Unknown EOO or AOO.

The unspecified type locality is in 'East Africa' which may refer to Tanzania (Caporiacco 1947).

No population size estimates exist.

Tanzania is covered with tropical and subtropical forest, grasslands, savannahs and shrublands (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise, the preferred habitat of this species is unknown.

Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Species of Berlandina are usually caught with pitfall traps and found under rocks or amongst leaf litter (Platnick and Shadab 1982). Gnaphosids do not build webs but hunt actively. This family preys on a variety of ground-dweller arthropods, such as ants, other spiders and termites (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Size of this species is based on a single known juvenile specimen (Caporiacco 1947).

No known threats.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

This species has been recorded from Beijing and Kansu in China (Schenkel 1963, Song 1994). The true range is however unknown.

No population size estimates exist.

The localities in Beijing belong to the ecoregion of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and Gansu is mostly covered with desert and xeric shrublands (Olson et al. 2001) which indicates this species may be able to adapt to various habitats from forests to deserts.

The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Species of Drassyllus are usually caught with pitfall traps and found under rocks or amongst leaf litter (Platnick and Shadab 1982). Gnaphosids do not build webs but hunt actively. This family preys on a variety of ground-dwelling arthropods, such as ants, other spiders and termites (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

This species is known only from the type locality in Rishikesh, Northern India, recorded in 2003 (Biswas and Roy 2008).

No population size estimates exist.

Rishikesh, the type locality, is situated in the Himalayas and is covered by farmlands near the river and streams from the mountains. The region is located in the border of montane grasslands and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion (Olson et al. 2001). Yet, the specific preferred habitat of this species remains unknown.

The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Gnaphosids do not build webs but hunt actively. This family preys on a variety of ground-dwelling arthropods, such as ants, other spiders and termites (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

In the species description, the type locality is stated to be in Labrador, which is in Canada (Fox 1938). This locality is almost certainly incorrect considering this species is closely related with Gnaphosa sonora. Later authors assumed its true provenance is Mexico, probably Labrados in Sinaloa, however there is a possibility it has been totally mislabelled (Platnick and Shadab 1975).

Population size and trend are unknown.

Since the type locality is uncertain (Platnick and Shadab 1975), habitat preferences of this species cannot be inferred. However, if the record was indeed misread as Labrador but was made in Labrados, the habitat in the region is tropical and subtropical coniferous forests with patches of tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests (Olson et al. 2001).

The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Gnaphosids do not build webs but hunt actively. This family preys on a variety of ground-dwelling arthropods, such as ants, other spiders and termites (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats to the species.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

This species is known only from the type locality in Crikvenica (Grikvenica), Croatia (Dalmas 1919).

Population size and trend are unknown.

Crikvenica is located on the coast of the Adriatic sea and is mainly forested area, belonging to the ecoregion of Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub, although today the coastline is heavily urbanised (Olson et al. 2001). The preferred habitat remains unknown.

The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Species of the same genus are usually caught with pitfall traps and found under rocks or amongst leaf litter (Platnick and Shadab 1982). Gnaphosids do not build webs but hunt actively. This family preys on a variety of ground-dwelling arthropods such as ants, other spiders and termites (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats to the species.

Given the relatively high number of records (Platnick and Shadab 1975, GBIF.org 2018e), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species is very widely distributed in western North America (Platnick and Shadab 1975, GBIF.org 2018e).

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, this being a very widespread species living across multiple habitat types.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, this being a very widespread species living across multiple habitat types.

No known threats to the species.

No population size estimates exist. Population sizes are probably very high with more than 100 distribution records and a taxonomic revision that confirms a wide distribution range (Platnick and Shadab 1975).

No known threats to the species.

Occurs in a wide range of habitats, namely in aspen, spruce, fir, lodgepole, pine and jack-pine forests (Platnick and Shadab 1975, GBIF.org 2018e). The range of this species stretches across temperate coniferous forest and temperate xeric shrublands (Olson et al. 2001).

This species does not seemto have any specific habitat requirements.

Adult females of this species have been reported from March to November and adult males from May to late September. The species has been recorded at altitudes as high as 4150 m (Platnick and Shadab 1975).

No known threats to the species.

There are numerous protected areas inside the range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Despite a relatively high number of records (Simon 1895, Caporiacco 1934), these are old and the species distribution models were not found to be reasonable. Hence, only observed records are presented and AOO and EOO are considered unknown.

Distribution of this species is stated originally as Mongolia (Blackwall 1867, World Spider Catalog 2017), but Koschoty-Daban, north of the mountain chain of Tian Shan (originally as Tjan-Schan) is in China and further records are from Pakistan (Simon 1895, Caporiacco 1934).

Given that this species has only been recorded at high altitudes near glaciers, despite sampling in other lower altitude areas (Caporiacco 1934), the ongoing climate change can be a serious threat, through ecosystem shifts or habitat loss. In addition, river flow and freshwater sources will change in volume and timing (Xu et al. 2009). Yet, it is impossible to determine the number of locations without knowing the true distribution.

No population size estimates exist.

All specimens have been found at high altitudes in meadows alongside a glacier and a damp grassy valley, always amongst rocks or low grasses (Caporiacco 1934).

Given the current levels of global warming, the putative habitat of this mountain species is probably decreasing in area and quality.

The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Species of the same genus are usually caught with pitfall traps and found under rocks or amongst leaf litter (Platnick and Shadab 1982). Gnaphosids do not build webs but catch or roll up their prey with silk. This family prey on a variety of ground-dwellers like insects, ants, other spiders and termites (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Since this species has been recorded at high altitudes near glaciers, there is a possibility that the ongoing climate change is a threat to its survival.

Although part of this species range is inside protected areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017), no effective protection can be provided against possible habitat loss due to rising temperatures. Awareness and communication should be taken into consideration due to the possible severe effect on habitats due to climate change.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Originally recorded from an unspecified type locality (Platnick and Murphy 1984), it is known from mainland Sicily and Lachea Island, on its eastern coast (Padovani 2010). Given the scarcity of records, it is impossible to know the true EOO or AOO.

No population size estimates exist.

The preferred habitat is unknown.

The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Gnaphosids do not build webs but hunt actively. This family preys on a variety of ground-dwelling arthropods, including ants, other spiders and termites (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats to the species.

Given the relatively high number of records (Chamberlin 1936, Platnick and Shadab 1983), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species is largely restricted to central California, USA, from Fresno north to Chico (Chamberlin 1936, Platnick and Shadab 1983).

The main geographic area (as defined by Platnick and Shadab 1983), occupied by this species, also includes major urban areas of human habitation that are currently increasing in their spread. This urbanification of the landscape also includes the spread of agriculture in central California and the construction of roads and highways throughout the area. Yet, we have no data to estimate whether or not these affect the species or how many locations there could be.

No population size estimates exist.

The only habitat data available mention the species has been found under rocks, logs and bark in forested areas, however, these forested areas include camp-grounds, parks, canyons, tree farms and orchards (Platnick and Shadab 1983).

Although the area, in which this species is found, has had documented logging (Global Forest Watch 2014), the extent of this logging is minimal. Much of the area in which this species resides is also heavily developed (e.g. Sacramento, San Francisco, Modesto, San Jose etc). It is unknown however if the expansion of these urban areas is increasing the extinction risk for the spider.

The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Gnaphosids do not build webs but actively hunt for their prey. This family preys on a variety of ground-dwelling arthropods, including ants, termites and other spiders (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

The main geographic area (as defined by Platnick and Shadab 1983), occupied by this species, also includes major urban areas of human habitation that are currently increasing in their spread. This urbanisation of the landscape also includes the spread of agriculture in central California and the construction of roads and highways throughout the area. These possible threats are only suspected and cannot be confirmed with existing data.

Some of the habitat for this species likely includes eastern Californian forests that are under federal or state protection.

Only three records of this species are known (Tikader and Gajbe 1976, Gajbe 2003), therefore species distribution models could not be produced with confidence. Only observed records are presented.

This species is known from India, recorded in the 1970s (Tikader and Gajbe 1976, Gajbe 2003).

No population size estimates exist.

The western part of India is covered with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests and deserts and shrublands (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise, the preferred habitat for this species is unknown.

The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Species of the same genus are usually caught with pitfall traps and found under rocks or amongst leaf litter (Platnick and Shadab 1982). This family preys on a variety of ground-dwelling arthropods, including ants, termites and other spiders (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats to the species.

Given the relatively high number of records, all from 1981 (FitzPatrick 2007), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Zelotes mulanjensis is only known from the Mulanje Massif in Malawi (FitzPatrick 2007).

Possible decline of the species habitat due to ongoing deforestation with expansion of agriculture within its small range.

Possible decline of the species habitat due to ongoing deforestation with expansion of agriculture within its small range.

There is ongoing deforestation with expansion of agricultural areas in the Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve (Global Forest Watch 2014) - 209 ha of tree cover have already been lost between 2004-2016. It is however impossible to estimate the number of locations with current data.

Decline due to possible loss of AOO.

We assume the entire area of the species constitutes a single subpopulation.

This species has been found from grassland with rocky outcrops and low shrubs (FitzPatrick 2007). We do not know however if it also occurs in other habitat types.

Deforestation and agriculture expansion are leading to the loss of habitat area and quality across the range.

The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Species of the same genus are usually caught with pitfall traps and found under rocks or amongst leaf litter (Platnick and Shadab 1982). This family preys on a variety of ground-dwelling arthropods, including ants, termites and other spiders (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

There is ongoing deforestation in the Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve, with conversion to agricultural fields (Global Forest Watch 2014). However, as the species is found in grasslands, the extent of increase in extinction risk is unknown.

Although the entire species range is probably legally protected, effective protection is needed with future recovery of lost habitat. Enforcement of new policies and regulations would guarantee such effectiveness. In addition, education of local people towards the importance of natural resources would facilitate the habitat and species recovery.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

This species has been reported from Whanganui in New Zealand, last recorded in 1962 (Todd 1945, Forster 1968).

No population size estimates exist. Population densities of Cantuaria can be relatively high; up to 592 burrows in 20 square metres have been found. The reduced number of specimens in the description (Todd 1945) and the lack of sightings in the last half century (Forster 1968) might indicate that C. wanganuiensis occurs in low densities.

A single specimen was found in bushes in unknown habitat (Todd 1945). Whanganui is a city located in the North Island of New Zealand on the coast of South Taranaki Bay and was originally covered with temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (Olson et al. 2001).

The spiders of the genus Cantuaria are large trapdoor spiders that build burrows with trapdoors and are likely to hunt by leaping out of the burrow but never totally leaving it for catching the prey (Marples and Marples 1972). However, the single C. wanganuiensis specimen was found in an open burrow without a trapdoor and is rather small (Todd 1945). The burrows of this genus are usually found in areas where the soil is not too rocky and there is not much vegetation but different species may have different microhabitat preferences (Marples and Marples 1972). Spiders of the same genus appear to feed on earthworms and also parts of beetles have been found from the bottom of their burrows. Cantuaria species usually lay about 30 eggs kept in a cocoon and the young may stay in a burrow for quite a long time, the female specimens rarely being seen as they stay in their burrows while males leave the burrows to look for a mate (Marples and Marples 1972).

No known threats to the species.

Given the relatively high number of records (Main 1985, GBIF.org 2018d, Rix et al. 2017a), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species has a highly restricted distribution and is found only from the Porongurup National Park. It is often locally abundant, although only known from the Millinup Pass and Bolganup Creek areas (Rix et al. 2017a).

Climate change driving the continuing decline of habitat quality, as are past and possible future wildfires in the region (Rix et al. 2017a).

Climate change driving the continuing decline of habitat quality, as are past and possible future wildfires in the region (Rix et al. 2017a).

Climate change is causing continuing decline of habitat quality across the entire range of the species, but past and possible future wildfires in the region are the main concern (Rix et al. 2017a). Forest fires may cause a plausible threat to this species' survival since it has been reported to be endemic to the wet karri forests (Rix et al. 2017a). A single future fire may affect the two known subpopulations.

Inferred from decline in habitat quality.

No population size estimates exist.

This species is endemic to the tall, wet karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forests of the Porongurup Range (Rix et al. 2017a).

There is a decline in the quality of habitat in the Porongurup National Park due to climate change (Rix et al. 2017a).

C. bolganupensis builds an open-holed burrow, ornamented with a radiating skirt of leaves and twigs around the entrance (Rix et al. 2017a). Males probably wander and mate in late autumn or winter.

Climate change is causing continuing decline of habitat quality across the entire range of the species, but past and possible future wildfires in the region are the main concern (Rix et al. 2017a).

At least part of the range of this species is inside protected areas, namely Porongurup National Park (Main 1985,GBIF.org 2018d, Rix et al. 2017a). Since fires form a major threat to the survival of this species, it would be appropriate to work on fire and habitat managament and restoration to guarantee the possible recovery, for example by storing plant seeds. Also education and awareness would be appropriate since this species has only been found to occur in a restricted area with potential for local populations to know and support its preservation (Rix et al. 2017b).

Given the relatively high number of records (Hewitt 1916), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species has been recorded from South Africa only (Gauteng and North-West Province), but has not been seen since 1915 (Hewitt 1916).

Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss.

Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss.

There are several records for Pretoria, but all fall within the urban limits of the city. Urbanisation seems to be a major threat to the species. All the records are more than 100 years old.

Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss.

Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss.

Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss.

This species was originally associated with grasslands (Hewitt 1916).

Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss for urbanisation.

Idiopids are called the armoured trapdoor spiders. Idiopids live in burrows and most close it with a lid (Jocque and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). They sit and wait for prey, usually medium to large-sized insects. Given their low mobility, colonies are frequently constituted of close relatives.

Based on its historical distribution, urbanisation seems to be the largest threat to this species. It is important to note that Pretoria, where most of the specimens were collected, houses the National Collection of Arachnida - people often bring specimens that they catch or photograph here. Yet, as no specimens of this species have been collected or photographed, we suggest that the species is probably extinct.

At least part of the historical range of this species is inside protected areas, namely Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017). If still extant, breeding, recovery and re-introduction of subpopulations in restored habitats would be a priority.

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Only a single collection of this species is known, from "north of Mt. Washburn, Yellowstone N.P., Wyoming, USA", from 1940 (Dupérré 2013). The range is therefore effectively unknown.

No population size estimates exist.

No habitat information was listed on the only vial of this species. However, it is from "North of Mt. Washburn", Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, so we know that the species should live at high elevation (Dupérré 2013). The Yellowstone National Park is located within the ecoregion of temperate coniferous forests (Olson et al. 2001).

Agyneta species build sheet webs under which the spider lives. The web usually has threads both above and below. Once the prey is caught in the web, the prey is bitten from beneath and pulled through the web to be eaten. There is no retreat; if the spider is disturbed, it will flee. Linyphiids usually live in woods or amongst the leaf litter and females commonly deposit their egg sacs on smooth surfaces (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats to the species.

The only known locality is from within the boundaries of Yellowstone National Park, so at least the known historical range is within a protected area.

Given the relatively high number of records (Loksa 1965, Tanasevitch 2005, Seyfulina 2005), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species has been recorded from Mongolia and Russia (Loksa 1965, Seyfulina 2005, Tanasevitch 2005) and the species distribution model predicts it to be potentially present in the Korean Peninsula and China as well.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

No known threats

No population data is available for this species. However its relatively large range indicates that it likely possesses a large population.

Although the exact habitat of this spider is not recorded, most Agyneta reside in the leaf litter layer within forests. The ecoregion across the range of this species is mostly temperate broadleaf and mixed forests but also montane and temperate grasslands and shrublands (Olson et al. 2001).

Agyneta species build sheet webs under which the spider lives. The web usually has threads both above and below. Once the prey is caught in the web, the prey is bitten from beneath and pulled through the web to be eaten. There is no retreat; if the spider is disturbed, it will flee. Linyphiids usually live in woods or amongst the leaf litter and females commonly deposit their egg sacs on smooth surfaces (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats to the species.

This species has been reported from the Bolshekhekhtsyrsky Nature Reserve and Verkhne-Bureinsky Nature Reserve so at least part of the range of this species is inside protected areas (Tanasevitch 2005).

Given the relatively high number of records (Banks 1901, Crosby and Bishop 1925, Chamberlin 1949), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species has been recorded from United states to Canada (Banks 1901, Crosby and Bishop 1925, Chamberlin 1949).

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

No known threats to the species.

Widespread species with no threats.

No population size estimates exist.

Specimens have been collected across multiple habitat types.

Mature specimens of this species occur from April to November (Kaston 1948). Ceratinella are active hunters in the leaf litter.

No known threats to the species.

Part of the wide range of this species is within protected areas, since it is widepread across USA and Canada (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017). Given its wide distribution and the already existing protected areas, it is not considered to deserve strict conservation concern.

Given the relatively high number of records (Tanasevitch 1987, Tanasevitch 1990, Ponomarev and Komarov 2013, Martynovchenko and Mikhailov 2014, Ponomarev and Chumachenko 2014), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species has been recorded from Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan (Tanasevitch 1987, Tanasevitch 1990, Ponomarev and Komarov 2013, Martynovchenko and Mikhailov 2014, Ponomarev and Chumachenko 2014) and the species distribution model predicts it to be present also in Armenia and Turkey.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

No known threats to the species.

Widespread species with no known threats.

No population size estimates exist.

M. ovalis appears to prefer relatively high altitudes in mixed forests with Alnus, Abies and/or Fagus, amongst litter and under stones (Tanasevitch 1987).

No decline in area or quality is reported.

Mansuphantes build sheet webs under which the spider lives and the sheet web usually has threads both above and below. Once the prey is caught in the web, the prey is bitten from beneath and pulled through the web to be eaten. There is no retreat; if the spider is disturbed, it will flee (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats to the species.

At least part of the range of this species is protected. It has been recorded within the area of Algeti in Georgia and Caucasus nature reserve and Teberda state reserve in Russia, for instance (Tanasevitch 1990). Therefore, this species is not considered to be of conservation concern.

Given the relatively high number of records (Hogg 1909, Rainbow 1917, Berland 1931, Hickman 1939, Blest 1979), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details)

This species has been recorded from the islands of Macquarie (Australia), Campbell, Auckland and Antipodes (New Zealand) (Hogg 1909, Rainbow 1917, Berland 1931, Hickman 1939, Blest 1979). It is notable that it was last recorded almost 40 years ago.

No population size estimates exist.

This species has been found under logs and stones, amongst litter and debris on soil, always on the forest floor. It occurs in a variety of sheltered microhabitats (Blest 1979). The islands, from which this species has been recorded, are mostly bare rock partly covered with grass and shrubs.

Parafroneta species build sheet webs under which the spider lives (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats to the species.

All of the four islands, where this species occurs, are protected (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Given the relatively high number of records (Fage and Simon 1936, Holm 1962, Miller 1970), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species should be relatively widespread in East Africa (Fage and Simon 1936, Holm 1962, Miller 1970).

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

No known threats to the species.

Widespread species with no known threats.

No population size estimates exist. Widespread species with no known threats.

This species has been recorded from bamboo forest (Miller 1970), amongst grass and moss at a small stream in rainforest (Holm 1962) and from alpine meadows of Mount Kinangop (Fage and Simon 1936).

Pelecopsis species are usually active ground hunters, moving in between the leaf litter.

No known threats to the species.

At least part of this species range is inside protected areas, namely Maiko National Park in Congo, Awash West in Ethiopia and Mau Forest Reserves in Kenya (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Given the relatively high number of records (Wider 1834, Koch 1836, Walckenaer 1841, Blackwall 1864, Koch 1879, Simon 1884, Dahl 1886, Chyzer and Kulczynski 1894, Becker 1896, Bosenberg 1902, Roewer 1928, Miller 1947, Locket and Millidge 1953, Miller 1971, Tullgren 1955, Wiehle 1960, Holm 1973, Palmgren 1976, Roberts 1987, Wunderlich 1995, Hormiga 2000, Marusik et al. 2001, Tanasevitch 2008, Marusik 2015, GBIF.org 2018c), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species should be widespread throughout the western palearctic realm (Wider 1834, Koch 1836, Walckenaer 1841, Blackwall 1864, Koch 1879, Simon 1884, Dahl 1886, Chyzer and Kulczynski 1894, Becker 1896, Bosenberg 1902, Roewer 1928, Miller 1947, Locket and Millidge 1953, Miller 1971, Tullgren 1955, Wiehle 1960, Holm 1973, Palmgren 1976, Roberts 1987, Wunderlich 1995, Hormiga 2000, Marusik et al. 2001, Tanasevitch 2008, Marusik 2015, GBIF.org 2018c).

The extent of occurrence of this species is extremely large and it has been recorded as having a large geographic range as far back as the 19th century (Wider 1834, Koch 1836, Walckenaer 1841, Blackwall 1864, Koch 1879, Simon 1884, Dahl 1886, Chyzer and Kulczynski 1894, Becker 1896). Recent records from the 21st century confirm this large range (GBIF.org 2018c).

The area of occupancy of this species is extremely large and it has been recorded as having a large geographic range as far back as the 19th century (Wider 1834, Koch 1836, Walckenaer 1841, Blackwall 1864, Koch 1879, Simon 1884, Dahl 1886, Chyzer and Kulczynski 1894, Becker 1896). Recent records from the 21st century confirm this large range (GBIF.org 2018c).

No known threats to the species.

Widespread species with no known threats.

The exact number of individuals is unknown but it is hypothesised to be extremely large based on the large number of localities from which this species has been recorded.

This species has been found in a variety of habitats, including grasslands (Wider 1834, Walckenaer 1841, Roewer 1928, Roberts 1987, Marusik 2015), grass steppes (Miller 1947, Wunderlich 1995), forests (Koch 1836, Wiehle 1960, Marusik et al. 2001, Miller 1971) and damp banks in alpine meadows near snow (Simon 1884, Bosenberg 1902). As for microhabitats, it can be found at least under moss (Dahl 1886, Becker 1896, Bosenberg 1902, Roewer 1928, Locket and Millidge 1953, Marusik 2015, Miller 1971), under stones and debris (Becker 1896, Roewer 1928, Locket and Millidge 1953, Marusik 2015) and within leaf litter (Bosenberg 1902, Roewer 1928, Locket and Millidge 1953, Miller 1971). It is likely a generalist that is able to survive in a variety of temperate and colder habitats.

Pelecopsis species are active ground hunters, moving in between the leaf litter.

No known threats to the species.

The range of this species is enormous and covers a variety of national parks, protected wildlife areas and other natural areas protected by law (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Given the relatively high number of records (Crosby 1929, Holm 1967, Millidge 1981, Eskov and Marusik 1994), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This is a holarctic species recorded from Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Denmark) (Crosby 1929, Holm 1967, Millidge 1981, Eskov and Marusik 1994) and the species distribution model predicts it could be present also in Russia in the area close to the Bering Strait.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

No known threats to the species.

A widespread species with no known threats.

No population size estimates exist.

This species has been reported mostly in litter and in moss (Crosby 1929, Holm 1967) which indicates they live mostly in forest habitats in the boreal zone. It is often collected in willow thickets, herb covers on a slope, Empetrum vaccinium uliginosum heath and Carex bogs, but rarely found under rocks (Marusik 2015).

Scotinotylus build sheet webs under which the spider lives, the web usually having threads both above and below. Once the prey is caught in the web, it is bitten from beneath and pulled through the web to be eaten. There is no retreat; if the spider is disturbed, it will flee (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

No known threats to the species.

At least part of the range of this species is within protected areas in USA and Canada (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017). Given the wide distribution and the already existing protected areas, it is not considered as of conservation concern.

Given the relatively high number of records (Saito and Ono 2001), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species has been recorded from Japan, Honshu Island only and last recorded in 1998 (Saito and Ono 2001).

No population size estimates exist.

Japan is covered with temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise, the preferred habitat of this species is unknown.

Tapinocyba spiders are small active hunters across a variety of substrates.

No known threats to the species.

At least part of the species range is inside protected areas, for example Chichibu Tama Kai National Park and several smaller natural parks and protected areas in the NE part of the range (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Given the relatively high number of records (Chyzer and Kulczynski 1894, Braendegaard 1946, Tullgren 1955, Thaler 1970, Miller 1971, Palmgren 1976, Roberts 1987, Agnarsson 1996, Ono et al. 2009, Marusik 2015), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

This species has been recorded from several countries in Europe, from Iceland to Slovenia and it has also been recorded from Japan (Chyzer and Kulczynski 1894, Braendegaard 1946, Tullgren 1955, Thaler 1970, Miller 1971, Palmgren 1976, Roberts 1987, Agnarsson 1996, Ono et al. 2009, Marusik 2015). The species distribution model predicts it to be a relatively widespread species throughout Europe.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.

No known threats to the species.

Widespread population with no known threats.