Biodiversity Data Journal :
Research Article
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Corresponding author: Yuzu Sakata (sakatayuzu@gmail.com)
Academic editor: Shinichi Nakahara
Received: 04 Jul 2019 | Accepted: 29 Jul 2019 | Published: 02 Aug 2019
© 2019 Masaru Kamikura, Yuzu Sakata
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kamikura M, Sakata Y (2019) Fauna of nocturnal moth species collected in a semi-natural grassland at Kanpu-zan in northern Japan. Biodiversity Data Journal 7: e37968. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e37968
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Semi-natural grasslands, which house species-rich ecosystems, have rapidly declined since the twentieth century due to land-use practices, such as agricultural intensification and abandonment. Owing to their diversity and known habitat associations, nocturnal moths are considered as one of the most suitable organisms to be studied for assessing the dynamics of species composition as a result of changes in landscape management of semi-natural grasslands. The present study provides the foremost description of nocturnal moth fauna of the semi-natural grassland at Kanpu-zan, northern Japan. Moth population data from 1987 were compared to the data collected in 2018 to evaluate the impact of decline in grasslands on species-richness. During the field sampling in 2018, a total of 226 nocturnal moth species were detected, which was nearly two-thirds of the number of species recorded in 1987, i.e. 396 species. The values obtained in 2018 were found to be nearly constant for different sites. For both periods, it was evident that moth fauna in Kanpu-zan mainly consisted of species that relied on woody plants. Amongst the species which were only recorded in 1987, 107 species were generalists that fed on plants that are commonly distributed in Kanpu-zan. No moth species were recorded that depended upon endangered or extinct plant food sources. Thus, it is unlikely that the decline in the number of moth species in Kanpu-zan was due to the loss in plant food sources. Our results suggest that environmental factors other than food plants may have caused decline and changes in nocturnal moth fauna. More studies on various organism fauna are needed for understanding the conservation of semi-natural grassland, considering that the loss of semi-natural grasslands is one of the major threats to biodiversity.
arthropods, northern Japan, nocturnal moth, semi-natural grassland, species occurences
Semi-natural grasslands house species-rich ecosystems including regional meta-communities by specialists of open habitats (
Nocturnal moths are an ecologically important group of insects that play a key role in herbivory and pollination. They act as a food source for birds as well as potential indicators of ecosystem change across a wide variety of landscapes (
Kanpu-zan, which is located in northern Japan, consists of semi-natural grasslands partly maintained by mowing and burning and accommodates many endangered grassland species (
Surveys of nocturnal moths were carried out at Kanpu-zan during May to October in 2018, twice a month (12 nights in total), on clear nights from sunset to midnight. Three sites that differ in vegetation were selected: 1) grassland maintained by mowing once or twice a year (grassland site), 2) site where grassland management had been abandoned leading to overgrowth of shrubs and trees (forest site) and 3) mixed vegetation with both grassland and woody plants (mixed site) (Fig.
Moths were collected using UV light traps, equipped with a 20 W black (ultraviolet) light fluorescent tube. One light trap was set at each site. The same method was used in 1987 (
Owing to the annual variations in abundance of moth species (
Species list (presence (1) or absence (0)) of the three sites in 2018 and one site in 1987.
family |
species name |
food |
specialist/generalist |
1987 |
forest |
grassland |
mixed |
Bombycidae |
Bombyx mandarina (Moore, 1872) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Chrysopeleiidae |
Ascalenia sp. (Japanese name: Zugurokobukazariba) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Cosmopterigidae |
Pyroderces sarcogypsa (Meyrick, 1932) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Cosmopterigidae |
Ressia quercidentella Sinev, 1988 |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Cossidae |
Pharagmataecia castaneae (Hübner, 1790) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Cossidae |
Zeuzera multistrigata Moore, 1881 |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Agrotera posticalis Wileman, 1911 |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Anania albeoverbascalis Yamanaka, 1966 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Anania verbascalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Ancylolomia japonica Zeller, 1877 |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Bradina angustalis Yamanaka, 1984 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Bradina atopalis (Walker, 1859) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Calamotropha okanoi Bleszynski, 1961 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Camptomastix hisbonalis (Walker, 1859) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Chilo luteellus (Motschulsky, 1866) |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Chilo suppressalis (Walker, 1863) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Chrysoteuchia diplogramma (Zeller, 1863) |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Circobotys nycterina Butler, 1879 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée, 1854) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Cnaphalocrocis stereogona (Meyrick, 1886) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Crambus argyrophorus Butler, 1878 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Crambus perlellus (Scopoli, 1763) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Daulia afralis Walker, 1859 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Diasemia reticularis (Linnaeus, 1761) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Dolicharthria bruguieralis (Duponchel, 1833) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Flavocrambus striatellus (Leech, 1889) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Glaucocharis exsectella (Christoph, 1881) |
lichen/moss |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Glyphodes pryeri Butler, 1879 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Haritalodes derogatus (Fabricius, 1775) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Herpetogramma luctuosale (Guenée, 1854) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Herpetogramma magnum (Butler, 1879) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Herpetogramma moderatale (Christoph, 1881) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Herpetogramma stultale (Walker, 1859) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Mabra charonialis (Walker, 1859) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Maruca vitrata (Fabricius, 1787) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Microchilo inouei Okano, 1962 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Nacoleia commixta (Butler, 1879) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Nacoleia sibirialis (Millière, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Nacoleia tampiusalis (Walker, 1859) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Nomis albopedalis Motschulsky, 1861 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Nomophila noctuella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Omiodes tristrialis (Bremer, 1864) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Ostrinia latipennis (Warren, 1892) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Palpita nigropunctalis (Bremer, 1864) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Patissa fulvosparsa (Butler, 1881) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Piletocera sodalis (Leech, 1889) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Platytes ornatella (Leech, 1889) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Pleuroptya chlorophanta (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Pleuroptya harutai (Inoue, 1955) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Pleuroptya inferior (Hampson, 1898) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Prodasycnemis inornata (Butler, 1879) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Pyrausta unipunctata Butler, 1881 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Scirpophaga virginia Schultze, 1908 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Sitochroa palealis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Sitochroa umbrosalis (Warren, 1892) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Sitochroa verticalis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Crambidae |
Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius, 1775) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Syllepte pallidinotalis (Hampson, 1912) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Syllepte segnalis (Leech, 1889) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Torulisquama obliquilinealis Inoue, 1982 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Tyspanodes striatus (Butler, 1879) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Udea lugubralis (Leech, 1889) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Uresiphita gracilis (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Crambidae |
Xanthocrambus lucellus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Depressariidae |
Agonopterix mutuurai Saito, 1980 |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Depressariidae |
Agonopterix sumizome Fujisawa, 1985 |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Depressariidae |
Agonopterix yomogiella Saito, 1980 |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Drepanidae |
Habrosyne pyritoides (Butler, 1766) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Drepanidae |
Tethea ampliata (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Drepanidae |
Thyatira batis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Arctornis l-nigrum (Müller, 1764) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Artaxa subflava (Bremer, 1864) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Barsine aberrans (Butler, 1877) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Barsine pulchra (Butler, 1877) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Barsine striata (Bremer & Grey, 1853) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Chinoarctia nivea (Ménétriés, 1859) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Cifuna locuples Walker, 1855 |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Cyana hamata (Walker, 1854) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Eilema affineola (Bremer, 1864) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Eilema deplena (Esper, 1787) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Eilema japonica (Leech, 1889) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Eilema nankingica (Daniel, 1954) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Eilema vetusta (Walker, 1854) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Epatolmis caesarea (Goeze, 1781) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Ghoria collitoides Butler, 1885 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Ghoria gigantea (Oberthür, 1879) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Ilema eurydice (Butler, 1885) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Kidokuga piperita (Oberthür, 1880) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Lemyra imparilis (Butler, 1877) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Lemyra inaequalis (Butler, 1879) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Lithosia quadra (Linnaeus, 1758) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Lymantria mathura (Moore, 1865) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Miltochrista calamina Butler, 1877 |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Miltochrista miniata (Forster, 1771) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Mimachrostia fasciata Sugi, 1982 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Orgyia thyellina Butler, 1881 |
herb/woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Pelosia muscerda (Hufnagel, 1766) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Pelosia noctis (Butler, 1881) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Pelosia obtusa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Phragmatobia amurensis Seitz, 1910 |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Rhyparioides amurensis (Bremer, 1861) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Rhyparioides metelkana (Lederer, 1861) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Rhyparioides nebulosa Butler, 1877 |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Sphrageidus similis (Fuessly, 1775) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Spilarctia lutea (Hufnagel, 1766) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Spilarctia obliquizonata (Miyake, 1910) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Spilarctia seriatopunctata (Motschulsky, 1861) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Erebidae |
Spilosoma lubricipedum (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Spilosoma punctarium (Stoll, 1782) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Stigmatophora rhodophila (Walker, 1865) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae |
Thumatha ochracea (Bremer, 1861) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Eupterotidae |
Apha aequalis (Felder, 1874) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Abraxas fulvobasalis Warren, 1894 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Abraxas miranda Butler, 1878 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Abraxas niphonibia Wehrli, 1935 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Acrodontis fumosa (Prout, 1930) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Amraica superans (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Arichanna melanaria (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Ascotis selenaria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Astygisa chlororphnodes (Wehrli, 1936) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Chariaspilates formosaria (Eversmann, 1837) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Chiasmia defixaria (Walker, 1861) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Chiasmia hebesata (Walker, 1861) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Chlorissa amphitritaria (Oberthür, 1879) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Chlorissa anadema (Prout, 1930) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Chlorissa obliterata (Walker, 1863) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Chloroclystis v-ata (Haworth, 1809) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Cleora insolita (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Comibaena delicatior (Warren, 1897) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Costaconvexa caespitaria (Christoph, 1881) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Culpinia diffusa (Walker, 1861) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Cusiala stipitaria (Oberthür, 1880) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Descoreba simplex Butler, 1878 |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Dindica virescens (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Ecliptopera capitata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1840) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Ecliptopera umbrosaria (Motschulsky, 1861) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Ecpetelia albifrontaria (Leech, 1891) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Ectropis excellens (Butler, 1884) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Ectropis obliqua (Prout, 1915) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Epirrhoe supergressa (Butler, 1878) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Euphyia cineraria (Butler, 1878) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Eupithecia interpunctaria Inoue, 1979 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Eupithecia mandschurica Staudinger, 1897 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Eupithecia neosatyrata Inoue, 1979 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Evecliptopera illitata (Wileman, 1911) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Gandaritis fixseni (Bremer, 1864) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Geometra dieckmanni Graeser, 1889 |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Heterophleps fusca (Butler, 1878) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Heterothera postalbida (Wileman, 1911) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Hypomecis punctinalis (Scopoli, 1763) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Idaea auricruda (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Idaea denudaria (Prout, 1913) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Idaea invalida (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Idaea jakima (Butler, 1878) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Idaea muricata (Hufnagel, 1767) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Idaea nielseni (Hedemann, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Idaea trisetata (Prout, 1922) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Jankowskia pseudathleta Sato, 1980 |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Lamprocabera candidaria (Leech, 1897) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Lassaba nikkonis (Butler, 1881) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Lomographa bimaculata (Fabricius, 1775) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Lomographa temerata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Macaria liturata (Clerck, 1759) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Macaria shanghaisaria Walker, 1861 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Menophra senilis (Butler, 1878) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Metabraxas clerica Butler, 1881 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Microcalicha sordida (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Ninodes splendens (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Orthonama obstipata (Fabricius, 1794) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Otoplecta frigida (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Ourapteryx maculicaudaria (Motschulsky, 1866) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Oxymacaria normata (Alphéraky, 1892) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Pachista superans (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Pasiphila excisa (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Peratophyga hyalinata (Kollar, 1844) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Petelia rivulosa (Butler, 1881) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Petrophora chlorosata (Scopoli, 1763) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Phthonosema tendinosaria (Bremer, 1864) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Pingasa alba Swinhoe, 1891 |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Pingasa pseudoterpnaria (Guenée, 1857) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Protoboarmia faustinata (Warren, 1897) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Protoboarmia simpliciaria (Leech, 1897) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Pseuderannis lomozemia (Prout, 1930) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Pylargosceles steganioides (Butler, 1878) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Racotis petrosa (Butler, 1879) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Scopula floslactata (Haworth, 1809) |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Scopula ignobilis (Warren, 1901) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Scopula impersonata (Walker, 1861) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Scopula nigropunctata (Hufnagel, 1767) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Scopula nupta (Butler, 1878) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Scopula pudicaria (Motschulsky, 1861) |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Scopula semignobilis Inoue, 1942 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Spilopera debilis (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Geometridae |
Trichopteryx ussurica (Wehrli, 1927) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Tyloptera bella (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Xanthorhoe biriviata (Borkhausen, 1794) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Xerodes albonotaria (Bremer, 1864) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Xerodes rufescentara (Motschulsky, 1861) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae |
Xerodes semilutata (Lederer, 1853) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Lasiocampidae |
Dendrolimus spectabilis (Butler, 1877) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Lasiocampidae |
Euthrix albomaculata (Bremer, 1861) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Lasiocampidae |
Euthrix potatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Lasiocampidae |
Kunugia undans (Walker, 1859) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Lasiocampidae |
Malacosoma neustrium (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Limacodidae |
Narosoideus flavidorsalis (Staudinger, 1887) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Limacodidae |
Parasa consocia Walker, 1863 |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Limacodidae |
Parasa hilarula (Staudinger, 1887) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Limacodidae |
Phlossa conjuncta (Walker, 1855) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Abrostola ussuriensis Dufay, 1958 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Acanthoplusia agnata (Staudinger, 1892) |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Acronicta hercules (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Acronicta rumicis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Actinotia intermediata (Bremer, 1861) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Adrapsa simplex (Butler, 1879) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Amphipoea ussuriensis (Petersen, 1914) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Amphipyra pyramidea (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Anachrostis nigripunctalis (Wileman, 1911) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Anacronicta caliginea (Butler, 1881) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Anacronicta nitida (Butler, 1878) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Anapamea incerta (Staudinger, 1892) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Anaplectoides virens (Butler, 1878) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Anarta (Calocestra) trifolii (Hufnagel, 1766) |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Anorthoa angustipennis (Matsumura, 1926) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Apamea aquila (Donzel, 1837) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Apamea hampsoni Sugi, 1963 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Apamea sordens (Hufnagel, 1766) |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Archanara resoluta Hampson, 1910 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Athetis albisignata (Oberthür, 1879) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Athetis cinerascens (Motschulsky, 1861) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Athetis dissimilis (Hampson, 1909) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Athetis lapidea Wileman, 1911 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Athetis lineosa (Moore, 1881) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Athetis stellata (Moore, 1882) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Aventiola pusilla (Butler, 1879) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Axylia putris (Linnaeus, 1761) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Bambusiphila vulgaris (Butler, 1886) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Blasticorhinus ussuriensis (Bremer, 1861) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Bomolocha melanica Sugi, 1959 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Bomolocha stygiana (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Bomolocha zilla (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Callopistria juventina (Stoll, 1782) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Callopistria placodoides (Guenée, 1852) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Callopistria repleta Walker, 1858 |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Calyptra thalictri (Borkhausen, 1790) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Catocala duplicata Butler, 1885 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Catocala nagioides Wileman, 1924 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Catocala nubila Butler, 1881 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Chandata bella (Butler, 1881) |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Chasminodes sugii Kononenko, 1981 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Chorsia japonica (Warren, 1912) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Chrysodeixis acuta (Walker, 1857) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Chrysorithrum amatum (Bremer & Grey, 1853) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Chytonix subalbonotata Sugi, 1959 |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Cidariplura gladiata Butler, 1879 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Clavipalpula aurariae (Oberthür, 1880) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Conistra grisescens Draudt, 1950 |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Corgatha nitens (Butler, 1879) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Cosmia trapezina (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Cryphia mitsuhashi (Marumo, 1917) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Cucullia perforata Bremer, 1861 |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Diarsia canescens (Butler, 1878) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Diarsia deparca (Butler, 1879) |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Diarsia pacifica Boursin, 1943 |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Diarsia ruficauda (Warren, 1909) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Diomea cremata (Butler, 1878) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Dipterygina cupreotincta Sugi, 1954 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Dypterygia andreji Kardakoff, 1928 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Ercheia niveostrigata Warren, 1913 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Ercheia umbrosa Butler, 1881 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Ericeia pertendens (Walker, 1858) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Erygia apicalis Guenée, 1852 |
herb/woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Euplexia lucipara (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Eutelia geyeri (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Euxoa karschi (Graeser, 1889) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Euxoa sibirica (Boisduval, 1832) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Gonitis mesogona (Walker, 1858) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Gortyna basalipunctata Graeser, 1889 |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Gortyna fortis (Butler, 1878) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Gynaephila maculifera Staudinger, 1892 |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Harita belinda (Butler, 1879) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Heliothis maritima Graslin, 1855 |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Herminia arenosa Butler, 1878 |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Herminia grisealis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Herminia tarsicrinalis (Knoch, 1782) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Holocryptis ussuriensis (Rebel, 1901) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Honeyania ragusana (Freyer, 1844) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Hydraecia petasitis Doubleday, 1847 |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Hydrillodes morosa (Butler, 1879) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Hypena amica (Butler, 1878) |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Hypena kengkalis Bremer, 1864 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Hypena sp. |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Hypena tristalis Lederer, 1853 |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Hypena whitelyi (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Hyperstrotia flavipuncta (Leech, 1889) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Iambia japonica Sugi, 1958 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Idia curvipalpis (Butler, 1879) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Koyaga falsa (Butler, 1885) |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Koyaga numisma (Staudinger, 1888) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Leucapamea kawadai (Sugi, 1955) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Lygephila maxima (Bremer, 1861) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Melapia electaria (Bremer, 1864) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Metopta rectifasciata (Ménétriès, 1863) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Micardia argentata Butler, 1878 |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Micreremites pyraloides Sugi, 1982 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Microxyla confusa (Wileman, 1911) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mocis ancilla (Warren, 1913) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mocis annetta (Butler, 1878) |
herb/woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mosopia sordidum (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna chosenicola (Bryk, 1949) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna flavostigma (Bremer, 1861) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna inanis (Oberthür, 1880) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna matsumuriana (Bryk, 1949) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna obsoleta (Hübner, 1803) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna pallens (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna postica (Hampson, 1905) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna pudorina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna radiata (Bremer, 1861) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna rufipennis Butler, 1878 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna separata (Walker, 1865) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Mythimna turca (Linnaeus, 1761) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Naranga aenescens Moore, 1881 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Niphonyx segregata (Butler, 1878) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Nycteola asiatica (Krulikowski, 1904) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Ochropleura plecta (Linnaeus, 1761) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Orthogonia sera Felder & Felder, 1862 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Orthosia ella (Butler, 1878) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Orthosia gothica (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Orthosia lizetta Butler, 1878 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Oruza mira (Butler, 1879) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Pangrapta lunulata (Sterz, 1915) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Pangrapta obscurata (Butler, 1879) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Pangrapta umbrosa (Leech, 1900) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Panolis japonica Draudt, 1935 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Paracolax trilinealis (Bremer, 1864) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Paracolax tristalis (Fabricius, 1794) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Paragabara flavomacula (Oberthür, 1880) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Perigrapha hoenei Püngeler, 1914 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Phyllophila obliterata (Rambur, 1833) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Plusiodonta casta (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Prospalta cyclica (Hampson, 1908) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Protodeltote distinguenda (Staudinger, 1888) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Protodeltote pygarga (Hufnagel, 1766) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Pyrrhia umbra (Hufnagel, 1766) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Rhizedra lutosa (Hübner, 1803) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Rivula sericealis (Scopoli, 1763) |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Rusicada privata (Walker, 1865) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Sarcopolia illoba (Butler, 1878) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Schrankia separatalis (Herz, 1905) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Sesamia confusa (Sugi, 1982) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Sesamia turpis (Butler, 1879) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Sidemia bremeri (Erschoff, 1867) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Sineugraphe bipartita (Graeser, 1889) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Sineugraphe bipartita (Graeser, 1889) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Sineugraphe exusta (Butler, 1878) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Sineugraphe oceanica (Kardakoff, 1928) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Sophta subrosea (Butler, 1881) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Sphragifera sigillata (Ménétriès, 1859) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Spodoptera depravata (Butler, 1879) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Stenhypena nigripuncta (Wileman, 1911) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Stenoloba clara (Leech, 1889) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Stenoloba jankowskii (Oberthür, 1885) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Sugia erastroides (Draudt, 1950) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Sugia idiostygia (Sugi, 1958) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Sugia stygia (Butler, 1878) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Sypnoides picta (Butler, 1877) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Telorta edentata (Leech, 1889) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Thyas juno (Dalman, 1823) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Trachea punkikonis Matsumura, 1927 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Trachea tokiensis (Butler, 1884) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Treitschkendia tarsipennalis (Treitschke, 1835) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Virgo datanidia (Butler, 1885) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Xestia ditrapezium (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Xestia efforescens (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Xestia stupenda (Butler, 1878) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Noctuidae |
Zanclognatha lunalis (Scopoli, 1763) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae |
Zekelita plusioides (Butler, 1879) |
lichen/moss |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Nolidae |
Earias pudicana Staudinger, 1887 |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Nolidae |
Gelastocera exusta Butler, 1877 |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Nolidae |
Gelastocera kotschubeji Obraztsov, 1943 |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Nolidae |
Nola taeniata Snellen, 1874 |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Nolidae |
Nola trilinea Marumo, 1923 |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Nolidae |
Pseudoips prasinanus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Clostera anachoreta Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Cutuza straminea (Walker, 1865) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Epodonta lineata (Oberthür, 1880) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Fentonia ocypete (Bremer, 1861) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Notodontidae |
Furcula furcula (Clerck, 1759) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Gonoclostera timoniorum (Bremer, 1861) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Hexafrenum leucodera (Staudinger, 1892) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Hupodonta corticalis Butler, 1877 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Mimopydna pallida (Butler, 1877) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Nerice bipartita Butler, 1885 |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Peridea gigantea Butler, 1877 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Phalera flavescens (Bremer & Grey, 1853) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Phalerodonta manleyi (Leech, 1889) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Pheosiopsis cinerea (Butler, 1879) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Pterostoma gigantinum Staudinger, 1892 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Shaka atrovittatus (Bremer, 1861) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Stauropus basalis (Moore, 1877) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Notodontidae |
Stauropus fagi (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Notodontidae |
Syntypistis cyanea (Leech, 1889) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Oecophoridae |
Acryptolechia malacobyrsa (Meyrick, 1921) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Oecophoridae |
Acryptolechia sp. 1 |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Oecophoridae |
Periacma delegata Meyrick, 1914 |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Oecophoridae |
Tyrolimnas anthraconesa Meyrick, 1934 |
dead leaves |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Acrobasis bellulella (Ragonot, 1893) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Acrobasis birgitella (Roesler, 1975) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Acrobasis ferruginella Wileman, 1911 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Acrobasis squalidella Christoph, 1881 |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Addyme confusalis Yamanaka, 2006 |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Assara funerella (Ragonot, 1901) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Ceroprepes ophthalmicella (Christoph, 1881) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Ceroprepes patriciella Zeller, 1867 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Ectomyelois pyrivorella (Matsumura, 1899) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Emmalocera venosella (Wileman, 1911) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Endotricha consocia (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Endotricha kuznetzovi Whalley, 1963 |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Endotricha olivacealis (Bremer, 1864) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Etielloides bipartitellus (Leech, 1889) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Euzophera batangensis Caradja, 1939 |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Furcata dichromella (Ragonot, 1893) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Furcata hollandella (Ragonot, 1893) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Furcata pseudodichromella (Yamanaka, 1980) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Hypsopygia regina (Butler, 1879) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Lepidogma melanobasis Hampson, 1906 |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Locastra muscosalis (Walker, 1866) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Maliarpha borealis Sasaki, 2012 |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Nyctegretis trigangulella (Hampson, 1901) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Oncocera bitinctella (Wileman, 1911) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Oncocera semirubella (Scopoli, 1763) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Orthaga achatina (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Orthaga euadrusalis Walker, 1859 |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Ortholepis infausta (Ragonot, 1893) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Orthopygia placens (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Paraemmalocera gensanalis (South, 1901) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Patagoniodes nipponellus (Ragonot, 1901) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Phycitodes matsumurellus (Shibuya, 1927) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Pseudacrobasis nankingella Roesler, 1975 |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Quasipuer colon (Christoph, 1881) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Sacada fasciata (Butler, 1878) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Salma amica (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Salma elegans (Butler, 1881) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Scirpophaga virginia Schultze, 1908 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Scirpophaga xanthopygata Schawerda, 1922 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Selagia spadicella (Hübner, 1796) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Tegulifera bicoloralis (Leech, 1889) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pyralidae |
Termioptycha margarita (Butler, 1879) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Pyralidae |
Trebania flavifrontalis (Leech, 1889) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Saturniidae |
Actias aliena (Butler, 1879) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Saturniidae |
Saturnia japonica (Moore, 1872) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Saturniidae |
Saturnia jonasii (Butler, 1877) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Sphingidae |
Acosmeryx naga (Moore, 1858) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Sphingidae |
Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Sphingidae |
Ambulyx ochracea Butler, 1885 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Sphingidae |
Ampelophaga rubiginosa Bremer & Grey, 1853 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Sphingidae |
Callambulyx tatarinovii (Bremer & Grey, 1852) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Sphingidae |
Clanis bilineata (Walker, 1866) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Sphingidae |
Deilephila askoldensis (Oberthür, 1879) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Sphingidae |
Deilephila elpenor (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Sphingidae |
Marumba gaschkewitschii (Bremer & Grey, 1853) |
herb/woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Sphingidae |
Marumba sperchius (Ménétriès, 1857) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Sphingidae |
Smerinthus planus Walker, 1856 |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Sphingidae |
Theretra japonica (Boisduval, 1869) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Thyrididae |
Striglina cancellata (Christoph, 1881) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Aethes cnicana (Westwood, 1854) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Aethes rectilineana (Caradja, 1939) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Ancylis mandarinana Walsingham, 1900 |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Apotomis basipunctana (Walsingham, 1900) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Tortricidae |
Apotomis capreana (Hübner, 1817) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Apotomis geminata (Walsingham, 1900) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Archips audax Razowski, 1977 |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Archips fuscocupreana Walsingham, 1900 |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Archips ingentana (Christoph, 1881) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Archips oporana (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Archips semistructa (Meyrick, 1937) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Choristoneura longicellana (Walsingham, 1900) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Cochylidia subroseana (Haworth, 1811) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Cydia danilevskyi (Kuznetzov, 1973) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Diplocalyptis congruentana (Kennel, 1901) |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Tortricidae |
Epiblema autolitha (Meyrick, 1931) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Epiblema foenella (Linnaeus, 1758) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Tortricidae |
Epinotia bicolor (Walsingham, 1900) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Epinotia majorana (Caradja, 1916) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Eucosma catharaspis (Meyrick, 1922) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Eucosma denigratana (Kennel, 1901) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Eucosma metzneriana (Treitschke, 1830) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Eucosma striatiradix Kuznetzov, 1964 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Eucosma tundrana (Kennel, 1900) |
unknown |
unknown |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Eudemis porphyrana (Hübner, 1799) |
woody |
specialist |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Eugnosta dives (Butler, 1878) |
herb |
specialist |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hübner, 1976) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Tortricidae |
Eupoecilia inouei Kawabe, 1972 |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Gravitarmata margarotana (Heinemann, 1863) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Gynnidomorpha vectisana (Humphreys & Westwood, 1845) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Gypsonoma dealbana (Frölich, 1828) |
woody |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Tortricidae |
Hedya auricristana (Walsingham, 1900) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Lobesia reliquana (Hübner, 1776) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Matsumuraeses phaseoli (Matsumura, 1900) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Neoanathamna nipponica (Kawabe, 1976) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Tortricidae |
Neocalyptis angustilineata (Walsingham, 1900) |
dead leaves |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Olethreutes examinata (Falkovitsh, 1966) |
unknown |
unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Pandemis dumetana (Treitschke, 1835) |
herb/woody |
generalist |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Tortricidae |
Phaecasiophora roseana (Walsingham, 1900) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Tortricidae |
Phtheochroa pistrinana (Erschoff, 1877) |
herb |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Tortricidae |
Ptycholoma lecheana (Linnaeus, 1758) |
woody |
generalist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae |
Saliciphaga acharis (Butler, 1879) |
woody |
specialist |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
In order to explore the food habits of moth species at each site in both years, the moth species were classified into six feeding groups: 1) species that primarily feed on herbs, 2) species that primarily feed on shrubs and/or trees, 3) species that feed on both herbs and trees, 4) species that primarily feed on lichens, 5) species that primarily feed on dead leaves and 6) species whose food habit is unknown, referring to the guide “The Standard of Moths in Japan I-IV” (
The number of taxa of moths recorded in 2018 at each site (excluding the 4 families and 10 species of micro-moths) was 14 families, 79 genera and 95 species for the grassland site; 16 families, 115 genera and 137 species for the forest site and 14 families, 103 genera and 123 species for the mixed site (Fig.
The results of the PERMANOVA showed that the species composition of the moths significantly differed between years (Fig.
The number of species that may rely on woody plants comprised more than half of the total number of species at all sites in both years (Fig.
For the 118 species that were recorded in both in 1987 and 2018, the composition rate of species that may use both herbs and woody plants was 19%, which was higher compared to that for the species that were only recorded in either 1987 or 2018, at 10.1% and 11.2%, respectively (Fig.
The composition rate of specialist and generalist moths was stable across sites including the year 1987. Generalists consisted of 43.8±1.5% (mean±SE) of the total number of moth species in both years (Fig.
The present study suggests the species composition changed between 1987 and 2018 and the number of moth species largely declined in the last 30 years.
A previous study in Japan covering 31 agricultural areas, including semi-natural grasslands, demonstrated that declines in herbivorous insects in both abandoned and intensified use of agricultural landscapes are also explained by multiple factors (
We are grateful to K. Umetsu for help on the species identification and advice on the study. We thank to M. Takahashi for advice on the fieldwork. We appreciate S. Tsuda for helpful advice on the field site. We also thank D. Plotkin and J. Awad and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments on our manuscript.
monthly species occurrences of nocturnal moths