Biodiversity Data Journal :
Research Article
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Corresponding author: Nur-Athirah Abdullah (atyrahabdullah@yahoo.com), Norela Sulaiman (vozela@ukm.edu.my), Izfa Riza Hazmi (izfahazmi@ukm.edu.my)
Academic editor: David Bilton
Received: 23 Apr 2019 | Accepted: 02 Sep 2019 | Published: 18 Sep 2019
© 2019 Nur-Athirah Abdullah, Siti Nur Fatehah Radzi, Lailatul-Nadhirah Asri, Nor Shafikah Idris, Shahril Husin, Azman Sulaiman, Shamsul Khamis, Norela Sulaiman, Izfa Riza Hazmi
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Abdullah N-A, Radzi SNF, Asri L-N, Idris NS, Husin S, Sulaiman A, Khamis S, Sulaiman N, Hazmi IR (2019) Insect community in riparian zones of Sungai Sepetang, Sungai Rembau and Sungai Chukai of Peninsular Malaysia. Biodiversity Data Journal 7: e35679. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e35679
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Riparian areas hold vast number of flora and fauna with exceptional contributions to the ecosystem. A study was conducted in Sungai Sepetang, Sungai Rembau and Sungai Chukai to identify the insect community in a riparian zone of Peninsular Malaysia. Sampling was conducted in six consecutive months from December 2017 to May 2018 during both day and night using sweep nets. Twenty sampling stations (S1-S20) had been assembled along the riverbanks with an average distance of 200 m between each station. The 17,530 collected insects were from 11 orders and consisted of Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, Thysanoptera, Mantodea and Odonata. The three most abundant orders were Diptera (33.84%; 5933 individuals), Coleoptera (28.82%; 5053 individuals) and Hemiptera (25.62%: 4491 individuals). The collected insect community consisted of different guilds such as the scavenger, predator, herbivore, pollinator and parasitoid. Sungai Sepetang and Sungai Rembau were dominated by mangrove flora, Sonneratia caseolaris (Myrtales: Lythraceae), while Sungai Chukai was dominated by Barringtonia racemosa. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the composition of insects between the three rivers though clustering analysis showed that the insect communities in Sungai Sepetang and Sungai Rembau were 100% similar compared to Sungai Chukai which consisted of a totally different community. There is a significant negative correlation between abundance of insects with salinity and wind speed at Sungai Chukai and Sungai Sepetang.
Insect community, Insect-plant interaction, insect guild, plant community, Sungai Sepetang, Sungai Rembau, Sungai Chukai
Insects are an important faunal group in terrestrial ecosystems where they play vital roles in stabilising the ecosystem. Based on an estimation of global species richness, there are about 5.5 million species of insects already recorded (
The riparian area, an interface between land and water, becomes the habitat to a wide range of flora and fauna. The riparian vegetation apparently supports both aquatic and terrestrial insects especially in providing space to find food, mating partners, refuge, as well as a resting place (
Firefly is a huge commodity for this country as it becomes a centre of attraction in the ecotourism industry. A spectacular flashing pattern is produced through light emitting reaction catalysed by Luciferase in the firefly abdomen (
Samplings were conducted in 20 sampling stations along the riverbanks of Sungai Sepetang, Taping, Perak, (Lat 4.8866–4.9092ºN, Lon 100.6311–100.6648ºE), Sungai Rembau, Negeri Sembilan (Lat 2.4191–2.4484ºN, Lon 102.0654ºE) and Sungai Chukai, Kemaman, Terengganu (Lat 4.3076–4.3002ºN, Lon 103.3725–103.395ºE); see Fig.
Identification of specimens
The insect specimens were identified to the family level using the key published in
Data assessed for normality by the Shapiro–Wilk test (p < 0.05) were found to be not normally distributed. Therefore, a non-parametric Kruskall–Wallis test was run to determine whether differences occurred to insect communities in different locations. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between abundance and diversity of insect communities and abiotic factors (salinity, wind speed, temperature and relative humidity). ANOVA is used to test for significant differences of abiotic factors between each study location. The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed using R 3.5.3 while the Kruskall-Wallis test, correlation analysis and ANOVA were performed using Minitab 17. Species diversity was determined by using the Shannon Diversity Index (H’). Cluster analysis, using the Sørensen-Bray Curtis distance measure, was carried out to find the overlapping of the insect community at three different locations. Insect families with a presence of less than five individuals were identified as outliers and excluded from cluster analysis. The PCORD programme (MjM Software, Oregon 2001) was used for both diversity index and cluster analysis.
Insect and vegetation spatial variability across different locations
A total of 17,530 insect specimens were collected in six consecutive months from three riparian zones in Peninsular Malaysia. The collection consisted of 11 insect orders consisting of Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, Thysanoptera, Mantodea and Odonata. Three most abundant orders are Diptera (33.84%; 5933 individuals), Coleoptera (28.82%; 5053 individuals) and Hemiptera (25.62%: 4491 individuals) (Fig.
The insect community in Sungai Sepetang and Sungai Rembau were 100% similar, while the community in Sungai Chukai was entirely different from the other two sites (Fig.
List of insect fauna in riparian zones of Sungai Sepetang, Sungai Rembau and Sungai Chukai, Peninsular Malaysia
Order |
Family |
Sub-family |
Species |
Sungai Sepetang |
Sungai Rembau |
Sungai Chukai |
Blattodea |
||||||
Ectobiidae |
Ectobiidae gen. sp. |
● |
||||
Anaplectinae |
Anaplecta sp. |
● |
||||
Blattellinae |
Blatella germanica |
● |
● |
|||
Symploce sp. |
● |
● |
||||
Coleoptera |
||||||
Anthicidae |
Anthicinae |
Anthicus sp.1 |
● |
● |
||
Anthicus sp.2 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Macratriinae |
Macratria sp. |
● |
||||
Anthribidae |
Anthribinae |
Acorynus sp. |
● |
|||
Attelabidae |
Rhynchitinae |
Auletobius sp. |
● |
|||
Buprestidae |
Agrilinae |
Agrillus sp. |
● |
● |
||
Cantharidae |
Cantharinae |
Cantharis sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|
Pacificanthia sp. |
● |
|||||
Silinae |
Silis sp.1 |
● |
||||
Silis sp. 2 |
● |
|||||
Carabidae |
Lebiinae |
Ophionea indica |
● |
|||
Cerambycidae |
Cerambycinae |
Ceresium furtivum |
● |
● |
||
Chrysomelidae |
Eumolpinae |
Basilepta multicostata |
● |
● |
||
Rhyparida wallacei |
● |
● |
||||
Tricliona sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Tricliona sp. 2 |
● |
|||||
Galerucinae |
Arthrotus capitata |
● |
● |
|||
Dercetisoma sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Mimastra sp. |
● |
● |
||||
Monolepta bifasciata |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Monolepta rufipennis |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Monolepta terminata |
● |
● |
||||
Palpaenidae pallipes |
● |
● |
||||
Coccinellidae |
Chilocorinae |
Brumus sp. |
● |
|||
Exochamus aethiops |
● |
|||||
Epilachninae |
Henosepilachna sp. |
● |
||||
Coccinellinae |
Heteroneda reticulata |
● |
● |
● |
||
Curculionidae |
Cryptorhynchinae |
Rhadinomerus sp. |
● |
|||
Scolytinae |
Coccotrypes sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Elateridae |
Esthesopinae |
Priopus sp. |
● |
|||
Agrypninae |
Pyrophorus sp. |
● |
||||
Lampyridae |
Luciolinae |
Pteroptyx tener |
● |
● |
● |
|
Pteroptyx malaccae |
● |
● |
||||
Pteroptyx asymmetria |
● |
|||||
Pteroptyx valida |
● |
|||||
Scarabaedae |
Rutelinae |
Adoretus sinicus |
● |
● |
||
Scirtidae |
Scirtinae |
Contacyphon sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|
Nyholmia collaris |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Ora sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Scirtes flavoguttatus |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Scirtes sp.1 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Scirtes sp.2 |
● |
|||||
Scirtes sp.3 |
● |
|||||
Scirtes sp.4 |
● |
● |
||||
Scirtes sp.5 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Staphylinidae |
Paederinae |
Paederus sp. |
● |
|||
Pinophilus sp. |
● |
|||||
Oxytelinae |
Carpelimus sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Tenebrionidae |
Lagriinae |
Lagriinae gen sp. |
● |
|||
Cerogria sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Diptera |
||||||
Calliphoridae |
Calliphoridae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Cecidomyiidae |
Cecidomyiidae gen. sp. |
● |
||||
Culicidae |
Anophelinae |
Anopheles sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|
Culicinae |
Armigeres sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Culex sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Chloropidae |
Chloropidae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
● |
|||
Chloropidae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
|||||
Oscinellinae |
Gaurax sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
||
Gaurax sp. 2 |
● |
● |
||||
Dolichopodidae |
Medeterinae |
Acropsilus sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|
Medeterinae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Medeterinae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
● |
||||
Drosophilidae |
Drosophilinae |
Drosophila melanogaster |
● |
● |
● |
|
Hybotidae |
Tachydromiinae |
Drapetis parillis |
● |
● |
● |
|
Elaphropeza sp. |
● |
● |
||||
Ephydridae |
Discomyzinae |
Ceropsilopa sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|
Gymnomyzinae |
Discocerina obscurella |
● |
● |
● |
||
Allotrichoma alium |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Faniidae |
Faniidae gen. sp. |
Faniidae gen. sp. |
● |
|||
Lauxaniidae |
Lauxaniidae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Muscidae |
Atherigoninae |
Atherigona sp. |
● |
● |
||
Coenosiinae |
Limnophora sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
||
Mycetophilidae |
Mycetophilinae |
Epicypta sp. |
● |
● |
||
Platystomatidae |
Platystomatidae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Platystomatinae |
Scholastes sp. 1 |
● |
||||
Scholastes sp. 2 |
● |
● |
||||
Sarcophagidae |
Sarcophagidae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Sarcophaginae |
Sarcophaga sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Sciaridae |
Cratyninae |
Bradysia sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|
Sepsidae |
Sepsidae gen. sp. |
● |
||||
Stratiomyidae |
Stratiomyidae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Pachygastrinae |
Pachygastrinae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Tabanidae |
Tabaninae |
Tabanus sp. |
● |
● |
||
Tephritidae |
Tephritinae |
Tephritinae gen. sp. |
● |
|||
Trypetinae |
Hardyadrama sp. |
● |
||||
Tipulidae |
Tipulidae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
||
Tipulidae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Tipulidae gen. sp. 3 |
● |
● |
||||
Ulidiidae |
Ulidiidae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Hemiptera |
||||||
Achilidae |
Achilinae |
Plectoderini gen. sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
|
Plectoderini gen. sp. 2 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Plectoderini gen. sp. 3 |
● |
● |
||||
Aphalaridae |
Aphalaridae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Spondyliaspidinae |
Spondyliaspidinae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
||
Spondyliaspidinae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Aphididae |
Aphididae gen. sp |
● |
● |
|||
Aphrophoridae |
Aphrophoridae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Cicadellidae |
Typhlocybinae |
Typhlocybinae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
|
Typhlocybinae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
● |
||||
Cixiidae |
Cixiidae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
||||
Cixiidae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
● |
||||
Cixiidae gen. sp. 3 |
● |
● |
||||
Cixiidae gen. sp. 4 |
● |
|||||
Cixiidae gen. sp. 5 |
● |
|||||
Delphacidae |
Delphacidae gen. sp |
● |
● |
|||
Dictyopharidae |
Dictyopharinae |
Dictyopharinae gen. sp |
● |
|||
Flatidae |
Flatinae |
Siphanta sp. |
● |
● |
||
Salurnis sp. |
● |
|||||
Hydrometridae |
Hydrometrinae |
Hydrometra sp. |
● |
|||
Membracidae |
Centrotinae |
Tricentrus sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
|
Tricentrus sp. 2 |
● |
● |
||||
Tricentrus sp. 3 |
● |
|||||
Gargara sp. |
● |
|||||
Miridae |
Miridae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Bryocorinae |
Randallopsalus sp. 1 |
● |
● |
|||
Randallopsalus sp. 2 |
● |
● |
||||
Helopeltis sp. |
● |
|||||
Felisacus sp. |
● |
● |
||||
Michailocoris sp. |
● |
|||||
Phylinae |
Pilophorus sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Pentatomidae |
Pentatomidae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
||||
Asopinae |
Podisus sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Pentatominae |
Nezara viridula |
● |
● |
● |
||
Psyllidae |
Psyllinae |
Cacopsylla sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|
Spondyliaspidinae |
Boreioglycaspis sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Pyrrhocoridae |
Pyrrhocorinae |
Dysdercus decussatus |
● |
|||
Reduviidae |
Emesinae |
Emesinae gen. sp. |
● |
|||
Harpactorinae |
Isyndus heros |
● |
||||
Endochus sp. |
● |
● |
||||
Salyavatinae |
Lisarda inornata |
● |
||||
Scutelleridae |
Scutellerinae |
Calliphara nobilis |
● |
● |
||
Tingidae |
Tinginae |
Stephanitis sp. |
● |
|||
Hymenoptera |
||||||
Andrenidae |
Andrenidae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Apidae |
Apinae |
Apis dorsata |
● |
|||
Xylocopinae |
Xylocopa latipes |
● |
||||
Bethylidae |
Bethylinae |
Goniozus sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
|
Goniozus sp. 2 |
● |
● |
||||
Braconidae |
Braconidae gen. sp. |
● |
||||
Cheloninae |
Phanerotoma sp. 1 |
● |
● |
|||
Phanerotoma sp. 2 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Phanerotoma sp. 3 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Phanerotoma sp. 4 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Doryctinae |
Doryctinae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Mesostoinae |
Mesostoinae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Microgastrinae |
Cotesia sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Ceraphronidae |
Ceraphronidae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Ceraphron sp.1 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Ceraphron sp.2 |
● |
|||||
Chalcididae |
Chalcidinae |
Brachymeria minuta |
● |
|||
Crabronidae |
Pemphredoninae |
Psenini gen. sp. |
● |
|||
Eulophidae |
Eulophidae gen sp. 1 |
● |
||||
Eulophidae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Eulophinae |
Euplectrus sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Evaniidae |
Evania appendigaster |
● |
||||
Figitidae |
Figitidae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
|||
Formicidae |
Formicidae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
||||
Formicidae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
|||||
Dolichoderinae |
Dolichoderus sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Formicinae |
Anoplolepis sp. |
● |
||||
Camponotus festinus |
● |
|||||
Camponotus sp. |
● |
● |
||||
Euprenolepis sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Euprenolepis sp. 2 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Formica sp. |
● |
|||||
Oecophylla smaragdina |
● |
|||||
Paraparatrechina sp. |
● |
|||||
Paratrechina sp. |
● |
|||||
Plagiolepis sp. |
● |
● |
||||
Polyrhachis furcata |
● |
● |
||||
Myrmicinae |
Myrmicinae gen. sp. |
● |
||||
Myrmecina sp. |
● |
● |
||||
Crematogaster sp. |
● |
● |
||||
Crematogaster claudiae |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Crematogaster rogenhoferi |
||||||
Solenopsis sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Pseudomyrmecinae |
Tetraponera allaborans |
● |
● |
|||
Tetraponera extenuata |
● |
● |
||||
Halictidae |
Nomiinae |
Nomia sp. |
● |
|||
Ichneumonidae |
Banchinae |
Banchinae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
|
Banchinae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
|||||
Gelinae |
Arhytis sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Messatoporus sp |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Labeninae |
Labeninae gen. sp. |
● |
||||
Pimpilinae |
Xanthopimpla stemmator |
● |
||||
Tryphoninae |
Tryphoninae sp. |
● |
||||
Mymaridae |
Polynema sp. |
● |
||||
Perilampidae |
Perilampinae |
Perilampinae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
||
Platygastridae |
Scelioninae |
Macroteleia sp. |
● |
|||
Scelionidae |
Telenominae |
Telenomus sp. |
● |
● |
● |
|
Torymidae |
Megastiminae |
Megastigmus sp. |
● |
● |
||
Vespidae |
Donilus orientalis |
● |
||||
Polistinae |
Ropalidia malayana |
● |
● |
|||
Ropalidia sumatrae |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Lepidoptera |
||||||
Blastobasidae |
Blastobasidae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Pyralidae |
Pyralidae gen. sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Mantodea |
||||||
Mantidae |
Mantinae |
Mantinae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
● |
||
Mantinae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
|||||
Mantinae gen. sp. 3 |
● |
|||||
Neuroptera |
||||||
Chrysopidae |
Chrysopinae |
Chrysoperla sp. 1 |
● |
● |
||
Chrysoperla sp. 2 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Chrysoperla sp. 3 |
● |
|||||
Mantispidae |
Mantispinae |
Mantispinae gen sp. 1 |
● |
● |
● |
|
Mantispinae gen sp. 2 |
● |
|||||
Odonata | ||||||
Chlorocyphidae | Calopteryginae |
Libellago sp. |
● |
|||
Coenagrionidae |
Pseudostigmatinae |
Enallagma sp. |
● |
● |
||
Orthoptera |
||||||
Acrididae |
Alolopus thalassinus |
● |
||||
Gryllidae |
Gryllinae |
Gryllinae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
|||
Gryllinae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
|||||
Gryllinae gen. sp. 3 |
● |
● |
● |
|||
Oecanthinae |
Oecanthinae gen. sp. |
● |
||||
Trigonidiinae |
Anixipha sp. |
● |
● |
● |
||
Thysanoptera |
||||||
Phlaeothripidae |
Phlaeothripidae gen. sp. 1 |
● |
● |
|||
Phlaeothripidae gen. sp. 2 |
● |
● |
The variation of insect communities in Sungai Sepetang, Sungai Rembau and Sungai Chukai is strongly due to the difference in vegetation composition at each location. A total of 16 flora species were recorded during the observation at each sampling station in all locations. The list of flora species found in each site is shown in Table
List of flora species in riparian zones of Sungai Sepetang, Sungai Rembau and Sungai Chukai, Peninsular Malaysia
Family |
Species |
Sungai Sepetang |
Sungai Rembau |
Sungai Chukai |
Anacardiaceae |
Parishia insignis |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Apocynaceae |
Cerbera odollam |
0 |
2 |
9 |
Arecaceae |
Nypa fruticans |
15 |
13 |
4 |
Arecaceae |
Oncosperma tigillarium |
0 |
0 |
2 |
Asteraceae |
Mikania micrantha |
0 |
2 |
0 |
Fabacea |
Caesalpinia crista |
1 |
5 |
3 |
Lamiaceae |
Vitex pinnata |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Lecythidaceae |
Barringtonia racemosa |
0 |
1 |
18 |
Lythraceae |
Sonneratia caseolaris |
19 |
19 |
13 |
Malvaceae |
Hibiscus tiliaceus |
0 |
6 |
8 |
Melastomataceae |
Melastoma malabathricum |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Moraceae |
Ficus microcarpa |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Pteridaceae |
Acrostichum aureum |
8 |
3 |
1 |
Pteridaceae |
Acrostichum speciosum |
4 |
0 |
0 |
Rhizophoraceae |
Rizophora apiculata |
6 |
1 |
1 |
Rhizophoraceae |
Bruguiera sexangula |
0 |
0 |
1 |
The diversity of vegetation in Sungai Chukai is 1.998 when compared to Sungai Rembau (H’ = 1.816) and Sungai Sepetang (H’ = 1.591). In coherence with this situation, the insect diversity is recorded to be highest in Sungai Chukai (H’ = 3.831). The diversity of insects in Sungai Rembau is 3.599 and lowest in Sungai Sepetang (H’ = 3.398). The result supports a positive correlation between plant diversity and insect diversity (
In comparison to the high species richness of insects in Sungai Chukai, the abundance of insects was shown to be lowest out of all three locations. Apparently, B. racemosa that dominates the riverbank of Sungai Chukai have insecticidal properties, known as Saponin, which may repel the presence of insects (
Utilisation of resources by insect community
The abundance of insects is very closely related to the quantity of resources available which includes food resources, habitat, mating partners and others. Following cluster analysis, phytophagous insects prevail in the riparian zone. These insects comprised of various orders, such as the Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera, as well as Orthoptera. These orders are known to cause damage to plants in mangrove areas. The true mangrove plants, such as Sonneratia, are prone to attack by sap feeders, such as Psyllidae, Membracidae (Tricentrus sp.), Flatidae (Salurnis sp.) and Cixiidae (
Nevertheless, Diptera is recorded to have high abundance at all three sites, especially in Sungai Rembau. Diptera is indeed one of the dominant orders amongst others, as it can be found in abundance within various ecosystems (
The predator and parasitoid insect groups were also recorded in the riparian zone of our study. This insect group assists in stabilising the insect community in the riparian zone by keeping the population of herbivorous insects at an optimum level. Parasitoid wasps, such as Bethylidae, Goniozus sp., Braconidae; Cotesia sp., Phanerotoma sp., Ceraphronidae; Ceraphron sp., Eulophidae; Euplectrus sp. and Ichneumonidae; Arhytis sp. are known to have a beneficial use in agriculture, such as oil palm. Cotesia sp., for instance, is an important natural enemy to bagworm (Psychidae; Metisa plana), an important pest to the oil palm plantations of Peninsular Malaysia (
It is interesting to document a family of soldier beetle, Cantharidae in this study as Cantharis sp. and Pacificanthia sp. seem to resemble the morphological character and colouration of the firefly, Pteroptyx tener. There is a potential mimicry of the soldier beetle to the firefly species, based on this encountered record. The soldier beetle of different species was also found to mimic other species of firefly, Pteroptyx effulgens in Papua New Guinea (
Environmental influences over insect community
The average value of wind speed (m/s), salinity (% of NaCl), temperature (⁰C), relative humidity (RH%) are shown in Table
Summary of ANOVA results for Sungai Sepetang, Sungai Rembau and Sungai Chukai. Mean values of each environmental parameter are given.
F |
df |
p |
Sg. Sepetang |
Sg. Rembau |
Sg. Chukai |
|
Wind speed (m/s) |
17.39 |
2 |
P < 0.05 |
0.39 ± 0.30 |
0.56 ± 0.24 |
0.38 ± 0.16 |
Salinity (NaCl %) |
35.77 |
2 |
P < 0.05 |
2.94 ± 1.50 |
1.04 ± 1.02 |
0.21 ± 0.04 |
Temperature (⁰C) |
144.55 |
2 |
P < 0.05 |
27.68 ± 1.88 |
29.89 ± 0.73 |
26.17 ± 0.41 |
Relative Humidity (%) |
69.87 |
2 |
P < 0.05 |
75.74 ± 13.14 |
70.58 ± 3.81 |
79.82 ± 1.19 |
Light intensity (lux) |
34.75 |
2 |
P < 0.05 |
64.33 ± 6.60 |
34.59 ± 15.72 |
35.58 ± 7.66 |
Spearman’s correlation value between abundance, richness and diversity of insect to selected abiotic factors. Numbers in bold indicate correlation significant at 0.05 level.
Sungai Sepetang |
Sungai Rembau |
Sungai Chukai |
||||
Abiotic factors |
Abundance (Number of individuals) |
Diversity (H’) |
Abundance (Number of individuals) |
Diversity (H’) |
Abundance (Number of individuals) |
Diversity (H’) |
Temperature |
0.112 |
-0.671 |
0.112 |
-0.447 |
-0.359 |
-0.616 |
Humidity |
-0.447 |
0.447 |
0.112 |
-0.783 |
0.667 |
-0.103 |
Wind Speed |
-0.447 |
-0.266 |
-0.200 |
-0.100 |
0.359 |
-0.410 |
Salinity |
-0.089 |
-0.454 |
0.298 |
0.146 |
-0.465 |
-0.422 |
The salinity at each sampling point in all locations decreased with an increase in distance from the outfall. There is a significant negative correlation between abundance of insects in Sungai Chukai with salinity. The diversity of insects in Sungai Sepetang also negatively correlated with the salinity of the river. The total abundance of insects in Sungai Sepetang, Sungai Rembau and Sungai Chukai comparatively showed an increasing trend as salinity decreased from S1 to S20 (Fig.
There is also a significant negative correlation between abundance and diversity of insects in Sungai Sepetang with wind speed. Although temperature and humidity show no significant correlation to the insect community, a hotter and less humid condition can cause death to the insects. Riparian vegetation acts as a key role in determining riparian microclimatic conditions (
We have successfully made a list of insect taxa in riparian zones of Peninsular Malaysia. The list may serve as a solid baseline to compare with future data. In the light of firefly conservation as a unique inhabitant of the study areas, it is also important to understand how this insect community interacts with the firefly population. This question needs to be answered with future studies for the whole ecosystem knowledge to be expanded. Nonetheless, at the present moment, we insist upon and anticipate a more dynamic effort in the conservation of the riparian area. A conservation effort, especially for the vegetation community, is much needed as it holds the key to the maintenance of the riparian ecosystem as a whole, including the insect community that dwells within it.
We are grateful to Mohammad Zabidi Yaacob, Engku Mohd Faris, Mohd Faizul Mohamad, Mohammad Syukor Ishak, Shamsul Anuar Mohd Yusof, Mohd Syazwan Hussin, Nadia Shohaimay and staff of Mini Zoo Kemaman and TNB Research Sdn. Bhd. for assistance given in completing the project. This research is funded through research grant ST-2017-013 awarded by TNB Research Sdn. Bhd.
This study was designed, directed and coordinated by Izfa Riza Hazmi, Azman Sulaiman and Norela Sulaiman. Nur-Athirah Abdullah, Lailatul-Nadhirah Asri and Siti Nur Fatehah Radzi planned and conducted the sampling. Nur-Athirah Abdullah performed all data analysis and wrote the manuscript. Nor Shafikah Idris generated the map used in the manuscript. Siti Nur Fatehah Radzi and Shamsul Khamis assisted in identification of the plants and wrote the results for vegetation composition. The manuscript was commented by all authors.