Given the relatively high number of records, all in the 1980s (Shimojana 1989, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

The species is known from the Ryukyu islands, namely Kikai, Yoron, Okierabu, Amami, Oshima, Suwanose and Nakanoshima, all in Japan (Shimojana 1989). The species distribution model predicts it could also be present at Akusekishima.

Population size and trend are unknown.

The basis of the number of subpopulations is their predicted distribution in eight different islands. If some of the subpopulations, namely on smaller islands, are threatened, severe fragmentation is possible, although impossible to infer with existing data.

Collected in rock crevices on cliffs (Shimojana 1989).

Ecology and traits of this species are largely unknown. Congeners build tube webs with which they capture prey. In the case of this species, the webs were always found in rock crevices (Shimojana 1989).

No known threats.

At least part of the species range is inside protected areas, namely Amami Islands Forest Ecosystem Reserve and Prefectural Wildlife Protection Areas of Toshima, Oyama and Hyakunodai (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

There are only two records for the species, both from Arizona, SW USA (Chamberlin and Ivie 1942, GBIF Secretariat 2016a).

Only known from Arizona, around Prescott, collected in 1935 (Chamberlin and Ivie 1942) and from South West Region Experimental Station in Cochise County with no record date (GBIF Secretariat 2016a).

No population size estimates exist.

The habitat in Arizona is mostly desert and xeric shrublands (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise, the preferred habitat of this species is unknown.

Ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Congeners build tube webs with which they capture prey. Spiders of the family Agelenidae often live in grass and low vegetation but also in caves and buildings (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006).

There have been reports of over 1,000 to nearly 4,000 fires in Arizona between the years 2012 and 2017 (Global Forest Watch 2014). Fires are a possible threat to the survival of this species, but since there are only two known records, the possible effects remain unknown.

There are several protected areas in Arizona near the type locality where this species might occur, namely Castle Creek and Mazatzal Wilderness Areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Known from only one locality in Whero Island and all specimens (2 females, 1 immature male and 4 immatures) were collected on an unknown date before 1959 (Suppl. material 3, Marples 1959).

No population size estimates exist.

This species was found on sea cliffs and rocky offshore islands with scarce vegetation (Marples 1959).

Ecology and traits of this species are largely unknown. Congeners build tube webs with which they capture prey.

No known threats.

Part of the islet where O. occidentalis was recorded is protected, namely Whero Rock Nature Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

A single specimen was collected at "4 mi S. Gorda," in "Redwood Canyon", California, USA, in 1960 (Leech 1972). As no further observations are available, the geographic range is considered unknown.

No population size estimates exist.

The species was recorded from Redwood Canyon. The habitat in California is mostly desert and xeric shrublands (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise, the preferred habitat of this species is unknown.

Spiders of the family Amaurobiidae are ground-dwellers often living in dark places, building small tube webs with sometimes several retreats (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006).

No known threats.

The species type locality and the surrounding area (a 10 km radius around it) seem to be included, at least in part, in Los Padres National Forest in California, USA. This is a protected area by US law. However, the range for this species is unknown and therefore it is not possible to assess if this species also exists outside of this National Forest. There is an area-based regional management plan: Los Padres National Forest Management Plan (USDA Forest Service 2005) and an invasive species control and prevention plan is in place (USDA Forest Service 2005).

Unknown EOO or AOO.

This species has only been collected from one site, Tehama County in California, on only one occasion in 1968 (Leech 1972).

No population size estimates exist.

The type locality of the species is in a temperate forest (largely montane forest) in central California, in the middle of the Mendocino National Forest. This forest is in a protected region in the US and is being managed for conservation (USDA Forest Service 1995). However, there has been considerable logging and planted forest growth in the area, resulting in a slight loss in native forest cover over the past 10 years (Global Forest Watch 2014).

Ecology and traits of this species are largely unknown. Spiders of the family Amaurobiidae are ground-dwellers often living in dark places building small tube webs, often with several retreats (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006).

This species' type locality is within the Mendocino National Forest, which is managed by the USDA Forest Service. The Mendocino National Forest Ecological Restoration Plan (USDA Forest Service 2013) projected that 15,500 cubic feet of timber from the forest will be harvested. This logging may impact the probability of extinction of the species.

This species is known only from its type locality (Leech 1972), a temperate forest within the Mendocino National Forest. The preferred habitat, population size, range and other ecological data are unknown. However, the Mendocino National Forest has certain areas logged for timber sale (USDA Forest Service 2013) and this may affect the species' extinction risk. An area-based regional management plan (USDA Forest Service 1995) and an invasive species control plan are in place (USDA Forest Service 2006).

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Known only from the type locality in Ennery, Haiti, recorded in 1934 (Brescovit 1993).

No population size estimates exist.

Ennery is located in the Northwest biogeographic area of Hispaniola Island. Encompassing the Massif du Nord, an extension of the Cordillera Central, where tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest occurs with some calcareous outcrops (Carmona and Ortiz 2012).

Haiti has suffered from deforestation for agriculture, whose production has not been able to keep up with the increased population density and migration (Dolisca et al. 2007). Also, illegal tree-harvesting along with a complex land tenure system and lack of off-farm opportunities are considered as potential reasons behind severe deforestation (Carmona and Ortiz 2012, Dolisca et al. 2007).

Ecology and traits of this species are largely unknown. Spiders of the family Anyphaenidae are usually active nocturnal hunters. They live in foliage and leaf litter and build a tube-like retreat with silk (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). Retreats of anyphaenids are usually in crevices or under rocks (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). In the region, a few species are known to live in the intertidal zone (Ramírez 2003) or grasslands (Labarque et al. 2015), while the majority of species are known to be arboreal (Brescovit 1997).

Haiti has a high population density and a forest cover estimated at 32% of the original cover. Natural resources have undergone severe depletion and degradation and the land cover has changed remarkably during the last decade. Forest cover has been decreasing resulting from the increase in cultivated areas (Dolisca et al. 2007). Since this species probably lives in the foliage and amongst leaf litter in the forests, deforestation can be considered as a plausible threat to its survival.

This species single known locality is close to the Parc National La Citadelle, Sans Souci, Ramiers, where it might also occur (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017). Since Haiti is experiencing severe deforestation, more attention should be paid to conservation actions intending to protect and manage the remaining forest habitats. In addition, educating people would also contribute to conservation actions. Haiti seems to lack alternatives for farming, therefore livelihood alternatives should be taken into consideration (Dolisca et al. 2007).

Unknown EOO or AOO.

There is only one record known for Colombia in 1866, however, the specific locality is unknown (Brescovit 1997).

No population size estimates exist.

This species was recorded from an unspecified locality. Therefore, the specific habitat is unknown. In general, Colombia belongs to the ecoregion of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, but grasslands, savannahs and shrublands can also be found in the northern parts of the country (Olson et al. 2001).

Ecology and traits of this species are largely unknown. Spiders of the family Anyphaenidae are usually active nocturnal hunters. They live in foliage and leaf litter and build a tube-like retreat with silk (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). Retreats of anyphaenids are usually in crevices or under rocks (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). In the region, a few species are known to live in the intertidal zone (Ramírez 2003) or to commonly inhabit grasslands (Labarque et al. 2015), while the majority of species are known to be arboreal (Brescovit 1997).

No known threats.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

This species was recorded prior to 1937 from Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone (Chickering 1937).

No population size estimates exist.

The type locality, Barro Colorado, is a lowland tropical moist forest (Olson et al. 2001).

Ecology and traits of this species are largely unknown. Spiders of the family Anyphaenidae are usually active nocturnal hunters. They live in foliage and leaf litter and build a tube-like retreat with silk (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). The closely related species Wulfila alba Platnick, 1974 from America north of Mexico has been collected in pitfalls, Malaise traps and sweeping, indicating that this group might occur in a broad range of vegetation strata (Platnick 1974).

No known threats.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Known from Chiapas and Tabasco in Mexico (Pickard-Cambridge 1900, Hajian-Forooshani et al. 2014), W. inornatus was one of the most abundant spider species in several coffee plantations in Chiapas (Hajian-Forooshani et al. 2014), which suggests that its range may expand to other coffee production regions. However, another study of spider diversity in Mexican coffee plantations only detected Wulfila sp. (potentially W. inornatus) as a co-dominant species (with Leucage argyra) in the rainy season and in only one of the three studied plantations (Pinkus Rendón et al. 2006).

No population size estimates exist, although W. inornatus was one of the most abundant spider species in several coffee plantations in Chiapas, Mexico (Hajian-Forooshani et al. 2014) which suggests it might be a common species locally.

This species has been recorded from coffee plantations (Hajian-Forooshani et al. 2014).

Ecology and traits of this species are largely unknown. Spiders of the family Anyphaenidae are usually active nocturnal hunters. They live in foliage and leaf litter and build a tube-like retreat with silk (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). Specimens of this particular species were collected by shaking the branches of coffee plants (Hajian-Forooshani et al. 2014).

No known threats.

In Mexico, W. inornatus has been recorded from several coffee plantations in Chiapas (Hajian-Forooshani et al. 2014) where spiders potentially play an important role in controlling the abundance of pests.

Given the relatively high number of records (Levi 1988), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

The species is reasonably well collected for a Neotropical orbweaver and its range is quite large (compared to the range of other Alpaida species, Levi 1988).

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

No known threats.

Widespread species with no known threats.

No population size estimates exist.

This species occurs in tropical rainforest in a wide area of southern Brazil and Uruguay, including but not limited to the Atlantic coastal forest (Levi 1988).

There is no continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat (estimated). The Global Forest Watch (Global Forest Watch 2014) estimates loss and gain of forest roughly equal within the species EOO.

Araneids, in general, are orb-weavers building a sticky web, waiting for their prey in the web and attacking by spin-wrapping (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Amongst Alpaida, the webs and habits are more diverse than in other araneids since they are often vertical with a variation of different designs between species (Levi 1988).

No known threats.

There are several protected areas within the range of this species in both Brazil and Uruguay (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Given the relatively high number of records (Keyserling 1865, Levi 1988, Liljesthröm et al. 2002, Saavedra et al. 2007, Pinzon et al. 2010, GBIF Secretariat 2017), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species should be present in a wide area spanning South and Central America (Keyserling 1865, Levi 1988, Liljesthröm et al. 2002, Saavedra et al. 2007, Pinzon et al. 2010, GBIF Secretariat 2017).

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

Widespread species with no known threats.

No population size estimates exist.

This species has been reported from soybean fields (Liljesthröm et al. 2002), rice fields (Saavedra et al. 2007), coffeee and orange plantations, sugarcanes, as well as less disturbed habitats such as tropical dry rain forests, swampy pond floating vegetation and swamp plants, including Eichhornia crassipes (Levi 1988).

The orb-web of Alpaida veniliae can reach 40 cm in diameter and, at night, the spider rests at its hub, the females tangling the egg-sac to vegetation. This species feeds mainly on Cercopidae, Cicadellidae, Pyralidae, Diptera and immature Orthoptera and it has been observed to be a prey of wasps (Levi 1988).

No known threats.

Many parts of this species range are within protected areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

This species might be an important component of the predator fauna of pests on agricultural fields (Liljesthröm et al. 2002).

Unknown EOO or AOO.

This species has been recorded from two sites, Deota in India prior to 1889 (Simon 1889) and Lahore in Pakistan prior to 1935 (Dyal 1935).

No population size estimates exist.

This species has been recorded from the vicinity of cities, Lahore and Deota, the latter being surrounded by extensive farmland and being located on the floodplains of the Yamuna River, just south of New Delhi.

Araneids, in general, are orb-weavers building a sticky web where they wait for prey and attack by spin-wrapping (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Otherwise, the ecology and traits of this particular species are unknown.

No known threats.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

This species was recorded from a single locality between the Sind Valley in India and the Murree in Pakistan prior to 1885 (Pickard-Cambridge 1885).

No population size estimates exist.

The known locality of this species overlaps with high altitude mountainous areas, which are known to contain many glacier fed streams, with green forests of pine, fir and alpine meadows in Sind Valley (Qamar et al. 2011, Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise, the specific habitat is unknown.

Araneids in general are orb-weavers building a sticky web. They wait for their prey in the web and attack by spin-wrapping (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Otherwise, ecology and traits of this particular species are unknown.

No known threats.

Given the relatively high number of records (Yin et al. 1990, Chen and Gao 1990, GBIF Secretariat 2016d), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species was last recorded in 2000 (GBIF Secretariat 2016d), originally found in Mangshan Yizhang County, Hunan (Yin et al. 1990). It has also been reported from Guanxi, Fujian, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shandong, Henan and Taiwan. The model predicts adequate habitats also in India, Myanmar and Viet Nam.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

No known threats to the species.

Widespread species with no known threats.

No population size estimates exist.

This species has been found in mountain plantations of tea, between the crops and trees (Chen and Gao 1990). It has been recorded from the mountainous Sichuan to Fujian located on the coast, which indicates it lives in various habitat types within the ecoregion of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (Olson et al. 2001).

Araneids, in general, are orb-weavers building a sticky web, waiting for their prey in the web and attacking by spin-wrapping. Spiders of the genus Cyclosa usually build the web in shrubs and often in open woodlands (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). These are small orbicular webs rebuilt every day. These spiders are known to use prey carcasses as decorations in their webs, following vertical lines, which help disguise the spider from possible predators (Chen and Gao 1990, Chou et al. 2005, Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

There is only one record known for Colombia in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. However, the species is probably distributed across the northern Colombia mountains (Levi 1999).

This species was found in moist debris and mosses, low growth vegetation, roadside vegetation, pastures with shrubs and conifer forests (Cupressus sp.) (Levi 1999).

Araneids, in general, are orb-weavers building a sticky web, waiting for their prey in the web and attacking by spin-wrapping. Spiders of the genus Cyclosa usually build the web in shrubs and often in open woodlands (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). These are small orbicular webs rebuilt every day. These spiders are known to use prey carcasses as decorations in their webs, following vertical lines, which help disguise the spider from possible predators (Chen and Gao 1990, Chou et al. 2005, Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

The species occurs in a UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017) but efforts for its protection are not known (pers. obs.). Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an area where gold and other mining occurs, which could potentially affect the species. Besides resource extraction activities, agriculture and illicit crops may also affect the area (Global Forest Watch 2014).

Despite the species occurring within a protected area, mining is an ongoing activity (Global Forest Watch 2014). Conservation initiatives such as increasing the protected area, limiting future mining operations and eradication of illicit crops and reforestation programmes in watersheds have been proposed under the environmental resource management plan of Sierra Nevada 2005-2009, however, enforcement mechanisms and continuing monitoring are not known (Unidad Administrativa Especial del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales 2005).

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Known only from the type locality in Badong County, Hubei Province in China recorded in 1977 (Yin and Zhao 1994).

No population size estimates exist.

This species has been recorded within the ecoregion of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise, the specific habitat is unknown.

Araneids in general are orb-weavers building a sticky web, waiting for their prey in the web and attacking by spin-wrapping (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Spiders of the genus Cyrtarachne have been observed to feed mostly on moths. Their web structure is different from other Araneidae species, since it is a very sticky, horizontal orb-web and the spiral thread has a low shear joint and it is widely spaced (Miyashita et al. 2001). These spiders can capture a moth with a single thread (Robinson and Robinson 1975, Cartan and Miyashita 2000). Species from the same genus are reported from fields and grasslands where their main prey (moths) occur (Miyashita et al. 2001).

No known threats.

Given the relatively high number of records (Thorell 1890b, Workman and Workman 1894, Simon 1901, Levi 1983, Chang and Chang 1997, Yin et al. 1997, Siliwal et al. 2005Chakrabarti 2009, Benjamin et al. 2012, GBIF Secretariat 2016f), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species is common and, based on records and species distribution modelling, it should be widespread throughout the Indomalaysian realm. Records are from Indonesia (Thorell 1890b), Singapore (Workman and Workman 1894), China (Chang and Chang 1997, Yin et al. 1997), Myanmar, Thailand (Levi 1983, GBIF Secretariat 2016f), India (Siliwal et al. 2005Chakrabarti 2009), Sri Lanka (Benjamin et al. 2012) and Lao People's Democratic Republic (GBIF Secretariat 2016f). There have also been two records for subspecies that should be considered with caution: Gea spinipes nigrifons from Jalor, Bukit Besar (Simon 1901) which was then reviewed and referred to another locality in Yala, near Battani and Bukit Bekit, Jalor (Levi 1983).

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

No known threats to the species.

Widespread species with no known threats.

No population size estimates exist.

This spider builds its web on low vegetation and weeds like Parthenium, Chenopodium, Poa and Digitaria (Chakrabarti 2009).

This particular species is small and builds a geometrically symmetrical orb-web, whilst waiting for prey in its centre. The web is usually attached to weeds such as Parthenium, Chenopodium, Poa and Digitaria (Chakrabarti 2009).

No known threats.

This is a widespread species and there are many protected areas within its range (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Given the relatively high number of records (Marusik 1986, Tanikawa 1989, Kupryjanowicz 1995, Szinetar 2000, Oliger et al. 2002), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species should be present from Central Europe to Japan (Marusik 1986, Tanikawa 1989, Kupryjanowicz 1995, Szinetar 2000, Oliger et al. 2002).

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

No known threats to the species.

Widespread species with no known threats.

No population size estimates exist.

Known from reeds and reed wetlands (Szinetar 2000), marshes and grasslands (Kupryjanowicz 2003) and coastal sand dunes (Tanikawa 1989).

Species of the genus Larinia are usually collected from vegetation by sweeping. A species from the same genus, Larinia directa, tends to rest on vegetation to the side of its web in the daytime and, in the night, it sits in the hub of the web (Harrod et al. 1990).

No known threats.

This is a widespread species and there are many protected areas within its range (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Despite a relatively high number of records (Schenkel 1953, Levi 2005, Levi 2007), the species distribution models were not found to be reasonable by our own expert opinion. Hence, only observed records are presented.

This species is present from Venezuela to Panama (Schenkel 1953, Levi 2005, Levi 2007).

No population size estimates exist.

Specimens were found from a coastal thorn-scrub in Venezuela to unspecified plants in Colombia (Levi 2005) and deciduous forests in Trinidad and Tobago (Sewlal 2010).

Mangora species are mainly diurnal orb-weavers making a fine, dense orb-web which has no retreat (Levi 2007).

There has been a loss of 17,400 ha in the forests of Trinidad & Tobago (between the years 2001 and 2015) where the species had been recorded from deciduous forests (Global Forest Watch 2014).

The records from Trinidad and Tobago are from inside Central Range Nature Reserve in Trinidad and Tobago and there are also several protected areas near the observed records where this species may occur (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Given the relatively high number of records (Levi 1995a, Höfer and Brescovit 2001, Gonçalves-Souza 2005, Dias et al. 2006, Peres et al. 2007, Ricetti and Bonaldo 2008, Bonaldo et al. 2009, Rego et al. 2009, Pinzon et al. 2010, Nogueira 2011, Leite 2010, GBIF Secretariat 2016b), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species is known from the Amazon region in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela (Levi 1995a, Höfer and Brescovit 2001, Gonçalves-Souza 2005, Dias et al. 2006, Peres et al. 2007, Ricetti and Bonaldo 2008, Bonaldo et al. 2009, Rego et al. 2009, Pinzon et al. 2010, Nogueira 2011, Leite 2010, GBIF Secretariat 2016b). The species distribution model predicts it could also be present in Peru and Ecuador.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

No known threats to the species

Widespread species with no known threats.

No population size estimates exist.

This species inhabits the neblina area of the Amazon, the Amazon Basin flooding areas (Rego et al. 2009) and the Atlantic Forest (Dias et al. 2006, Peres et al. 2007). It has been reported from lowland tall evergreen forest with macrothermic climate at 100 m a.s.l., to highland montane forest with submesothermic climate at 860 m (Nogueira 2011). It is known to occur also in open ombrophile forest (Ricetti and Bonaldo 2008), Amazonian rain forest (Höfer and Brescovit 2001, Bonaldo et al. 2009), in remnants of Atlantic forest mostly covered with a non-native Eucalyptus plantation (Gonçalves-Souza 2005) and in undisturbed flooded and terra firme forest (Pinzon et al. 2010).

Metazygia species are nocturnal orb-weavers building a vertical orb web (Levi 1995a). They have a cylindrical silk retreat in which the spiders rest during the day (Levi 1995a). The retreat is often situated above the web in a branch, wall or curled leaf and some species remove their webs during the day, but most of them build it up again at night or early in the evening (Levi 1995a).

No known threats.

This is a widespread species and there are many protected areas within its range (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Despite few records (Levi 1995a, GBIF Secretariat 2016c), the species distribution models were not found to be reasonable by our own expert opinion. Hence, only observed records are presented.

This species has been reported from Colombia, Panama and Peru (Levi 1995a, GBIF Secretariat 2016c).

No population size estimates exist.

A female and immatures were collected at night on a roadside shrub near Cali, Colombia (Levi 1995a). Barro Colorado Island is covered by lowland tropical moist forest.

Metazygia species are nocturnal orb-weavers building a vertical orb web. The web of M. octama appears to be fragile and spiders tend to tear down the web and feed on prey early at night. The spider rests in its retreat during the day and waits for prey in the centre of the web at night (Levi 1995a).

No known threats.

The Peruvian record seems to be within Tambopata Nature Reserve, the Colombian records inside Los Farallones De Cali National Park and the Panamanian record within the area of Fortuna Forest Reserve and La Amistad National Park (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Given the relatively high number of records by Chamberlin and Ivie (1942), Ramirez and Haakonsen (1999), Piel (2001) and Ramirez et al. (2007), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species range goes from Northern California and North-eastern Nevada in the USA to Baja California in Mexico (Levi 1977, Piel 2001). The sole southern Mexican record, from Agua Bendita, Guerrero (Ordóñez and Ramos 2017) was not included in our analysis as it is outside the known range and habitat. The northernmost record of this species, from Quin River Crossing, Nevada (Levi 1977), fell outside the species distribution modelling and was therefore not included in this species range, although the model predicted the species likely occurs around Pyramid lake, inside Nevada state borders.

Although this species bibliographical records show a reduction in its range since 1977 (Levi 1977) to the present day (Piel 2001, Ramirez and Haakonsen 1999, Ramirez et al. 2007), we cannot exclude the hypothesis that this reduction is mostly due to sampling bias.

Although this species bibliographical records show a reduction in its range since 1977 (Levi 1977) to the present day (Piel 2001, Ramirez and Haakonsen 1999, Ramirez et al. 2007), we cannot exclude the hypothesis that this reduction is mostly due to sampling bias.

The species is well recorded throughout California and Northern Mexico with no signs of fluctuation in its EOO or AOO.

No population size estimates exist.

This species has been found on mustard, manzanita, California buckwheat and California sage within chaparral biomes (Levi 1977). The species has also been recorded from Opuntia cacti (Ramirez and Haakonsen 1999), Rhus sp., grasses (Ramirez and Fandino 1996) and along coastal hillsides (Ramirez et al. 2007).

Mediterranean-type shrubland (chaparral) is more likely to burn as more humans continue to encroach on this habitat (Syphard et al. 2009). From 2001-2016, parts of the forests in California and other south-western states have been deforested (Global Forest Watch 2014). These forests are Mediterranean-type shrubland (chaparral) (Keeley and Davis 2007).

The species spins an orb-web in low vegetation, with an adjacent barrier web slightly to the side and above, wherein a cone-shaped retreat is placed. Egg sacs are placed within the retreat, which becomes progressively longer as egg sacs are added one by one over time, with the most recent on the bottom (Comstock 1948; Piel 2001; Ramirez et al. 2007). The preferred web site is typically unobstructed, rigid vegetation, such as dead or leafless branches, cacti, signposts or fences (e.g. Uetz and Burgess 1979). Members of Metepeira have an annual life cycle; spiderlings emerge in spring and adults may be collected from summer to early fall (autumn) (Levi 1977). Some species of the same genus were also reported to form colonial aggregations with 10 to 200 individuals (Piel 2001).

The habitat in which this species has been found is mostly scrub land and chaparral, specifically on low-lying vegetation (Syphard et al. 2009). These habitats in South-western US and Mexico are being encroached upon by human settlements, which increases fire risk and frequency (Syphard et al. 2009). Many plant species - upon which this species builds its webs and lives inside (wrapped leaves - Levi 1977) are fire-sensitive and could be negatively-affected by an increase in fire frequency and extent (Syphard et al. 2009). There have been hundreds of large fires within this habitat in the last five years (Global Forest Watch 2014). This area is also heavily disturbed by mining and oil drilling, especially in northern Mexico (Global Forest Watch 2014).

There are several national parks, wilderness areas and other protected lands within this species range (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Unknown EOO or AOO.

This species is known only from the type locality in Barro Colorado Island, Panama, recorded in 1962 (Benoit 1963).

No population size estimates exist.

The island of Barro Colorado is a completely forested moist lowland rainforest where most of the plants are evergreen (Leigh 1999).

Ecology and traits of this species are largely unknown. Species of the genus Neoscona are one of the most common and abundant orb-weavers and occur in large numbers in the field. The silk-covered egg can be flattened or lens-shaped and the web is vertical with open hub and few threads towards the retreat (Berman and Levi 1971).

No known threats.

Barro Colorado Island is protected as a natural monument (Leigh 1999 ,UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Unknown EOO or AOO.

The species was originally mentioned from N. Granada as a short handle for New Kingdom of Granada, a territory covering modern northern and central Colombia, almost all of Ecuador, Costa Rica, Panama, northern Venezuela and north-western Guyana (Keyserling 1865). However this record was early on, described as Colombian (Petrunkevitch 1911), by an author who might have had access to more detailed information about the specimens origin. This country of origin was followed by later works on the species (Levi 1993) and we can therefore assume that the single specimen might have originated from northern or central Colombia.

No population size estimates exist.

This species was recorded from an unspecified locality. Therefore, the specific habitat is unknown. In general, Colombia belongs to the ecoregion of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, but grasslands, savannahs and shrublands can also be found in the northern parts of the country (Olson et al. 2001).

Araneids, in general, are orb-weavers building a sticky web. They wait for their prey in the web and attack by spin-wrapping (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Ocrepeida species have been reported to make a complete, nearly vertical orb web (Levi 1993).

No known threats.

Given the relatively high number of records (Joseph and Framenau 2012), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

A common spider that should be present in Western Australia and South Australia, last recorded in 2007 (Joseph and Framenau (2012).