Biodiversity Data Journal : Species Conservation Profiles
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Species Conservation Profiles
Species conservation profiles of a random sample of world spiders III: Oecobiidae to Salticidae
expand article infoSini Seppälä‡,§, Sérgio Henriques|,§, Michael L Draney¶,§, Stefan Foord#,§, Alastair T Gibbons¤,§, Luz A Gomez«,§, Sarah Kariko»,§, Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte˄,˅,§, Marc Milne¦,§, Cor J Vinkˀ,§, Pedro Cardoso‡,§
‡ Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
§ IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, Finland
| University College London, London, United Kingdom
¶ University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, United States of America
# University of Venda, Venda, South Africa
¤ University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
« Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
» Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America
˄ University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
˅ University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
¦ University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, United States of America
ˀ Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand
Open Access

Abstract

Background

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most widely used information source on the extinction risk of species. One of the uses of the Red List is to evaluate and monitor the state of biodiversity and a possible approach for this purpose is the Red List Index (RLI). For many taxa, mainly hyperdiverse groups, it is not possible within available resources to assess all known species. In such cases, a random sample of species might be selected for assessment and the results derived from it extrapolated for the entire group - the Sampled Red List Index (SRLI). The current contribution is the third in four papers that will constitute the baseline of a future spider SRLI encompassing 200 species distributed across the world.

New information

A sample of 200 species of spiders were randomly selected from the World Spider Catalogue, an updated global database containing all recognized species names for the group. The 200 selected species where divided taxonomically at the family level, and the familes were ordered alphabetically. In this publication, we present the conservation profiles of 58 species belonging to the famillies alphabetically arranged between Oecobiidae and Salticidae, which encompassed Oecobiidae, Oonopidae, Orsolobidae, Oxyopidae, Palpimanidae, Philodromidae, Pholcidae, Pisauridae, Prodidomidae and Salticidae.

Keywords

Araneae, Arthropoda, conservation, endangered species, extinction risk, geographical range, IUCN.

Introduction

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most widely used information source on the extinction risk of species (Lamoreux et al. 2003, Rodrigues et al. 2006, Mace et al. 2008 but see Cardoso et al. 2011, Cardoso et al. 2012). It is based on a number of objective criteria, which are relatively easy to apply when adequate information is available (IUCN 2001). The Red List has been used to raise awareness about threatened species, guide conservation efforts and funding, set priorities for protection, measure site irreplaceability and vulnerability and influence environmental policies and legislation (Gardenfors et al. 2001, Rodrigues et al. 2006, Mace et al. 2008, Martín-López et al. 2009).

One of the uses of the Red List is to evaluate and monitor the state of biodiversity and a possible approach for this purpose is the Red List Index (RLI). The RLI helps to develop a better understanding of which taxa, regions or ecosystems are declining or improving their conservation status. It provides policy makers, stakeholders, conservation practitioners and the general public with sound knowledge of biodiversity status and change, and tools with which to make informed decisions. The RLI uses weight scores based on the Red List status of each of the assessed species. These scores range from 0 (Least Concern) to 5 (Extinct/Extinct in the Wild). Summing these scores across all species, relating them to the worst-case scenario - all species extinct, and comparing two or more points in time gives us an indication of how biodiversity is doing. At a global level, the RLI has been calculated for birds (Butchart et al. 2004, Hoffmann et al. 2010), mammals (Hoffmann et al. 2011), amphibians (Hoffmann et al. 2010), corals (Butchart et al. 2010), and cycads (United Nations 2015).

For many taxa, mainly hyperdiverse groups, it is not possible within available resources to assess all known species. In such cases, a random sample of species might be selected for assessment and the results derived from it extrapolated for the entire group - the Sampled Red List Index (SRLI, Baillie et al. 2008). The SRLI is now being developed for plants (Brummitt et al. 2015) and efforts towards a SRLI of butterflies (Lewis and Senior 2010) and Odonata are also in progress (Clausnitzer et al. 2009).

Spiders currently comprise over 47000 species described at a global level (World Spider Catalog 2018). Of these, only 199 species (0.4%) have beed assessed (www.redlist.org), of which the vast majority are from the Seychelles Islands or belong to the golden-orb weavers, Nephilidae (e.g. Kuntner et al. 2017). To these, a large number will be added in the near future, such as 55 species endemic to the Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos and 25 endemic to the Azores, all in Portugal (Cardoso et al. 2017, Borges et al. submitted). The vast majority of spiders assessed to date are therefore either regionally or taxonomically clustered and do not represent the group as a whole. The current contribution is the second in four papers (Seppälä et al. 2018a, Seppälä et al. 2018b) that will constitute the baseline of a future spider SRLI encompassing 200 species distributed across the world. All the assessments will in the future be included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www.redlist.org).

Methods

A sample of 200 species of spiders were randomly selected from the World Spider Catalog (2018), an updated global database containing all recognized species names for the group. The 200 selected species where divided taxonomically to the family level, and those familes were ordered alphabetically. In this publication we present the conservation profiles of 58 species belonging to the famillies alphabetically arranged between Oecobiidae and Salticidae, which encompassed Oecobiidae, Oonopidae, Orsolobidae, Oxyopidae, Palpimanidae, Philodromidae, Pholcidae, Pisauridae, Prodidomidae and Salticidae.

Species data were collected from all taxonomic bibliography available at the World Spider Catalog (2018), complemented by data in other publications found through Google Scholar and georeferrenced points made available through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (www.gbif.org) and also other sources (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org; https://login.webofknowledge.com; http://srs.britishspiders.org.uk; http://symbiota4.acis.ufl.edu/scan/portal; https://lepus.unine.ch; http://www.tuite.nl/iwg/Araneae/SpiBenelux/?species; https://atlas.arages.de; https://arachnology.cz/rad/araneae-1.html; http://www.ennor.org/iberia). Whenever possible, with each species record we also collected additional information, namely habitat type and spatial error of coordinates.

For all analyses we used the R package red - IUCN redlisting tools (Cardoso 2017). This package performs a number of spatial analyses based on either observed occurrences or estimated ranges. Functions include calculating Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO), mapping species ranges, species distribution modelling using climate and land cover, calculating the Red List Index for groups of species, among others. In this work, the EOO and AOO were calculated in one of two ways:

- for extremely range restricted species for which we assumed to know the full range, these values were classified as observed, the minimum convex polygon encompassing all observations used to calculate the EOO and the 2 km x 2 km cells known to be occupied used to calculate the AOO. When the EOO was smaller than the AOO, it was made equal as per the IUCN guidelines (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2017).

- for widespread species or those for which we did not have confidence to know the full range, we performed species distribution modelling (SDM). This was done based on both climatic (Fick and Hijmans 2017) and landcover (Tuanmu and Jetz 2014) datasets, at an approximately 1x1 km resolution. Before modelling, the world layers were cropped to the region of interest to each species and reduced to four layers through a PCA to avoid overfitting. In addition, latitude and longitude were used as two extra layers to avoid the models to predict presences much beyond the known region following the precautionary principle. We then used the Maxent method (Phillips et al. 2006) implemented in the R package red. Isolated patches outside the original distribution polygon were excluded from maps to avoid overestimation of EOO and AOO values. All final maps and values were checked and validated by our own expert opinion. KMLs derived from these maps were also produced using the red package. The cells (2x2 km) predicted to be occupied were used to calculate the AOO. When the EOO was smaller than the AOO, it was made equal as per the IUCN guidelines (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2017).

To infer on possible changes in range and/or abundance, and for forest species only, we have also consulted the Global Forest Watch portal (World Resources Institute 2014), looking for changes in forest cover during the last 10 years that could have affected the species.

Species sizes are total body size in mm and include the range for both males and females when known.

Species Conservation Profiles

Oecobius rivula Shear, 1970

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Oecobiidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Neotropical

Countries:

  • Mexico
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 1

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species is known only from Mexico, in southern Sinaloa near Durango border. It is notable that the only record is from 1965 (Shear 1970).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

This species has been recorded from deep wet crevices of rocky areas (Shear 1970).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 6. Rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)

Ecology

Size: 3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Oecobids usually build mesh-webs that are shaped like stars or multilayered webs that are often found in cracks on rocks or other hard surfaces. These spiders catch their prey by binding silk around it (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). The feeding ecology of most Oecobius species is poorly understood, however, it has been shown that myrmecophagy is common among this genus and these species may be locally specialized predators (García et al. 2014). For instance, Oecobius annulipes is commonly in nests of a large ant species, Plagiolepis pygmaea, which constitutes its main prey (Glatz 1967).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Oecobius trimaculatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Oecobiidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Palearctic

Countries:

  • Jordan
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 2

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Known only from the unspecified type locality in Jordan, recorded prior to 1872 (Pickard-Cambridge 1872).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Justification for extreme fluctuations

Population size and trend are unknown.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

The single known specimen was found in the "plains of Jordan" (Pickard-Cambridge 1872) which suggests this species occurs in grasslands and shrubs. However, since the exact locality is unspecified, the habitat preference of this particular species remains unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 1.4 - 2.6 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Oecobids usually build mesh-webs that are shaped like stars or multilayered webs that are often found from cracks on rocks or other hard surfaces. These spiders catch their prey by binding silk around it (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). The feeding ecology of most Oecobius species is poorly understood, however, it has been shown that myrmecophagy is common among this genus and these species may be locally specialized predators (García et al. 2014). For instance, Oecobius annulipes is commonly found in the nests of a large ant species, Plagiolepis pygmaea, which is their main prey (Glatz 1967).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Caecoonops cubitermitis Benoit, 1964

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Oonopidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Afrotropical

Countries:

  • Congo, The Democratic Republic of the
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 3

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Range description

This species was found in Kimweza town, near Kinshasa in Congo, prior to 1964 (Benoit 1964).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

This species was found in a nest of Cubitermes exiguus termites (Benoit 1964). The genus is known only from steppe-type savannas in Africa (Bouillon 1977).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 2.1. Savanna - Dry

Ecology

Size: 2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Oonopids are nocturnal active hunters that live free on the ground. These spiders have been recorded from different kinds of habitats from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, other spiders' webs and termite nests. Since Oonopids hunt at night, they tend to hide under stones or in dry plant debris or leaf litter during the day. The egg-sac is covered with fluffy silk. Little is known about the behaviour of Caecoonops species in the termite nests, however, these spiders have lost their eyes due to adaptation to living in these nests (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Oonopinus aurantiacus Simon, 1893

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Oonopidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Neotropical

Countries:

  • Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 4

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Simon 1893a) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 490
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2467

Range description

This species is known from Venezuela and should be present from Caracas to Valencia and Barquisimeto (Simon 1893a). It is notable that the records are over 100 years old.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 12279
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 4756
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

This species has been recorded in a relatively mountainous region belonging to the ecoregion of desert and xeric shrublands (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise, its preferred habitat is unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 2.5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Oonopids are nocturnal active hunters that live free on the ground. These spiders have been recorded from different kinds of habitats from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, other spiders' webs and termite nests. Since Oonopids hunt at night they tend to hide under stones or in dry plant debris or leaf litter during the day. The egg-sac is covered with fluffy silk (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

There are several protected areas within the predicted historical range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Oonops tectulus Chickering, 1970

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Oonopidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Neotropical

Countries:

  • Trinidad and Tobago
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 5

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Only reported from St. Augustine, on the university campus (GBIF.org 18th May 2018a) in the Northwest corner of the Island of Trinidad. The region sits between the Caroni Swamp National Park and a well preserved mountain range to the North. The island of Trinidad is less than 20 km east of the Gulf of Paria (Venezuela), separated only by the Bocas del Dragon strait, which contains the small Monos island of Chacachacare, which could reduce that distance to little more than 10km. The region where the species was found is therefore not isolated, and although it would not be surprising that the species is highly restricted biogeographically, the connectivity of the terrain alone, does allow suspecting it.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

This species was reported only once from the university campus (GBIF.org 18th May 2018a) in the Northwest corner of the Island of Trinidad. The region sits between the Caroni Swamp National Park and a well preserved mountain range to the North.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 1.4 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Oonopids are nocturnal active hunters that live free on the ground. These spiders have been recorded from different kinds of habitats from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, other spiders' webs and termite nests. Since Oonopids hunt at night they tend to hide under stones or in dry plant debris or leaf litter during the day. The egg-sac is covered with fluffy silk (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Scaphidysderina napo Platnick & Dupérré, 2011

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Oonopidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Neotropical

Countries:

  • Ecuador
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 6

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species was collected only once in Parque Nacional Napo-Galeras, Napo, Ecuador on 27 November 2009 on the Niarchos Expedition (Platnick and Dupérré 2011).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

Found in leaf litter of tropical forest at an elevation of 1005 m in Parque Nacional Napo-Galeras, which is a protected area in Ecuador with an altitudinal range of 600-3723 m (Platnick and Dupérré 2011).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

Ecology

Size: 2.7 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Oonopids are tiny nocturnal hunters usually found living on the ground in leaf litter or under rocks (Bradley 2013). They have been recorded from many different kinds of habitats ranging from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, other spiders' webs and termite nests. Oonopids are not known to make capture webs and hunt at night tending to hide under stones or in dry plant debris or leaf litter during the day. They make silken molting chambers and their egg sac is covered with fluffy silk (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997, Bradley 2013). Scaphidysderina is a newly described genus with little data on their ecology (Platnick and Dupérré 2011).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

This species was found in Parque Nacional Napo-Galeras, which is a protected area in Ecuador (Platnick and Dupérré 2011).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

This species is known from a female holotype only, males are unknown (Platnick and Dupérré 2011). Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Scaphiella tena Platnick & Dupérré, 2010

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Oonopidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Neotropical

Countries:

  • Ecuador
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 7

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species is known only from the type locality in Ecuador, recorded in 1976 (Platnick and Dupérré 2010).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

A single specimen was found from tropical forest litter at an elevation of 600m (Platnick and Dupérré 2010).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

Ecology

Size: 1.39 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Oonopids are tiny nocturnal hunters usually found living on the ground in leaf litter or under rocks (Bradley 2013). They have been recorded from many different kinds of habitats ranging from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, other spiders' webs and termite nests. Oonopids are not known to make capture webs and hunt at night tending to hide under stones or in dry plant debris or leaf litter during the day. They make silken molting chambers and their egg sac is covered with fluffy silk (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Tapinesthis inermis (Simon, 1882)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Oonopidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Palearctic

Countries:

  • Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of
  • Poland
  • Romania
  • San Marino
  • Albania
  • Latvia
  • Liechtenstein
  • Lithuania
  • Luxembourg
  • Belgium
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Bulgaria
  • Croatia
  • Czech Republic
  • Denmark
  • Germany
  • Slovakia
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • Andorra
  • Austria
  • Hungary
  • Netherlands
  • Montenegro
  • Portugal
  • France
  • Greece
  • Spain
  • Italy
  • Serbia
  • Russian Federation
  • Ukraine
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 8

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Kaston 1948, Hansen 1992, Thaler and Steiner 1993, Lazarov et al. 2001, Van Keer et al. 2006, Reiss et al. 2009, Cardoso and Morano 2010, Van Keer et al. 2010, Iglesias et al. 2013, Henrard et al. 2014) it was possible to perform species distribution modeling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 3147

Range description

This species has been recorded in central and western Europe, and has also been introduced to the USA (Kaston 1948, Hansen 1992, Thaler and Steiner 1993, Lazarov et al. 2001, Van Keer et al. 2006, Reiss et al. 2009, Cardoso and Morano 2010, Van Keer et al. 2010, Iglesias et al. 2013, Henrard et al. 2014).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 4123053
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 2397328
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread species.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Locations

Number of locations: Not applicable
Trend: Stable

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist. This species is predicted to be common and widespread throughout western and central Europe.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

This species has been recorded mostly from anthropogenic habitats; e.g. in the city centre, parks, houses and in cellars (Van Keer et al. 2006, Hansen 1992, Kaston 1948). One record has been made from a cave (Reiss et al. 2009).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable

Justification for trend

There are several records for this species and most of them occur within areas of human disturbance. This species seems to be adaptive to strongly modified habitats and are not experiencing any decline.

Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas
Habitat importance: Suitable
Habitats: 
  • 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves

Ecology

Size: 2 - 2.2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Oonopids are nocturnal active hunters that live free on the ground. These spiders have been recorded from different kinds of habitats, from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, webs of other spiders to termite nests. Since Oonopids hunt at night they tend to hide under stones, in dry plant debris or in leaf litter during the day. The egg-sac is covered with fluffy silk (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

This is a widespread species with no known habitat restrictions and occurs within several protected areas (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
  • 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Justification for research needed

Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.

Xyccarph myops Brignoli, 1978

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Oonopidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Neotropical

Countries:

  • Brazil
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 9

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Known only from three records from the type locality near Manaus in Brazil (Brignoli 1978), last recorded in 1983 (Höfer and Brescovit 1996).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

All specimens were recorded in a non-inundated rainforest (Höfer and Brescovit 1996).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

Ecology

Size: 1.2 - 1.6 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Individuals of this species seem to live deep in the soil or root mat (Höfer and Brescovit 1996). Oonopids are nocturnal active hunters that live free on the ground. These spiders have been recorded from different kinds of habitats from dry dunelands to forested areas, human constructions, other spiders' webs and termite nests. Since Oonopids hunt at night they tend to hide under stones or in dry plant debris or leaf litter during the day. The egg-sac is covered with fluffy silk (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

The type locality is not inside protected areas but the species should occur in the wide range of protected areas next to the known site (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Maoriata magna (Forster, 1956)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Orsolobidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Australasian

Countries:

  • New Zealand
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 10

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Forster 1956, Forster and Platnick 1985), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2886

Range description

This species is known from New Zealand only, last recorded in 1984 (Forster 1956, Forster and Platnick 1985).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 34659
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 20388
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

This species has been recorded from forests, in moss and leafmould (Forster 1956, Forster and Platnick 1985). In addition, the range of this species seems to be mostly within mountain and fjord regions.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.4. Forest - Temperate

Ecology

Size: 4.2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Orsolobids are free-living spiders wandering on the ground in low vegetation and among moss and in humus or leaf litter (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

There is a wide protected area, namely Te Wahipounamu world heritage site in southwest New Zealand, reaching across the range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to confirm the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Tasmanoonops hickmani Forster & Platnick, 1985

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Orsolobidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Australasian

Countries:

  • Australia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 11

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species is known only from the type locality close to Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia, recorded in 1975 (Forster and Platnick 1985).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

All specimens were found in litter of rainforest (Forster and Platnick 1985).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

Ecology

Size: 4.62 - 5.13 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Orsolobids are free-living spiders wandering on the ground in low vegetation and among moss and in humus or leaf litter (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Hamataliwa cordata Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2005

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Oxyopidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Palearctic

Countries:

  • China
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 12

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species is known only from the type locality near Tianlin, Guangxi, China, recorded in 2002 (Zhang et al. 2005).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

The type locality is within the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion (Olson et al. 2001). Species of the same genus have been observed from tree barks, twigs or shrubs (Zhang et al. 2005).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 4.95 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Spiders of the family Oxyopidae are commonly known as lynx spiders for their catlike hunting tactics. Oxyopids have tapered abdomens and characteristic hexagonal eye arrangements with small anterior median eyes. They are either nocturnal or diurnal, have good vision and are agile hunters living mainly on plants where they jump from leaf to leaf catching their prey with spiny legs. These spiders feed mainly on moths and have also been observed feeding on pests in agroecosystems. Female oxyopids guard their egg-sacs which they often attach to a leaf (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Hamataliwa species are commonly found on the bark of trees and twigs or on woody shrubs (Zhang et al. 2005).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Boagrius pumilus Simon, 1893

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Palpimanidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Indomalayan

Countries:

  • Singapore
  • Malaysia
  • Indonesia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 13

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Most records from unspecified localities. (Simon 1893b, Li 2002, Norma-Rashid and Li 2009).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species is known from Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia, however with unspecified localities (Simon 1893b, Li 2002, Norma-Rashid and Li 2009). The last record is from 1988 in Singapore (Li 2002), although the majority of records are without dates.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

Palpimanids are ground-dwellers and can be found in a wide range of habitats (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). However, the predicted range of this species is within tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest (Olson et al. 2001). It seems that large areas of their range, especially within the Sumatran and Malaysian regions, are now deforested and cultivated (World Resources Institute 2014).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Spiders of the family Palpimanidae can be found in a wide range of habitats (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997), but they mostly live on the ground and move slowly, holding their front lengs up while walking. In the daytime they are commonly found hiding under stones in their sac-like retreats and there has been observations of araneophagous behaviour. Apart from this, in general, the ecology and behaviour of this family is largely unknown.

Threats

Threat type: Ongoing
Threats:
  • 2.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations

Justification for threats

Between the years 2001-2015 there has been a loss of 4,085,762 ha in the forest area of Singapore and Sumatra (World Resources Institute 2014). Since this species is a ground-dweller, and the family it represents can be found in various habitats from arid regions to densely forested areas, it remains unknown whether deforestation really affects this species.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place

Other

Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Philodromus gertschi Schick, 1965

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Aranchnida Araneae Philodromidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Nearctic

Countries:

  • United States
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 14

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Schick 1965, Dondale and Redner 1968) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 3636

Range description

This species potential historical range spans the west coast of the USA and Mexico (Schick 1965, Dondale and Redner 1968). However, we should note that all records are over 40 years old.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 372475
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 191780
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

All known specimens have been found in coastal sage and oak habitats, yellow pine forests, and from grass in oak forests (Dondale and Redner 1968).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown

Justification for trend

This species has been observed in different habitat types. yet the last observations are old.

Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.4. Forest - Temperate
  • 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation

Ecology

Size: 3.5 - 4.5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Philodromids are agile and free-living, quickly moving hunters that are usually caught on plants or on the soil surface. They can easily hide into rock cracks and crevices due to their flat bodies. Philodromus species have been observed to capture their prey by "lying in ambush with legs extended" (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Mature individuals of this particular species were collected from May through July, mainly in June. Immatures were found from January through March and they molted to maturity in the laboratory from February through April. No diapause was observed (Schick 1965).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection

Justification for conservation actions

At least part of the species range is inside protected areas, for example Ventana and San Rafael wilderness areas in California (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
  • 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Justification for research needed

Monitoring is needed to know current population and habitat trends.

Suemus tibelliformis Simon, 1909

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Philodromidae

Taxonomic notes

There are only juveniles known from this species. A dubious taxonomic status may be considered.

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Indomalayan

Countries:

  • Viet Nam
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 15

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species is known only from the type locality in Nghệ An, Viet Nam, recorded prior to 1909 (Simon 1909).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

The type locality of this species is within the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise habitat preference of this particular species remains unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 6 - 7 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Philodromids are agile and free-living, quickly moving hunters that are usually caught on plants or on the soil surface. They can easily hide into rock cracks and crevices due to their flat bodies (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

This species may occur in a wide conservation area, Western Nghệ, an UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve, near its type locality (World Resources Institute 2014).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.1. Research - Taxonomy
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

The taxonomic status of the species should be confirmed as it is known from only juveniles. If a valid species, basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits, along with possible threats.

Belisana anhuiensis (Xu & Wang, 1984)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Pholcidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Palearctic

Countries:

  • China
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 16

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species is known only from two localities in eastern China (Xu and Wang 1984, Huber 2005b).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

The species known localities are located in the border of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (Olson et al. 2001). The precise habitat type is unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 1.2 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Pholcids build a tangled space web and they do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae instead. When disturbed these spiders vibrate their web rapidly (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Most Belisana species have been collected in primary tropical forests, from the leaf litter or under the leaves (Huber 2005b), but are also known to occur in agricultural regions (Song 1987).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Carapoia fowleri Huber, 2000

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Pholcidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Neotropical

Countries:

  • Guyana
  • French Guiana
  • Suriname
  • Peru
  • Brazil
  • Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 17

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Huber 2000, Huber 2005a, GBIF.org 31th July 2017a) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 657

Range description

This species is relatively well-known (collected multiple times between 1988 and 1991, see GBIF.org 31th July 2017a, Huber 2000, Huber 2005a) in the Amazonas and is predicted to be widespread throughout the northern parts of Brazil and to be present also in Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and near the Brazilian border in Venezuela and Peru.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 4192490
Trend: Decline (inferred)

Justification for trend

Given the forest loss within the Amazon region (World Resources Institute 2014), and this being a species dependent on forests, we expect the EOO to be declining.

Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: No

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 3646928
Trend: Decline (inferred)

Justification for trend

Given the forest loss within the Amazon region (World Resources Institute 2014), and this being a species dependent on forests, we expect the AOO to be declining.

Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: No

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Decline (inferred)

Justification for trend

Given the forest loss within the Amazon region (World Resources Institute 2014), and this being a species dependent on forests, we expect the population size to be declining.

Basis for decline: 
  • (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
Causes ceased?: No
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: No
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist. This species seems to be widespread. However, the forest loss is causing decline in the AOO (World Resources Institute 2014) which may cause decline in the population as well.

Subpopulations

Trend: Decline (inferred)

Justification for trend

Given the forest loss within the Amazon region (World Resources Institute 2014), and this being a species dependent on forests, we expect the number of subpopulations to be declining.

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

Known the Amazonian tropical forest (Huber 2000).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Decline (inferred)

Justification for trend

The forest loss inside the estimated range has been over 7,000,000 ha between 2001 and 2015 (World Resources Institute 2014).

Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

Ecology

Size: 4 - 4.4 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Pholcids build a tangled space web and they do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae instead. When disturbed these spiders vibrate their web rapidly (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Otherwise, the ecology of this particular species is unknown.

Threats

Threat type: Ongoing
Threats:
  • 5.3. Biological resource use - Logging & wood harvesting

Justification for threats

The forest loss inside the estimated range has been over 7,000,000 ha between 2001 and 2015 (World Resources Institute 2014).

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection
Conservation action type: Needed
Conservation actions:
  • 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management
  • 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration

Justification for conservation actions

There are several protected areas within the estimated range of this species (World Resources Institute 2014). Nevertheless, site management and habitat & natural process restoration should be a priority across its range.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
  • 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Justification for research needed

Monitoring is needed to confirm the currently known population and habitat trends.

Modisimus cuadro Huber & Fischer, 2010

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Pholcidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Palearctic

Countries:

  • Dominican Republic
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 18

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Huber et al. 2010) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 595

Range description

This species is known from several localities in the Dominican Republic (Huber et al. 2010) and the distribution model predicts it to occur throughout the eastern half of the country.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 21578
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Assumed to be stable given the ability to occupy several habitat types.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 15584
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Assumed to be stable given the ability to occupy several habitat types.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Locations

Number of locations: Not applicable

Justification for number of locations

No known threats to the species.

Trend: Stable

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Assumed to be stable given the ability to occupy several habitat types.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist, yet it is assumed to be stable given the ability to occupy several habitat types.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Assumed to be stable given the ability to occupy several habitat types.

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

Recorded from various habitat types such as tropical deciduous and mixed forest, degraded forest, forests near rivers and also from caves. Usually found close to the ground, for example under dead leaves or logs and in low vegetation (Huber et al. 2010). Therefore, forest loss may not cause plausible effects to the survival of this species, although we do not know for certainty.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable

Justification for trend

This species seems to adapt to various habitat types and therefore is not experiencing any decline.

Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
  • 14.6. Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest
Habitat importance: Suitable
Habitats: 
  • 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves

Ecology

Size: 2.7 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Pholcids build a tangled space web and they do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae instead. When disturbed these spiders vibrate their web rapidly (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Otherwise ecology of this particular species is unknown.

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

There is at least one protected area within the predicted range of this species, namely Del Este National Park. (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017)

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
  • 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Justification for research needed

Monitoring of population and habitat trends would allow confirming inferred trends.

Pholcus jixianensis Zhu & Yu, 1983

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Pholcidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Palearctic

Countries:

  • China
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 19

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Known only from the type locality in Ji County, China, recorded in 1982 (Zhu et al. 1983).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

The single known specimen was found under a stone near a river (Zhu et al. 1983). The type locality seems to be covered with farmlands and human constructions. The type locality belongs to the ecoregion of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (Olson et al. 2001).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 5 - 5.3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Pholcids build a tangled space web and they do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae instead. When disturbed these spiders vibrate their web rapidly (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Otherwise, the ecology of this particular species is unknown.

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Smeringopus natalensis Lawrence, 1947

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Pholcidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Afrotropical

Countries:

  • Lesotho
  • Swaziland
  • Mozambique
  • South Africa
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 20

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Lawrence 1967, Huber 2012) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1804

Range description

This species is widespread in South and Southeast Africa, from southern Mozambique to Cape Town (Lawrence 1967, Huber 2012). It has also been found in Australia (Perth, Western Australia and Sydney, New South Wales) as an invasive species (Huber 2001). The species distribution model predicts the existence of suitable habitat also in Lesotho and Swaziland.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 1017872
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread and even invasive species.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 564196
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Any definite range change over time was not available in the records, but we assume it to be stable, being a widespread and even invasive species.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Locations

Number of locations: Not applicable

Justification for number of locations

No known threats to the species.

Trend: Stable

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

This species is predicted to be common and widespread throughout the eastern parts of South Africa and it is notable that it has been reported to be invasive in Australia.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist. This species is predicted to be common and widespread throughout the eastern parts of South Africa and it is notable that it has been reported to be invasive in Australia.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

Smeringopus natalensis is present in a variety of habitats, including highveld, coastal and sand forests, grassveld savanna, dry riverbeds, wastelands and human constructions (Huber 2012).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable

Justification for trend

Smeringopus natalensis is present in a variety of habitats, including highveld, coastal and sand forests, grassveld savanna, dry riverbeds, wastelands and human constructions (Huber 2012).

Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
  • 2.1. Savanna - Dry
  • 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
  • 14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas

Ecology

Size: 6.3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Pholcid spiders build a tangled space web. These spiders do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae. When disturbed the pholcid spiders vibrate their web rapidly. A relative species from Africa, S. elongatus, has been reported to prey mostly on ants and building a space web. S. pallidus, on the other hand, has been reported from mammal burrows building a criss-cross web between the webs of Olorunia ocellata and Euprosthenops proximus (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). Otherwise, ecology of this particular species remains unknown.

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection

Justification for conservation actions

Several protected areas exist within the species range. No conservation actions seem to be necessary since the species is widespread and adaptable, often even invasive (Huber 2001).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
  • 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Justification for research needed

Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.

Spermophora jocquei Huber, 2003

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Pholcidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Afrotropical

Countries:

  • Comoros
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 21

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species was first collected in Mt. Choungui, Mayotte in 1998 (which is a French overseas territory), and described in 2003 (Huber 2003). The fact that it has not been recorded earlier is likely to be an artifact of undersampling, rather than a reflection of the species rarity, as there were no previous arachnological studies in the region. Mayote is the oldest and smallest island (377km2) in the Comoros archipelago and is probable, although not certain, that the species is indeed endemic to that island, as there are many other taxa with similar ranges.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

Found on the ground of tropical forest (Huber 2003). As the species was collected by pitfall trapping, it is possible that it inhabits the leaf litter.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

Ecology

Size: 1.9 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Pholcids build a tangled space web and they do not have an eggsac but the females carry the clump of eggs in their chelicerae instead. When disturbed these spiders vibrate their web rapidly (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

Several forest reserves cover part of the island and the water area around it is protected (Mayotte Marine Nature Park, UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017) which indicates the island itself is subject to some degree of protection. Recent assessments of other leaf litter invertebrates of Mayote showed that the local fauna is not doing as poorly as in other oceanic islands, which indicates that this species habitat, although likely to be small, is fairly well preserved.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Charminus camerunensis Thorell, 1899

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Pisauridae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Afrotropical

Countries:

  • Zambia
  • Guinea
  • Guinea-Bissau
  • Mali
  • Rwanda
  • Senegal
  • Sierra Leone
  • Liberia
  • Benin
  • Burkina Faso
  • Burundi
  • Cameroon
  • Central African Republic
  • Chad
  • Congo
  • Congo, The Democratic Republic of the
  • Côte d'Ivoire
  • Gabon
  • Gambia
  • Ghana
  • Sudan
  • Tanzania, United Republic of
  • Togo
  • Uganda
  • Nigeria
  • Kenya
  • Equatorial Guinea
  • Angola
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 22

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Thorell 1899, Blandin 1978, Sierwald 1997) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 3995

Range description

Recorded from Gabon, Cameroon, Togo, Ivory Coast and Democratic Republic of the Congo (Thorell 1899, Blandin 1978, Sierwald 1997), the species distribution model predicts it has potentially suitable habitat throughout Central and Western Africa, across most of the tropical forest region.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 7029667
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 4903768
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown

Justification for number of locations

Unknown.

Trend: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

The predicted range of this species is covered with tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests but also with tropical and subtropical grasslands, shrublands and savannas (Olson et al. 2001). Charminus species are commonly found in grass fields and open forests (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 8 - 10 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Spiders of the family Pisauridae are called nursery-web spiders and most of the species hunt in the vegetation (Sierwald 1997). Spiders of this genus have been observed to live beneath the leaves where they tend to build a tube-like retreat in a curve of the leaf. Thin sheets of silk are attached to the surronding vegetation which are used to detect vibration from threats. Only juveniles occupy the retreats (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to confirm the current distribution and population size and trends in more detail. More data on ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats, is also essential to be gathered in order to make a proper assessment.

Dolomedes mendigoetmopasi Barrion, 1995

Species information

Common names

Filipino fishing spider

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Pisauridae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Australasian

Countries:

  • Philippines
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 23

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species has only been recorded from the Philippines in 1991 (Barrion Alberto 1995).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

This species was found in a small pond (Barrion Alberto 1995). Species of the same genus are often found in fresh waterbodies, for example in lakes and ponds (Carico 1973).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 15.2. Artificial/Aquatic - Ponds (below 8ha)

Ecology

Size: 15 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Species of the genus Dolomedes often live near water, feeding on aquatic insects. Despite this, catches of small fish, tadpoles, freshwater shrimps and small toads have been reported (Carico 1973, Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). These spiders have the ability to run on the surface of the water by "skating" to escape from their predators and to hunt. The surface tension of the water traps their prey and allows Dolomedes species to hunt whilst taking advantage of their own hydrophobical body features. These spiders also have the ability to dive underwater, either to escape or to catch prey (Carico 1973). Females carry the egg-cocoon in their mandibles. They make a large nursery web for the juveniles, where they live for a while, after being hatched (Emerton 1902). The nursery web is commonly attached high in weeds (Carico 1973).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Dolomedes tenebrosus Hentz, 1844

Species information

Common names

Large fishing spider

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Pisauridae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Nearctic

Countries:

  • Mexico
  • Canada
  • United States
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 24

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Hentz 1844, Montgomery 1902, Emerton 1909, Comstock 1912, Bishop 1924, Kaston 1948, Dondale and Redner 1990, Guarisco 1999, Knysh and Giberson 2012, GBIF.org 31th July 2017c) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2150

Range description

This species is widespread in the eastern USA and southeastern Canada (Hentz 1844, Montgomery 1902, Emerton 1909, Comstock 1912, Bishop 1924, Kaston 1948, Dondale and Redner 1990, Guarisco 1999, Knysh and Giberson 2012, GBIF.org 31th July 2017c).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 7391781
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 2913904
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Locations

Number of locations: Not applicable

Justification for number of locations

No known threats to the species.

Trend: Stable

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Inferred from the AOO and habitat trends.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist. However, given the high number of records, most of them from the 2010s, this species seems to be relatively widespread.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

Commonly found in swamp environments and ponds in southern United States coastal plain and lakes and ponds in the glaciated part of the range and easily collected from vertical tree trunks emerging from slow-moving streams and ponds. In the case of slow-moving streams Dolomedes species are found for example on cypress trees and vegetation rising from the water. D. tenebrosus, in particular, stays near the waterline (Carico 1973). Contrary to other species of the genus, this species is often found in woods under logs and more often in association with houses such as sheds, basements and kitchens (Guarisco 1999, Carico 1973).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable

Justification for trend

Able to live in various habitat types, from swamps to urban areas.

Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.4. Forest - Temperate
  • 5.2. Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks
  • 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands
  • 14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas

Ecology

Size: 15 - 26 mm (females), 7 - 13 mm (males)
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

D. tenebrosus is one of the largest spiders in the USA (Emerton 1902). Species of the genus Dolomedes often live near water feeding on aquatic insects and often catching small fish, tadpoles, freshwater shrimps and small toads (Carico 1973, Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997). These spiders have the ability to run on the surface of water by "skating" to escape from the predators and to hunt. Dolomedes species use the water surface as the web to catch their prey as the insects get trapped by the surface tension but the spiders themselves have hydrophobical features in their body. These spiders also have the ability to dive underwater, either to escape or to catch the prey (Carico 1973). Females carry the egg-cocoon in their mandibles. They make a large nursery web for the juveniles to live for a while after being hatched (Emerton 1902). The nursery web is commonly attached high in weeds. Adult D. tenebrosus females occur throughout the year although suggested to be inactive during the cold months (Kaston 1948). Adult males are commonly found in May, although they can be present also earlier in the south and later in the north. Immatures can be found throughout the year (Carico 1973).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

There are several protected areas within the predicted range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
  • 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Justification for research needed

Monitoring is needed to confirm the inferred population and habitat trends.

Hygropoda longitarsis (Thorell, 1877)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Pisauridae

Taxonomic notes

This species is known only from juveniles, requiring taxonomic revision (Thorell 1877).

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Indomalayan

Countries:

  • Viet Nam
  • Indonesia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 25

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species was recorded from Vietnam and from the Celebs (Sulawesi) in Indonesia prior to 1877 (Thorell 1877).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Justification for extreme fluctuations

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

Vietnam and Sulawesi island in Indonesia belong to the ecoregion of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (Olson et al. 2001). The exact type localities are unknown, as is the preferred habitat.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: Unknown
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Spiders of the family Pisauridae are called nursery-web spiders and most of the species hunt in the vegetation (Sierwald 1997). They make a large nursery web for the juveniles to live for a while after being hatched (Emerton 1902). The nursery web is commonly attached high in weeds.

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.1. Research - Taxonomy
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

This species is known only from juveniles, requiring taxonomic revision (Thorell 1877). If a valid species, basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits, along with possible threats.

Prodidomus woodleigh Platnick & Baehr, 2006

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Prodidomidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Australasian

Countries:

  • Australia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 26

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records, all in the 1990s (Platnick and Baehr 2006), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 510

Range description

This species is distributed in Western Australia and all the records are from the 1990s (Platnick and Baehr 2006).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 224823
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Despite a lack of monitoring data, given the large range of the species and threats being unknown, we assume the EOO to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 126612
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Despite a lack of monitoring data, given the large range of the species and threats being unknown, we assume the AOO to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Locations

Number of locations: Not applicable

Justification for number of locations

No known threats to the species.

Trend: Stable

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Despite a lack of monitoring data, given the large range of the species and threats being unknown, we assume the population size to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist. Despite a lack of monitoring data, given the large range of the species and threats being unknown, we assume it to be stable.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Despite a lack of monitoring data, given the large range of the species and threats being unknown, we assume the number of subpopulations to be stable.

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

Specimens were collected from open country (Platnick and Baehr 2006). The habitat within the range of this species is mostly desert and xeric shrublands (Olson et al. 2001).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation
  • 8.2. Desert - Temperate

Ecology

Size: 1.9 - 2.85 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

The ecology and behaviour of this particular species is largely unknown, although it is notable that specimens of P. woodleigh were collected by pitfall traps (Platnick and Baehr 2006). Prodidomids in general are known to be nocturnal ground-dwelling hunters. At daytime they rest and hide under debris or under stones (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

There are few protected areas within the predicted range of this species, for example the large Nature Reserve of Toolonga (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
  • 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Justification for research needed

Monitoring is needed to confirm inferred population and habitat trends.

Theuma aprica Simon, 1893

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Prodidomidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Afrotropical

Countries:

  • South Africa
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 27

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Known only from an unspecified type locality in South Africa, collected prior to 1893 (Simon 1893c).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

The preferred habitat is unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 5.8 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

The ecology and behaviour of this particular species is largely unknown. Prodidomids in general are known to be nocturnal ground-dwelling hunters. At daytime they rest and hide under debris or under stones (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Afraflacilla datuntata (Logunov & Zamanpoore, 2005)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Taxonomic notes

Species recently transferred from Pseudicius to Afraflacilla (Prószyński 2017).

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Palearctic

Countries:

  • Afghanistan
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 28

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Known only from the type locality in Datunta-Stauklamm, Afghanistan, recorded in 1971 (Logunov and Zamanpoore 2005).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

The type locality is located in a region dominated by desert/xeric shrublands (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise the preferred habitat of this species is unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 4 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. In South Africa, a species from this genus, Afraflacilla imitator, appears to be a foliage-dwelling spider collected in fynbos habitats in South Africa (Wesolowska and Haddad 2013).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Attulus zaisanicus (Logunov, 1998)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Taxonomic notes

Species recently transferred from Sitticus to Attulus (Prószyński 2017)

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Palearctic

Countries:

  • Kazakhstan
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 29

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Only known from the type locality in the NW foothills of Manrak Mt. Range, ca. 15km upstream of the mouth of Taizhusgen river (Logunov 1998).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

This species was found from an upstream of the mouth of Taizhusgen river (Logunov 1998). The type locality belongs to the ecoregion of temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands along with deserts and xeric shrublands (Olson et al. 2001), which indicates this species may prefer dry habitats, although this is uncertain.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 5.35 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Ecology of this particular species is unknown.

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Bathippus latericius (Thorell, 1881)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Indomalayan

Countries:

  • Indonesia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 30

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Known only from the type locality, Andai, north of Pegunungan Arfak just South of Manokwari, recorded prior to 1881 (Thorell 1881).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

The type locality is within a region of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise the preferred habitat of this species remains unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 6.5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Species from the same genus in Papua New Guinea were collected by beating forest understory vegetation (Zhang and Maddison 2012).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 2.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations

Justification for threats

Forests around the type locality have experienced heavy deforestation, in particular between 2001 and 2016 (World Resources Institute 2014). However, this species has been recorded only once and the preferred habitat of this species remains unknown, hence clear conclusions about the effects of forest loss to this species cannot be made.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place

Other

Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Bathippus rechingeri Kulczyn'ski, 1910

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Oceanian

Countries:

  • Solomon Islands
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 31

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Only known from the type locality Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea, recorded prior to 1910 (Kulczyński 1910).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

The type locality is within a region with tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest (Olson et al. 2001). Otherwise the preferred habitat of this species remains unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 4.6 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Species from the same genus in Papua New Guinea were collected by beating forest understory vegetation (Zhang and Maddison 2012).

Threats

Threat type: Ongoing
Threats:
  • 2.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations

Justification for threats

In Bougainville Island alone there has been forest loss of 48,068 ha between 2001 and 2016 (World Resources Institute 2014). However, this species has been recorded only once and the preferred habitat of this species remains unknown, hence clear conlusions about the effects of forest loss to this species cannot be made.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Brettus celebensis (Merian, 1911)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Indomalayan

Countries:

  • Indonesia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 32

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Recorded only once at Wald bei Duluduo in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, recorded prior to 1911 (Merian 1911).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

Brettus species are found in rainforests and the type locality in fact is tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest (Olson et al. 2001).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

Ecology

Size: 6.6 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Brettus species have been observed to be araneophagous and web-invading, also eating eggs of their prey and the insects stuck in the web. When invading the web of other species they use aggressive mimicry by making signals to lure the web-building spiders (Jackson 2000).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch, 1846)

Species information

Synonyms

Plexippus cumulatus (Karsch, 1892)

Common names

Black and white jumper

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Palearctic

Countries:

  • Pakistan
  • Viet Nam
  • Philippines
  • Bangladesh
  • Bhutan
  • Brunei Darussalam
  • Cambodia
  • Singapore
  • Sri Lanka
  • Thailand
  • Nepal
  • Lao People's Democratic Republic
  • Malaysia
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Myanmar
  • Hong Kong
  • China
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 33

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Koch 1846, Sherriffs 1931, Song and Chai 1991, Prószyński 1992, Song et al. 1999, Jastrzębski 1999, Jackson et al. 2001, Prószyński and Deeleman-Reinhold 2010, Jäger and Praxaysombath 2011, Chetia and Kalita 2012, Yin et al. 2012, Bhat et al. 2013, Karthikeyani and Kannan 2013, Ramakrishnaiah et al. 2016, Roy et al. 2016, Saha et al. 2016, Betz and Tscharntke 2017, Karthikeyani et al. 2017) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 2157

Range description

This is a well-recorded species especially in India and the most recent records are from 2016 (Koch 1846, Sherriffs 1931, Song and Chai 1991, Prószyński 1992, Song et al. 1999, Jastrzębski 1999, Jackson et al. 2001, Prószyński and Deeleman-Reinhold 2010, Jäger and Praxaysombath 2011, Chetia and Kalita 2012, Yin et al. 2012, Bhat et al. 2013, Karthikeyani and Kannan 2013, Ramakrishnaiah et al. 2016, Roy et al. 2016, Saha et al. 2016, Betz and Tscharntke 2017, Karthikeyani et al. 2017). This species should be present across the Indomalayan realm, from India to the Philippines.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 18383386
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species present in multiple habitat types we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 5935576
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species present in multiple habitat types we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Locations

Number of locations: Not applicable

Justification for number of locations

No known threats to this species.

Trend: Stable

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Inferred from AOO and habit trends.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist, but the number of records and large distribution suggest this is a common and widespread species.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

Often found on bushes and tall grasses in natural areas (Peter 2009), but also common in agroecosystems like tea, rice and cashew plantations (Bhat et al. 2013, Betz and Tscharntke 2017, Roy et al. 2016, Saha et al. 2016) and within semi-urban settings (Ramakrishnaiah et al. 2016) and houses (Sherriffs 1931).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable

Justification for trend

Able to live in various habitat types, from farmlands to houses.

Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
  • 14.1. Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land
  • 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations
  • 14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas

Ecology

Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

C. viduus is a medium-sized jumping spider with remarkable sexual dimorfism. This species forages usually on leaf surfaces. C. viduus is known to feed on small insects (thrips, flies) and to make a retreat between leaves with thick layers of silk. Specimens of C. viduus have been observed to occasionally feed on nectar (Jackson et al. 2001). Males are noted to be more active than females, which occur especially on sunny days (Peter 2009).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

There are numerous protected areas within the predicted range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Important
Ecosystem services:
  • 12. Biocontrol

Justification for ecosystem services

In agroecosystems C. viduus probably plays an important role providing ecosystem services for humans by preying on pests (Bhat et al. 2013, Saha et al. 2016, Betz and Tscharntke 2017).

Research needed:
  • 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
  • 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Justification for research needed

Monitoring is needed to confirm current population and habitat trends.

Corythalia tropica (Mello-Leitão, 1939)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Neotropical

Countries:

  • French Guiana
  • Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 34

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Only three records are known for the species, all from the 1940s (De Mello-Leitao 1939, Crane 1948, Caporiacco 1954).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Only three records are known for the species, all from the 1940s (De Mello-Leitao 1939, Crane 1948, Caporiacco 1954).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

This species was found in relatively open leaf-litter in deciduous seasonal forest, occurring through the semi-evergreen seasonal forest across the lower boundaries of the cloud forest along the well-lighted and intermittently dry road-side (700-1100m) (Crane 1948).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry

Ecology

Size: 5.5 - 6.5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. The courtship and threat display behaviour in C. tropica has been well-studied (Crane 1948). Females lay from 13 to 28 eggs and a leaf is used for a cocoon, with edges glued together using silk and bits of earth (Crane 1948).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place

Other

Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Grayenulla australensis Zabka, 1992

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Australasian

Countries:

  • Australia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 35

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Harvey et al. 2000, Guthrie and Waldock 2004, Majer et al. 2013, GBIF.org 18th May 2018b) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 475

Range description

This species has several records from Western Australia and is predicted to occur mostly throughout the southwestern parts (Harvey et al. 2000, Guthrie and Waldock 2004, Majer et al. 2013, GBIF.org 18th May 2018b).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 1006017
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 376224
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Locations

Number of locations: Not applicable

Justification for number of locations

No known threats to the species.

Trend: Stable

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

Seven Grayenulla species are known from scattered localities within Western Australia and this genus has been found only in coastal areas (Żabka and Gray 2002). This species has been recorded from sandplains, the Jarrah forest, avon wheat and Esperance plains (Guthrie and Waldock 2004).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable

Justification for trend

This species seems not to be restricted to a specific type of habitat, however, an increased risk of fires may affect the extent and quality of habitat. Given the relatively widespread distribution and that the species is not restricted to any certain habitat, the potential fires may not have severe effect on its survival and therefore the trend is assumed to be stable.

Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
  • 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry

Ecology

Size: 3 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision, enabling them to stalk or chase their prey. Species from the genus Grayenulla have been observed to be limited to inhabit savannah and semidesert areas, indicating they may live on either the ground or on plants (Żabka and Gray 2002).

Threats

Threat type: Ongoing
Threats:
  • 7.1.1. Natural system modifications - Fire & fire suppression - Increase in fire frequency/intensity

Justification for threats

From 150,000 up to nearly 500,000 fires have been reported per year between 2012 and 2017 in Western Australia (World Resources Institute 2014). This species occurs in dry areas, which are vulnerable to fires, and this may be a threat to this species and cause a decline in its AOO. However, as it seems to be relatively widespread and not specialized in any particular habitat, the threat should be minor.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

Toolonga is a large nature reserve inside the predicted range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
  • 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Justification for research needed

Monitoring is needed to confirm inferred population and habitat trends.

Heliophanus capicola Simon, 1901

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Afrotropical

Countries:

  • Lesotho
  • Swaziland
  • Mozambique
  • South Africa
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 36

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Simon 1901,Wesolowska 1986, Wesolowska and Haddad 2014) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 3432

Range description

This species has been recorded from South Africa and Lesotho (Simon 1901,Wesolowska 1986, Wesolowska and Haddad 2014) and could be present in Swaziland and at the southernmost tip of Mozambique.

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 1053422
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 966720
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Subpopulations

Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

In Lesotho the species was sampled from under rocks in alpine grasslands (Wesolowska and Haddad 2014). It is not known whether it occurs in other types of habitat as well.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 4.4. Grassland - Temperate

Ecology

Size: 1.6-1.7 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Otherwise nothing is know about this species.

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

There are several protected areas inside the range of this species (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to confirm the estimated distribution in more detail and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species along with possible threats.

Helvetia stridulans Ruiz & Brescovit, 2008

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Neotropical

Countries:

  • Brazil
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 37

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species is known only from the type locality in Espirito Santo, Brazil (Ruiz and Brescovit 2008).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

The habitat preference of this species is unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 3.4 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey.

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Jerzego bipartitus (Simon, 1903)

Species information

Synonyms

Hispo bipartita Simon, 1903

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Indomalayan

Countries:

  • Sri Lanka
  • India
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 38

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Range description

This species is known only from the type locality in Sri Lanka (Simon 1903) and from India with no specific locality (Wanless 1981).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unkown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

Unknown preferred habitat.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 5.6 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

The habitus of the salticids of the genus Jerzego is elongate and flat. A closely related species, Jerzego corticicola, was found on tree trunks at the edges of degraded forests. The spiders were either on the surface or in the cracks between the bark flakes. These species were found close to 2 meters above ground, which may indicate that this species is normally a canopy-dweller (Maddison and Piasick 2014).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species along with possible threats.

Menemerus mirabilis Wesolowska, 1999

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Afrotropical

Countries:

  • Ethiopia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 39

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species is known from Addis Ababa in Ethiopia only, recorded in the 1980s (Wesołowska 1999).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

The only records have been made from the urban area (Wesołowska 1999).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas

Ecology

Size: 3.8 - 5.9 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Ecology and behaviour of the genus Menemerus is poorly known, but several species (e.g. the Mediterranean Menemerus semilimbatus Hanh, 1829) are known to be synanthropic. Record data of M. mirabilis may suggest that it is a synanthrophic species as well (Wesołowska 1999).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Myrmarachne bicolor (L. Koch, 1879)

Species information

Synonyms

Myrmarachne rubra (Ceccarelli 2010).

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Australasian

Countries:

  • Australia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 40

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Ceccarelli 2010, Pekár et al. 2017, GBIF.org 17th May 2018), it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 1030

Range description

This species has been recorded only from Queensland and Northern Territory in Australia and the most recent records are made in 2010s (Ceccarelli 2010, Pekár et al. 2017, GBIF.org 17th May 2018).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 1289479
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 157804
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Locations

Number of locations: Not applicable
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

Records were made from eucalyptus tree trunks (Ceccarelli 2010), picnic areas, open forests, beaches, botanic gardens and a wetland area (Pekár et al. 2017).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable

Justification for trend

Able to live in various habitat types.

Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
  • 5. Wetlands (inland)
  • 12.2. Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc
  • 14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens

Ecology

Size: 3.7 - 4.7 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Spiders of the genus Myrmarachne are ant-like jumping spiders (Benjamin 2015), which also move similarly to ants (Edmunds 1978). This particular species seems to mimick the ant Opisthopsis haddoni Emery, 1893 (Pekár et al. 2017). Myrmarachne species feed mainly on small insects, excluding the ant associates (Edmunds 1978). The predatory behaviour of M. lupata from Australia has been reported to differ from other salticids in their attacks by lunging instead of leaping and they have also been observed to tap their front legs before attacking. Although mimicking ants, Myrmarachne have not been observed to feed on ants but preying on various insects and also eggs of other spiders (Jackson 1986).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Conservation

Conservation action type: In Place
Conservation actions:
  • 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection
  • 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Justification for conservation actions

At least part of the records are inside a world heritage site called Wet Tropics of Queensland (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2017).

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends
  • 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Justification for research needed

Monitoring is needed to confirm the inferred population and habitat trends.

Myrmarachne paviei (Simon, 1886)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Indomalayan

Countries:

  • Cambodia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 41

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Known only from the type locality in Thepong, Cambodia, recorded prior to 1886 (Simon 1886).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

Cambodia is mainly covered with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests (Olson et al. 2001). However, the preferred habitat of this species is unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 5.7 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Spiders of the genus Myrmarachne are ant-like jumping spiders (Benjamin 2015), which also move similarly to ants (Edmunds 1978). Myrmarachne species feed mainly on small insects, excluding the ant associates (Edmunds 1978). The predatory behaviour of M. lupata from Australia has been reported to differ from other salticids in their attacks by lunging instead of leaping and they have also been observed to tap their front legs before attacking. Although mimicking ants, Myrmarachne have not been observed to feed on ants but preying on various insects and also eggs of other spiders (Jackson 1986).

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Noegus petrusewiczi Caporiacco, 1947

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Neotropical

Countries:

  • Guyana
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 42

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO and AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

Only known from Tumatumari, Guyana, recorded prior to 1947 (Caporiacco 1947).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

The type locality is located in a region of tropical moist broadleaf forest (Olson et al. 2001). Yet, the species habitat is unknown.

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 18. Unknown

Ecology

Size: 5.5 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: No

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Otherwise, the ecology of this species is unknown.

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Parahelpis abnormis (Zabka, 2002)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Australasian

Countries:

  • Australia
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 43

Basis of EOO and AOO: Unknown

Basis (narrative)

Unknown EOO or AOO.

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 0

Range description

This species is known only from the type locality in Queensland, Australia, recorded in 1998 (Zabka 2002).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Locations

Number of locations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Causes ceased?: Unknown
Causes understood?: Unknown
Causes reversible?: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations?: Unknown
Severe fragmentation?: Unknown

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: Unknown

Habitat (narrative)

The single known specimen was recorded from rainforest (Zabka 2002).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Unknown
Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

Ecology

Size: 5.35 mm
Generation length (yr): 1
Dependency of single sp?: Unknown

Ecology and traits (narrative)

Salticids are cursorial hunters with a significantly acute vision with which they stalk or chase their prey. Otherwise the ecology of this species is unknown.

Threats

Threat type: Past
Threats:
  • 12. Other options - Other threat

Justification for threats

No known threats.

Other

Use type: International
Use and trade:
  • 18. Unknown
Ecosystem service type: Very important
Research needed:
  • 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology
  • 1.5. Research - Threats

Justification for research needed

Basic research is needed to know the current distribution and population size and trends, ecology and traits of the species, along with possible threats.

Pelegrina aeneola (Curtis, 1892)

Species information

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae Salticidae

Region for assessment:

  • Global

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

  • Nearctic

Countries:

  • Mexico
  • Canada
  • United States
Map of records (Google Earth): 

Suppl. material 44

Basis of EOO and AOO: Species Distribution Model

Basis (narrative)

Given the relatively high number of records (Curtis 1892, Banks 1895, Peckham and Peckham 1909, Chamberlin and Gertsch 1929, Chamberlin and Ivie 1941, Hatley 1978, Crawford and Edwards 1986, Jennings et al. 1989, Ehmann 1994, Crawford et al. 1995, Ehmann and Macmahon 1996, Maddison 1996, Halaj et al. 1997, Halaj et al. 1998, Bajwa and AliNiazee 2001, Horton et al. 2001, Horton et al. 2002, Heikkinen and MacMahon 2004, Copley 2008, Pinzón and Spence 2010, Huber 2012, Slowik and Blagoev 2012, Miliczky et al. 2014, GBIF.org 31th July 2017b) it was possible to perform species distribution modelling (see methods for details).

Min Elevation/Depth (m): 0
Max Elevation/Depth (m): 3812

Range description

This species should be present across the western parts of USA, Canada and northernmost Mexico (Curtis 1892, Banks 1895, Peckham and Peckham 1909, Chamberlin and Gertsch 1929, Chamberlin and Ivie 1941, Hatley 1978, Crawford and Edwards 1986, Jennings et al. 1989, Ehmann 1994, Crawford et al. 1995, Ehmann and Macmahon 1996, Maddison 1996, Halaj et al. 1997, Halaj et al. 1998, Bajwa and AliNiazee 2001, Horton et al. 2001, Horton et al. 2002, Heikkinen and MacMahon 2004, Copley 2008, Pinzón and Spence 2010, Huber 2012, Slowik and Blagoev 2012, Miliczky et al. 2014, GBIF.org 31th July 2017b).

Extent of occurrence

EOO (km2): 5115438
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Area of occupancy

AOO (km2): 3636444
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Locations

Number of locations: Not applicable

Justification for number of locations

No known threats to the species.

Trend: Stable

Population

Number of individuals: Unknown
Trend: Stable
Causes ceased?: Yes
Causes understood?: Yes
Causes reversible?: Yes

Population Information (Narrative)

No population size estimates exist. Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Subpopulations

Number of subpopulations: Unknown
Trend: Stable

Justification for trend

Being a widespread species with no known threats we assume the trend to be stable.

Habitat

System: Terrestrial
Habitat specialist: No

Habitat (narrative)

This species is known from a variety of habitats, such as mixed wood forest, deciduous forest, aspen, lodgepole pine, firs, steppes and even open snowfields (Curtis 1892, Ehmann 1994, Ehmann and Macmahon 1996, Heikkinen and MacMahon 2004). P. aeneola appears to be common also in apple and pear orchards (Bajwa and AliNiazee 2001, Horton et al. 2001, Horton et al. 2002).

Trend in extent, area or quality?: Stable

Justification for trend

This species lives in various habitat types and seems to be tolerant to human disturbance.

Habitat importance: Major Importance
Habitats: 
  • 1.4. Forest - Temperate
  • 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate
  • 4.4. Grassland - Temperate
  • 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands
  • 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations
  • 14.5. Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas

Ecology

Size: 4.2 - 6.1 mm
Generation length (yr):