Biodiversity Data Journal :
Species Conservation Profiles
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Corresponding author: Pedro Cardoso (pedro.cardoso@helsinki.fi)
Academic editor: Pavel Stoev
Received: 26 Apr 2018 | Accepted: 26 Jun 2018 | Published: 02 Jul 2018
© 2018 Smithsonian Institution
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
Citation:
Seppälä S, Henriques S, Draney M, Foord S, Gibbons A, Gomez L, Kariko S, Malumbres-Olarte J, Milne M, Vink C, Cardoso P (2018) Species conservation profiles of a random sample of world spiders II: Gnaphosidae to Nemesiidae. Biodiversity Data Journal 6: e26203. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e26203
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most widely used information source on the extinction risk of species. One of the uses of the Red List is to evaluate and monitor the state of biodiversity and a possible approach for this purpose is the Red List Index (RLI). For many taxa, mainly hyperdiverse groups, it is not possible within available resources to assess all known species. In such cases, a random sample of species might be selected for assessment and the results derived from it extrapolated for the entire group - the Sampled Red List Index (SRLI). The current contribution is the second in four papers that will constitute the baseline of a future spider SRLI encompassing 200 species distributed across the world.
A sample of 200 species of spiders were randomly selected from the World Spider Catalogue, an updated global database containing all recognised species names for the group. The 200 selected species where divided taxonomically at the family level and the familes were ordered alphabetically. In this publication, we present the conservation profiles of 45 species belonging to the families alphabetically arranged between Gnaphosidae and Nemesiidae, which encompassed Gnaphosidae, Idiopidae, Linyphiidae, Liocranidae, Lycosidae, Micropholcommatidae, Mysmenidae and Nemesiidae.
Araneae, Arthropoda, conservation, endangered species, extinction risk, geographical range, IUCN.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most widely used information source on the extinction risk of species (
One of the uses of the Red List is to evaluate and monitor the state of biodiversity and a possible approach for this purpose is the Red List Index (RLI). The RLI helps to develop a better understanding of which taxa, regions or ecosystems are declining or improving their conservation status. It provides policy-makers, stakeholders, conservation practitioners and the general public with sound knowledge of biodiversity status and change and tools with which to make informed decisions. The RLI uses weight scores based on the Red List status of each of the assessed species. These scores range from 0 (Least Concern) to 5 (Extinct/Extinct in the Wild). Summing these scores across all species, relating them to the worst-case scenario - all species extinct and comparing two or more points in time, gives us an indication of how biodiversity is doing. At a global level, the RLI has been calculated for birds (
For many taxa, mainly hyperdiverse groups, it is not possible within available resources to assess all known species. In such cases, a random sample of species might be selected for assessment and the results derived from it extrapolated for the entire group - the Sampled Red List Index (SRLI,
Spiders currently comprise over 47000 species described at a global level (
A sample of 200 species of spiders were randomly selected from the
Species data were collected from all taxonomic bibliography available at the
For all analyses, we used the R package red - IUCN red-listing tools (
- for extremely range-restricted species for which we assumed knowledge of the full range, these values were classified as observed, the minimum convex polygon encompassing all observations used to calculate the EOO and the 2 km x 2 km cells known to be occupied used to calculate the AOO. When the EOO was smaller than the AOO, it was made equal as per the IUCN guidelines (
- for widespread species or those for which we did not have confidence to know the full range, we performed species distribution modelling (SDM). This was done based on both climatic (
To infer possible changes in range and/or abundance and for forest species only, we have also consulted the Global Forest Watch portal (
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
Species description was based on a single juvenile specimen (
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
The unspecified type locality is in 'East Africa' which may refer to Tanzania (
No population size estimates exist.
Tanzania is covered with tropical and subtropical forest, grasslands, savannahs and shrublands (
Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (
No known threats.
Species description was based on a single juvenile specimen (
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arhtropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
This species has been recorded from Beijing and Kansu in China (
No population size estimates exist.
The localities in Beijing belong to the ecoregion of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and Gansu is mostly covered with desert and xeric shrublands (
The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (
No known threats.
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
This species is known only from the type locality in Rishikesh, Northern India, recorded in 2003 (
No population size estimates exist.
Rishikesh, the type locality, is situated in the Himalayas and is covered by farmlands near the river and streams from the mountains. The region is located in the border of montane grasslands and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion (
The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (
No known threats.
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
In the species description, the type locality is stated to be in Labrador, which is in Canada (
Population size and trend are unknown.
Since the type locality is uncertain (
The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (
No known threats to the species.
Basic research is needed to know current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
It is not clear if this is indeed a valid species. The differences with L. albidus need tobe described in more detail (Robert Bosmans, pers. comm.).
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
This species is known only from the type locality in Crikvenica (Grikvenica), Croatia (
Population size and trend are unknown.
Crikvenica is located on the coast of the Adriatic sea and is mainly forested area, belonging to the ecoregion of Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub, although today the coastline is heavily urbanised (
The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (
No known threats to the species.
According to Robert Bosmans (pers. comm.), this species needs to be redescribed and the differences with L. albidus should be described in more detail. If a valid species, basic research is needed to know current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species is very widely distributed in western North America (
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, this being a very widespread species living across multiple habitat types.
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, this being a very widespread species living across multiple habitat types.
No known threats to the species.
No population size estimates exist. Population sizes are probably very high with more than 100 distribution records and a taxonomic revision that confirms a wide distribution range (
No known threats to the species.
Occurs in a wide range of habitats, namely in aspen, spruce, fir, lodgepole, pine and jack-pine forests (
This species does not seemto have any specific habitat requirements.
Adult females of this species have been reported from March to November and adult males from May to late September. The species has been recorded at altitudes as high as 4150 m (
No known threats to the species.
There are numerous protected areas inside the range of this species (
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
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Despite a relatively high number of records (
Distribution of this species is stated originally as Mongolia (
Given that this species has only been recorded at high altitudes near glaciers, despite sampling in other lower altitude areas (
No population size estimates exist.
All specimens have been found at high altitudes in meadows alongside a glacier and a damp grassy valley, always amongst rocks or low grasses (
Given the current levels of global warming, the putative habitat of this mountain species is probably decreasing in area and quality.
The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (
Since this species has been recorded at high altitudes near glaciers, there is a possibility that the ongoing climate change is a threat to its survival.
Although part of this species range is inside protected areas (
Basic research to determine the distribution range, population size and their trends is essential. Knowledge on the species ecology and traits, namely its dependence on disappearing resources due to climate change, would be equally important.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
Originally recorded from an unspecified type locality (
No population size estimates exist.
The preferred habitat is unknown.
The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (
No known threats to the species.
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species is largely restricted to central California, USA, from Fresno north to Chico (
The main geographic area (as defined by
No population size estimates exist.
The only habitat data available mention the species has been found under rocks, logs and bark in forested areas, however, these forested areas include camp-grounds, parks, canyons, tree farms and orchards (
Although the area, in which this species is found, has had documented logging (
The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (
The main geographic area (as defined by
Some of the habitat for this species likely includes eastern Californian forests that are under federal or state protection.
It is unknown how large is the current population of Z. anthereus or how accurate our range estimate is (Suppl. material
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
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Only three records of this species are known (
This species is known from India, recorded in the 1970s (
No population size estimates exist.
The western part of India is covered with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests and deserts and shrublands (
The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (
No known threats to the species.
Z. ashae is known from only three sites in India. Basic research is needed on its true distribution, ecology, traits and possible threats across its range.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Gnaphosidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records, all from 1981 (
Zelotes mulanjensis is only known from the Mulanje Massif in Malawi (
Possible decline of the species habitat due to ongoing deforestation with expansion of agriculture within its small range.
Possible decline of the species habitat due to ongoing deforestation with expansion of agriculture within its small range.
There is ongoing deforestation with expansion of agricultural areas in the Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve (
Decline due to possible loss of AOO.
We assume the entire area of the species constitutes a single subpopulation.
This species has been found from grassland with rocky outcrops and low shrubs (
Deforestation and agriculture expansion are leading to the loss of habitat area and quality across the range.
The ecology and traits of this species are unknown. Gnaphosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders which usually store their egg sacs on the ground (
There is ongoing deforestation in the Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve, with conversion to agricultural fields (
Although the entire species range is probably legally protected, effective protection is needed with future recovery of lost habitat. Enforcement of new policies and regulations would guarantee such effectiveness. In addition, education of local people towards the importance of natural resources would facilitate the habitat and species recovery.
Monitoring of the changes in this species population due to deforestation and land use change is a priority.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Idiopidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
This species has been reported from Whanganui in New Zealand, last recorded in 1962 (
No population size estimates exist. Population densities of Cantuaria can be relatively high; up to 592 burrows in 20 square metres have been found. The reduced number of specimens in the description (
A single specimen was found in bushes in unknown habitat (
The spiders of the genus Cantuaria are large trapdoor spiders that build burrows with trapdoors and are likely to hunt by leaping out of the burrow but never totally leaving it for catching the prey (
No known threats to the species.
Basic research is needed to know current distribution and population size and trends of the species along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Idiopidae |
Suppl. material
Given the relatively high number of records (
This species has a highly restricted distribution and is found only from the Porongurup National Park. It is often locally abundant, although only known from the Millinup Pass and Bolganup Creek areas (
Climate change driving the continuing decline of habitat quality, as are past and possible future wildfires in the region (
Climate change driving the continuing decline of habitat quality, as are past and possible future wildfires in the region (
Climate change is causing continuing decline of habitat quality across the entire range of the species, but past and possible future wildfires in the region are the main concern (
Inferred from decline in habitat quality.
No population size estimates exist.
This species is endemic to the tall, wet karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forests of the Porongurup Range (
There is a decline in the quality of habitat in the Porongurup National Park due to climate change (
C. bolganupensis builds an open-holed burrow, ornamented with a radiating skirt of leaves and twigs around the entrance (
Climate change is causing continuing decline of habitat quality across the entire range of the species, but past and possible future wildfires in the region are the main concern (
At least part of the range of this species is inside protected areas, namely Porongurup National Park (
Conservation planning within an area-based management plan could be critical to avoid extinction of the species by possible extensive wildfires. In addition, a monitoring scheme for both the population and habitat could help confirm inferred trends.
Robert's Shield-Bum Trapdoor Spider (English).
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arhtropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Idiopidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species has been recorded from South Africa only (Gauteng and North-West Province), but has not been seen since 1915 (
Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss.
Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss.
There are several records for Pretoria, but all fall within the urban limits of the city. Urbanisation seems to be a major threat to the species. All the records are more than 100 years old.
Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss.
Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss.
Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss.
This species was originally associated with grasslands (
Possibly extinct or so rare that it is on the way to extinction due to habitat loss for urbanisation.
Idiopids are called the armoured trapdoor spiders. Idiopids live in burrows and most close it with a lid (
Based on its historical distribution, urbanisation seems to be the largest threat to this species. It is important to note that Pretoria, where most of the specimens were collected, houses the National Collection of Arachnida - people often bring specimens that they catch or photograph here. Yet, as no specimens of this species have been collected or photographed, we suggest that the species is probably extinct.
At least part of the historical range of this species is inside protected areas, namely Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve (
If not extinct, basic research is needed to know current distribution in more detail and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
Only a single collection of this species is known, from "north of Mt. Washburn, Yellowstone N.P., Wyoming, USA", from 1940 (
No population size estimates exist.
No habitat information was listed on the only vial of this species. However, it is from "North of Mt. Washburn", Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, so we know that the species should live at high elevation (
Agyneta species build sheet webs under which the spider lives. The web usually has threads both above and below. Once the prey is caught in the web, the prey is bitten from beneath and pulled through the web to be eaten. There is no retreat; if the spider is disturbed, it will flee. Linyphiids usually live in woods or amongst the leaf litter and females commonly deposit their egg sacs on smooth surfaces (
No known threats to the species.
The only known locality is from within the boundaries of Yellowstone National Park, so at least the known historical range is within a protected area.
Basic research on distribution, population trends, ecology of the species and possible threats is needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Suppl. material
Given the relatively high number of records (
This species has been recorded from Mongolia and Russia (
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
No known threats
No population data is available for this species. However its relatively large range indicates that it likely possesses a large population.
Although the exact habitat of this spider is not recorded, most Agyneta reside in the leaf litter layer within forests. The ecoregion across the range of this species is mostly temperate broadleaf and mixed forests but also montane and temperate grasslands and shrublands (
Agyneta species build sheet webs under which the spider lives. The web usually has threads both above and below. Once the prey is caught in the web, the prey is bitten from beneath and pulled through the web to be eaten. There is no retreat; if the spider is disturbed, it will flee. Linyphiids usually live in woods or amongst the leaf litter and females commonly deposit their egg sacs on smooth surfaces (
No known threats to the species.
This species has been reported from the Bolshekhekhtsyrsky Nature Reserve and Verkhne-Bureinsky Nature Reserve so at least part of the range of this species is inside protected areas (
Although the geographic range of this species is large, little is known about the species other than its morphological taxonomy. This includes a lack of knowledge on the habitat, ecology, population size, population trend, habitat trend and possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species has been recorded from United states to Canada (
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
No known threats to the species.
Widespread species with no threats.
No population size estimates exist.
Specimens have been collected across multiple habitat types.
Mature specimens of this species occur from April to November (
No known threats to the species.
Part of the wide range of this species is within protected areas, since it is widepread across USA and Canada (
Monitoring of population and habitat trends are needed to confirm the current assessment.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species has been recorded from Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan (
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
No known threats to the species.
Widespread species with no known threats.
No population size estimates exist.
M. ovalis appears to prefer relatively high altitudes in mixed forests with Alnus, Abies and/or Fagus, amongst litter and under stones (
No decline in area or quality is reported.
Mansuphantes build sheet webs under which the spider lives and the sheet web usually has threads both above and below. Once the prey is caught in the web, the prey is bitten from beneath and pulled through the web to be eaten. There is no retreat; if the spider is disturbed, it will flee (
No known threats to the species.
At least part of the range of this species is protected. It has been recorded within the area of Algeti in Georgia and Caucasus nature reserve and Teberda state reserve in Russia, for instance (
Monitoring is needed to confirm suspected population and habitat trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species has been recorded from the islands of Macquarie (Australia), Campbell, Auckland and Antipodes (New Zealand) (
No population size estimates exist.
This species has been found under logs and stones, amongst litter and debris on soil, always on the forest floor. It occurs in a variety of sheltered microhabitats (
Parafroneta species build sheet webs under which the spider lives (
No known threats to the species.
All of the four islands, where this species occurs, are protected (
Population size, distribution and trends need to be explored in more detail since the last record for this species has been made prior to 1979. Monitoring is needed to know current population and habitat trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
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Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species should be relatively widespread in East Africa (
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
No known threats to the species.
Widespread species with no known threats.
No population size estimates exist. Widespread species with no known threats.
This species has been recorded from bamboo forest (
Pelecopsis species are usually active ground hunters, moving in between the leaf litter.
No known threats to the species.
At least part of this species range is inside protected areas, namely Maiko National Park in Congo, Awash West in Ethiopia and Mau Forest Reserves in Kenya (
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species should be widespread throughout the western palearctic realm (
The extent of occurrence of this species is extremely large and it has been recorded as having a large geographic range as far back as the 19th century (
The area of occupancy of this species is extremely large and it has been recorded as having a large geographic range as far back as the 19th century (
No known threats to the species.
Widespread species with no known threats.
The exact number of individuals is unknown but it is hypothesised to be extremely large based on the large number of localities from which this species has been recorded.
This species has been found in a variety of habitats, including grasslands (
Pelecopsis species are active ground hunters, moving in between the leaf litter.
No known threats to the species.
The range of this species is enormous and covers a variety of national parks, protected wildlife areas and other natural areas protected by law (
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This is a holarctic species recorded from Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Denmark) (
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
No known threats to the species.
A widespread species with no known threats.
No population size estimates exist.
This species has been reported mostly in litter and in moss (
Scotinotylus build sheet webs under which the spider lives, the web usually having threads both above and below. Once the prey is caught in the web, it is bitten from beneath and pulled through the web to be eaten. There is no retreat; if the spider is disturbed, it will flee (
No known threats to the species.
At least part of the range of this species is within protected areas in USA and Canada (
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species has been recorded from Japan, Honshu Island only and last recorded in 1998 (
No population size estimates exist.
Japan is covered with temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (
Tapinocyba spiders are small active hunters across a variety of substrates.
No known threats to the species.
At least part of the species range is inside protected areas, for example Chichibu Tama Kai National Park and several smaller natural parks and protected areas in the NE part of the range (
Basic research is needed to identify current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species has been recorded from several countries in Europe, from Iceland to Slovenia and it has also been recorded from Japan (
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
No known threats to the species.
Widespread population with no known threats.
No population size estimates exist, but it is a widespead and common species.
This species occurs in moist places such as snow beds often associated with Sibbaldia-Salix herbacea, lichen heaths on mountain slopes and herb fields in dry localities (
Tiso species are ground dwellers, hunting actively for small insects.
No known threats to the species.
The predicted range of this species is large, ranging from Europe to Asia, including several protected areas (
Monitoring is needed to confirm population and habitat trends of this species across its range.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species is only known from three localities, all in fragmented forests (
Possible loss of EOO due to loss and fragmentation of forest area in the region.
Possible loss of AOO due to loss and fragmentation of forest area in the region.
Inferred from decline in AOO and possibly decrease in habitat quality.
Although we do not know the number of individuals of this species, we assume its population to be severely fragmented, as it has been recorded exclusively in small forest patches of which probably more than 50% are smaller than needed to guarantee the survival of the species (
This species has been collected exclusively in small forest patches (
Loss and fragmentation of forests in Israel and surrounding countries.
Troxochrus are ground dwellers, actively hunting for small arthropods.
Since this species lives in forests which cover only a small proportion of Israel, habitat fragmentation is a real threat affecting this species with over 2000 ha lost between 2001 and 2016 (
The preservation and recovery of forests in the region would be the only way to guarantee the survival of the species.
Basic research is needed to confirm the current distribution and population size and trends, along with the species ecology and biotic and abiotic requirements. Monitoring is needed to know future population and habitat trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Liocranidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records, last recorded in 2008 (
This species has been recorded from Greece, Turkey and Cyprus (
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
No known threats to the species.
Widespread species with no known threats.
No population size estimates exist.
Specimens of A. pheidoleicomes have been found under stones and amongst litter and debris in pine and chestnut forests, under stones in beaches and near waters and in dry grasslands and fields. Some records were associated with ants and termites, including in their nests (
Liocranids are free-living spiders commonly found on the ground in forest litter (
No known threats to the species.
There are several protected areas within the range of this species (
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends, along with possible threats across this species range.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Liocranidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species has been recorded from the south-western United States (
The review of this genus was undertaken by
A single review of this genus was undertaken by
No known threats to the species.
We assume the population to be stable.
No population size estimates exist.
N. pearcei has been recorded from sand dunes (
Although it is known that desertification is increasing in this part of the United States (
Liocranids are free-living spiders commonly found on the ground in forest litter. Often accompanied with ants or termites. Species of the same genus have been collected from burrows of mammals and large spiders. A female from the genus Neoanagraphis has been observed to feed on Drosophila flies and small crickets but refused mosquitoes, larval waxmoth and spiders (
No known threats to the species.
There are many protected areas (national parks, nature reserves, wilderness areas etc.) within the range of this species in the south-western US (
There is only the most basic biology known about this species (morphologic taxonomy and very basic habitat data). Population trends, life history and possible unidentified threats should be assessed.
Arctosa brevialva (Franganillo, 1913)
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
A. villica is widespread around the western Mediterranean area (
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
No known threats to this species.
Widespread species with no known threats.
No population size estimates exist.
Some of the specimens were found on "Spanish mountains" (
Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and, after hatching, the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
Only females of A. villica have been found in early April and they either had egg sacs with them or laid eggs after they have been captured. One female was observed in the lab and, by the end of April, her offspring hatched and climbed on to her back. The mother lived until June and, after that, the offspring ate her (
No known threats to the species.
Many parts of the range of this species are within proctected areas, so it is not considered to be of conservation concern (
Monitoring is needed to confirm population and habitat trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species has been recorded from several sites in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh (
A widespread species able to adapt to a variety of habitat types.
A widespread species able to adapt to a variety of habitat types.
No known threats to the species.
No population size estimates exist.
This species is known from tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests and in moist teak forests, as well as Southern Indian moist deciduous forests and riparian fringing forests (
This species seems to be well adapted to many habitat types, including man-made, the habitat trend being stable.
Species of the genus Hippasa stay in their retreat for the day and wait for prey at the entrance during the night. They build funnel webs like agelenid spiders (
No known threats to the species.
Many parts of this species range are within protected areas (
Since this species has been recorded from agro-ecosystems, it may be useful for humans in controlling the abundance of pests.
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
Only one female specimen has been recorded from an unspecified locality in Guatemala, prior to 1916 (
No population size estimates exist.
Guatemala is mostly covered with tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (
Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and after hatching the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
Basic research is needed to identify current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Unkown EOO or AOO.
This species is known only from the type locality in Kankunda, Congo, recorded in 1949 (
Population size and trend are unknown.
A single specimen was found from a tributary of a river (
Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and after hatching the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
Basic research is needed to identify current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
This species has been recorded originally from Maharashtra, India (
Population size and trend are unknown.
Maharashtra is located within the ecoregion of deserts and xeric shrublands (
Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and after hatching the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
Basic research is needed to identify current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Only three records known, all from Western India (
This species has been recorded from Maharashtra and Gujarat in India, last recorded in 1998 (
No population size estimates exist.
Maharashtra and Gujarat are located within the ecoregion of deserts and xeric shrublands (
Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and after hatching the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
Koyna National Park is located in the area where the species was recorded and may occur inside this protected area as well (
Basic research is needed to identify current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species is known from India, specifically in Maharashtra and Gujarat and it was last recorded in 1998 (
No population size estimates exist.
Maharashtra and Gujarat are located within the ecoregion of deserts and xeric shrublands (
Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and after hatching the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
At least part of the species range is inside protected areas, namely Runn of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary in Pakistan, Kachchh Desert Sanctuary and Gir Sanctuary in India (
Research on possible threats and monitoring is needed to identify current population and habitat trends across species range.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
This species is only known from the type locality Chichivac, Guatemala, recorded in 1934 (
No population size estimates exist.
The type locality is covered with tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf and coniferous forests (
Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and, after hatching, the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
Basic research is needed to know current distribution and population size and trends along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arhtropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species is recorded only from India (
A widespread species able to adapt to a variety of habitat types.
A widespread species able to adapt to a variety of habitat types.
No known threats to the species.
Widespread species with no known threats.
No specific habitat was described for any of the records. Yet, P. kupupa was recorded in Gorumara National Park in India, where the forest type was described as follows: terai grassland, riverine forests, dry mixed forests, wet mixed forests and sal forests (
Ecology for this species is unknown. Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and, after hatching, the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
There are several protected areas inside the range of P. kupupa, specifically this species has been recorded inside Gorumara National Park and in Buxa Tiger Reserve in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal in India (
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends across the species range.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
This species has been recorded from Ethiopia prior to 1906 (
No population size estimates exist.
The habitat preference of this particular species is unknown. Ethiopia is mostly covered with tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannahs and shrublands with patches of tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forests (
Ecology for this species is unknown. Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and, after hatching, the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
Basic research is needed to identify current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species is common and widespread throughout SE Asia (
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
Any definite range change over time was not available in the records but we assume it to be stable being a widespread species.
No known threats to the species.
Widespread species with no threats.
This species has been recorded from tropical botanical gardens (
Ecology for this species is unknown. Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and, after hatching, the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
This species has been recorded, for example, inside Gorumara National Park (
Possible biocontrol services in orchards and other plantations.
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arhtropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Unkown EOO or AOO.
Only known from an unspecified locality in China (
No population size estimates exist.
Habitat preference of this particular species is unknown.
Ecology for this species is unknown. Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and, after hatching, the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
Basic research is needed to identify current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Given the relatively high number of records (
This species is widely distributed in the southern parts of North America and Central America (
No definite range change is noticeable in the available records.
No definite range change is noticeable in the available records.
No known threats to the species.
Widespread species with no known threats.
This species has been recorded from cotton ecosystems (
This species has been observed in various habitats, including urban settings.
Ecology for this species is unknown. Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and, after hatching, the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
Many parts of this species range are within proctected areas, so it is not considered to be of conservation concern (
Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends across the species range.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arhtropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Despite a relatively high number of records (
This species was only recently described and there is only one paper on it. The only records are from Yunnan, China, last recorded in 2006 (
No population size estimates exist.
The specimens were collected from Yunnan Gaoligong Mountains, both in a village and along a road (
Ecology for this species is unknown. Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and, after hatching, the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats.
This species has been recorded from protected areas, namely Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve and Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas World Heritage site (
Basic research is needed to identify current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arhtropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Lycosidae |
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Unknown EOO or AOO.
Originally described from "El Banno" in the region between Sagan River and Omo (currently a National Park) in Ethiopia (
No population size estimates exist.
There are no recorded habitat data for this species. However, species of the same genus were found from the savannah biome, mainly consisting of bushveld vegetation, grassland with scattered Acacia trees and bush clumps (
Ecology for this species is unknown. Lycosids are free-living, ground-dwelling spiders, mostly living in burrows or seeking refuge under rocks. These spiders are usually active at night when they actively forage. The female carries egg cocoons in her spinnerets and, after hatching, the mother carries the juveniles on her abdomen from a few days to a few weeks (
No known threats to the species.
Basic research is needed to know current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Micropholcommatidae |