to 25 days (18–19°C) in the second half of April and early May 2014. Adults are active between late April and June.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, invasive plants, Hedychium gardnerianum and Hydrangea macrophylla, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. In addition, intensive agriculture and Cryptomeria japonica plantations are decreasing the available habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Flores). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 1,958 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

Apamea sphagnicola is an endemic species present in Pico and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) with two subspecies: A. sphagnicola sphagnicola from S. Miguel and A. sphagnicola centralazorensis from Pico (Wagner 2014, Wagner 2015a), occurring mostly in native forest and surrounding areas (Wagner 2015a). This species occurs in Natural Forest Reserves of Caveiro (Pico) and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel).

The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation. Several sections of the habitat are currently being invaded by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum). The surrounding area is already heavily invaded by the same invasive plants and parts are occupied by Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Consequently the EOO is in continuing decline.

A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities (at Serra Devassa and Serra deÁgua de Pau), invasions of alien plants and cattle trampling in the habitat.

The species inhabits four native vegetation patches in two islands (Pico, S. Miguel) under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants and cattle trampling in the habitat.

In the last 100 years, major alterations have been made within this species' territory. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality. Cattle trampling in the habitat is also a major problem, with impacts on larvae.

This species is relatively abundant and occurs mostly in highland Juniperus brevifolia woodland wet habitats with Fetusca francoi grass and Sphagnum spp. moss (Wagner 2014, Wagner 2015a). A decline is inferred due to the degradation of habitat caused by human activities (agriculture, tourism) and invasions by alien plants.

The species has two subpopulations, one in Pico and another in S. Miguel corresponding to two subspecies. Currently invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat in both islands. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns). In addition, Wagner (2015a) observed that in Pico Island cattle are destroying lower embankments of Sphagnum through their weight (“cattle erosion”) which impacts the species. In S. Miguel, Wagner (2014) observed the impact of cattle in some of the sites, tourism activity (hiking in accessible parts) and large-scale collecting of Sphagnum mosses. Consequently, we assume a decline in number of subpopulations due to major threats.

A. sphagnicola occurs in wet embankments or steep slopes in open heathland or more rarely in open woodland mostly between elevations of 700-900 m (supposedly up to 1,100 m) at S. Miguel (Wagner 2014) and in steep, mainly shady places with Sphagnum mosses at Pico.

In the past, the species population has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently, invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. In addition, in Pico Island cattle are destroying lower embankments with Sphagnum through their weight (“cattle erosion”) with impacts on the species. In S. Miguel, the impact of cattle in some of the sites, tourism activity (hiking in accessible parts) and large-scale collecting of Sphagnum mosses, are all decreasing the quality of the habitat (Wagner 2014, Wagner 2015a).

Primarily the larvae feed on various mosses (especially Sphagnum spp.) and grass tussocks (mainly Festuca francoi) (Wagner 2014). Possibly, the larvae are a specialised herbivore and the adults have probably only one generation per year. Wagner (2014) observed larvae in November-December. Adults are active between March and June.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns). In addition, Wagner (2015a) observed that, in Pico Island, cattle are destroying lower embankments of Sphagnum through their weight (“cattle erosion”) which impacts the species. In S. Miguel, Wagner (2014) observed the impact of cattle in some of the sites, tourism activity (hiking in accessible parts) and large-scale collecting of Sphagnum mosses. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Parks of Pico and S. Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate commmunity of this habitat. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed over the coming years. Education and awareness are needed to avoid large-scale collecting of Sphagnum mosses.

The species it not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 4 km².

Hadena azorica is a single-island endemic species from São Jorge island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from a remnant laurel forest patch at Pico das Morgadas 500 m a.s.l.

If extant, the species occurs only in a patch of native forest in São Jorge.

The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction, invasive plants habitat modification and habitat fragmentation.

This species occurs in one single native forest patch in São Jorge island under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.

In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. The historical location suffered major changes during the last 20 years and invasive plants are occuppying vast areas, destroying the original habitat.

Probably the species is rare and only known from a single population in high elevation areas in São Jorge island (at Pico das Morgadas).

The species is only known from a single population inhabiting in São Jorge. We assume that this population is declining or, in the worst case, the species is probably extinct.

Probably, the species is rare and only known from a single population in high elevation areas in São Jorge island (at Pico das Morgadas, 500 m a.s.l.) but can also occur in other places with native and naturalised plants like Caryophyllaceae.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species (namely Pittosporum undulatum) are decreasing the quality of the habitat.

We assume that one or two broods are produced per year and adults can be seen flying in to light from June to August.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality, mostly the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, invasive plants, Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 7,800 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

Melanchra granti is an endemic species occurring in Pico, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from the remnant laurel forest.

The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation.

A decline in the AOO is inferred as a consequence of degradation of habitat caused by human activities and invasions of alien plants.

This species is not particularly abundant and widespread through the native vegetation of three islands and occurs in at least four locations under ongoing severe impacts of invasive plants.

In the last 100 years, major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in native habitats. In the last ten years, the spread of invasive plants, namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.

The species is scattered and rare in Pico, Terceira and São Miguel islands (Azores), occurring mostly in uplands wet biotopes with native vegetation (larvae associated with grasses and mosses). There is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, based on the ongoing threats.

Melanchra granti has three subpopulations. All of them are in continuing decline due to human activity and the spread of invasive plants.

The species is rare and is scattered through a restricted number of suitable patches in three islands. At least 50% of its population can be found in subpopulations that are 1) smaller than would be required to support a viable population and 2) separated from other habitat patches by a large distance. In fact, the species occurs in fragments that are isolated in a matrix of pastures.

The species occurs preferably in the native forests of the Pico, Terceira and São Miguel islands (Azores), surrounded by plantations of exotic trees and pastures. Altitudinal range: 200-600 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently human activities in historical localities and invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat.

This species is probably a univoltine species, but the life cycle is unknown. Some adults were captured in light traps from January to July (Carvalho et al. 1999). The host plant of the larva is unknown.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to a reduction in habitat size and quality, mostly by the creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently invasive plants, Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum, are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat. These changes are decreasing the relative cover of endemic plants and changing the soil cover (decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns) with the expansion of other plants and potential threats to the species. Human activities in at least two of the historical localities (Furnas, S. Miguel; area of Gruta dos Balcões, Terceira) promoted major changes in the habitat in the last 50 years with major reductions of native vegetation. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016), the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in only one regionally protected area (Natural Park of Terceira). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. An important first step in creating a potential specific species recovery plan is monitoring the entire invertebrate community in native forests. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

The species is not utilised.

Nicola Mumford

Pedro Cardoso

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 28,000 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 248 km².

Mesapamea storai is an endemic species occurring in Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from native forest but also in habitats located in and around exotic coniferous forests (e.g. in Terceira island above 350 m a.s.l.) (Vieira et al. 1998), being known from twelve Natural Forest Reserves: Caldeiras Funda e Rasa and Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Caldeira do Faial and Cabeço do Fogo (Faial); Pico Pinheiro and Topo (S. Jorge); Biscoito da Ferraria, Caldeira Guilherme Moniz, Caldeira Sta. Bárbara e Mistérios Negros and Terra Brava (Terceira); Graminhais and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel).

The species is widely distributed occurring in eight islands.

The species is widely distributed occurring in eight islands in native forest and introduced coniferous forests.

Despite some threats (see below), the species keeps stable subpopulations.

This species is common in most Azorean islands except Santa Maria, being rare in terms of abundance at lower elevations (e.g. in Terceira island) (Vieira et al. 1998) and abundant at medium and high elevations, where it occurs mostly in native vegetation (Juniperus brevofilia and Laurus azorica forests), although it can also occur in exotic coniferous forests. This species presents a stable population.

Mesapamea storai has seven subpopulations, all of them relatively highly abundant in the native forest. The species currently presents stable subpopulations.

Mesapamea storai occurs at medium and high elevations in the Azorean islands except Santa Maria (above 350 m a.s.l.), preferably associated with native grasses (e.g. Holcus azoricus; Poaceae) of Juniperus brevifolia woodland forests as well as habitats located in and around exotic coniferous forests. Altitudinal range: 10-1000 m.

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to reduction in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat. Nevertheless, the species has also adapted to naturalised vegetation.