Biodiversity Data Journal :
Data Paper (Biosciences)
|
Corresponding author: Lucas Lamelas-Lopez (lucaslamelaslopez@gmail.com)
Academic editor: Cynthia Parr
Received: 31 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 03 Jan 2020 | Published: 24 Jan 2020
© 2020 Lucas Lamelas-Lopez, Xose Pardavila, Isabel Amorim, Paulo Borges
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Lamelas-Lopez L, Pardavila X, Amorim IR, Borges PAV (2020) Wildlife inventory from camera-trapping surveys in the Azores (Pico and Terceira islands). Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e47865. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e47865
|
|
The present publication provides a dataset from five camera-trapping sampling campaigns on two islands of the Azorean archipelago (Pico and Terceira islands), between 2013-2018. This dataset was obtained as a by-product of campaigns designed for different purposes. The sampling campaigns were designed to: (i) study the ecology of introduced mammals; (ii) assess the impact of introduced mammals on native birds (Azores woodpigeon - Columba palumbus azorica and Cory's shearwater - Calonectris diomeda borealis), through nest predation; and (iii) obtain information about the impact of vertebrates on agricultural systems, particularly on Azorean traditional vineyards. A total of 258 sites and 47 nests were sampled using camera traps. These sampling campaigns provided a large data series that allowed the creation of a vertebrate wildlife inventory.
We obtained a total of 102,095 camera-trap records, which allowed us to to identify 30 species of vertebrates: one amphibian, one reptile, 17 birds and ten mammal species. This represented 100% of the amphibians and terrestrial mammals, 58% of the breeding birds and 50% of the reptile species known for Pico and/or Terceira islands. Concerning the colonisation status of the species, we recorded 15 indigenous (native non-endemic or endemic) and three introduced bird species; all known terrestrial amphibians, reptiles and mammals in the Azores are introduced species. The data collected contribute to increasing knowledge on the distribution of vertebrate species on Pico and Terceira islands, where most existing records of some species were only available to Island level (e.g. mustelids and hedgehogs). None of the identified species was previously unknown to the study area.
Camera-traps, Vertebrates, Oceanic islands, Introduced species
Camera-trapping is commonly used to answer a variety of research questions in the fields of animal ecology, behavioural studies and conservation biology (
Cameras are triggered by passing animals, allowing a record of animal presence and date and time of the detection (
Camera-trapping has demonstrated to be one of the most efficient and low-cost sampling methods for faunal assessments, although it requires a large initial investment (
In the Azores, very few studies have been done using camera-trapping to study vertebrates (but see, for example,
To provide a vertebrate inventory for the Azores (Pico and Terceira islands), based on data obtained as a by-product from five field sampling campaigns using camera-trapping.
Between 2013 and 2018, two sampling campaigns were conducted on Terceira island ("TER_13-15" survey) and on Terceira and Pico islands ("TER-PIC_18" survey) in order to study the ecology of introduced mammals. A third sampling campaign was performed between 2015 and 2017 in vineyards on Terceira island in order to evaluate grape consumption by vertebrate species ("Vineyards_15-17" survey). Additionally, between 2016 and 2018, two sampling campaigns were performed on Terceira island, in order to assess the impact of introduced mammals on native birds, on Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea borealis; "Calonectris_16" survey) and the Azores woodpigeon (Columba palumba azorica; "Columba_17-18" survey), through nest predation monitoring.
This dataset was obtained from different sampling campaigns performed between 2013 and 2018 in two islands of the central group of the Azores archipelago, Pico and Terceira Islands.
We described the study extent of the different sampling campaigns below:
All sites were sampled using camera-traps that were fixed to a tree or wooden stick. The sampling effort was measured as camera-trap days, i.e. the number of camera traps multiplied by the number of days that they remained active (
For the surveys "TER_13-15" and "PIC-TER_18" sampling sites were randomly selected, separated at least by 1 km. In each sampling site, one camera trap and a bait were deployed, 150-200 cm apart. Bait, consisting of meat or fish, fruit or vegetables and molasses, was used to increase the species detection (
For the surveys "Vineyards_15-17", "Calonectris_16" and "Columba_17-18", no bait was used. In the case of the "Vineyards_15-17" survey, sampling sites were selected at random, deploying one camera at each site, facing bunches of grapes. For "Calonectris_16" and "Columba_17-18" surveys, one camera was installed at 50-150 cm from the study nest (Fig.
Taxonomic nomenclature followed the GBIF species profile and, for Azorean subspecies, we used the vertebrate checklist in
Pico and Terceira islands, the Azores, Macaronesia, Portugal
38.434491 and 38.7617777778 Latitude; -28.4228543692 and -27.1971972222 Longitude.
Rank | Scientific Name | Common Name |
---|---|---|
class | Mammalia | Mammals |
class | Aves | Birds |
class | Reptilia | Reptiles |
class | Amphibia | Amphibians |
The dataset was published in GBIF (see
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
Table of Sampling Events | Table with sampling events data |
eventID | Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset |
samplingProtocol | The sampling method used |
sampleSizeValue | The number of days that the cameras remain active in each sampling |
sampleSizeUnit | The unit of the sample size value |
samplingEffort | The number of camera-trap days expended during an event |
eventDate | Date when the event occurred |
habitat | The habitat type in which the event occurred |
locationID | An identifier of the camera location |
island | Name of the island on which camera location occurs |
country | Country in which camera location occurs |
countryCode | ISO code of the country in which camera location occurs |
stateProvince | Name of the region in which camera location occurs |
decimalLatitude | The geographic latitude, in decimal degrees |
decimalLongitude | The geographic longitude, in decimal degrees |
geodeticDatum | The reference point for the various coordinate systems used in mapping the earth |
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres | Uncertainty of the coordinates, in metres |
fieldNotes | Notes about the use or non-use of bait in the sampling sites |
eventRemarks | Additional information supporting the survey code |
Table of Occurrences | Table with species occurrences |
id | Unique identifier |
eventID | A unique identifier of an occurrence |
ocurrenceID | Identifier of the event, coded as a global unique identifier |
basisOfRecord | The nature of the data record |
eventDate | Date when the event occurred |
eventTime | Time of the day when the event occurred |
organismQuantity | A number for the quantity of organisms |
organismQuantityType | The unit used to quantify the organisms |
occurrenceStatus | Information about the presence/absence of a taxon at a camera location |
kingdom | Kingdom name in which the taxon is classified |
phylum | Phylum name in which the taxon is classified |
class | Class name in which the taxon is classified |
order | Order name in which the taxon is classified |
family | Family name in which the taxon is classified |
genus | Genus name in which the taxon is classified |
specificEpithet | Species name in which the taxon is classified |
infraspecificEpithet | Subspecies name in which the taxon is classified |
scientificName | The full scientific name including author and year |
taxonRank | Lowest taxonomic rank of the event |
Results and Discussion
A total of 102,095 records were obtained (see example in Fig.
A total of 30 species were identified: one amphibian, one reptile, 17 birds and ten mammal species (Table
Number of events (photos or videos) and colonisation status of species recorded in different projects in Terceira and Pico, since 2013 until 2018, based on camera-trapping. Abbreviations: endemic subspecies of Azores (azo); endemic of Macaronesia (mac); introduced (int); native non-endemic (nat).
Class | Species | Status | TER_13-15 | PIC-TER_18 | Vineyards_15-17 | Calonectris_16 | Columba_17-18 |
Amphibia | Pelophylax perezi (López-Seoane, 1885) | int | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Reptilia | Teira dugesii (Milne-Edwards, 1829) | int | 56 | 985 | 11017 | 14 | 0 |
Aves | Coturnix coturnix conturbans Hartert, 1917 | nat | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Aves | Calonectris borealis (Cory, 1891) | nat | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2015 | 0 |
Aves | Buteo buteo rothschildi (Swann, 1919) | azo | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aves | Larus michahellis atlantis Dwight, 1922 | azo | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aves | Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758) | nat | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aves | Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758 | nat | 16 | 102 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aves | Columba livia domestica Gmelin, 1789 | int | 1 | 0 | 23 | 100 | 0 |
Aves | Columba palumbus azorica Hartert, 1905 | azo | 47 | 6 | 40 | 0 | 53752 |
Aves | Asio otus otus (Linnaeus, 1758) | nat | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aves | Chloris chloris aurantiiventris (Cabanis, 1851) | int | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Aves | Fringilla coelebs moreletti Pucheran, 1859 | azo | 60 | 117 | 88 | 1 | 8 |
Aves | Serinus canaria (Linnaeus, 1758) | mac | 2 | 6 | 259 | 2 | 0 |
Aves | Motacilla cinerea patriciae Vaurie, 1957 | azo | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aves | Passer domesticus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 | int | 2 | 3 | 1544 | 0 | 0 |
Aves | Sturnus vulgaris granti Hartert, 1903 | azo | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Aves | Sylvia atricapilla gularis Alexander, 1898 | azo | 4 | 248 | 65 | 2 | 2 |
Aves | Erithacus rubecula rubecula (Linnaeus, 1758) | nat | 25 | 92 | 6 | 6 | 0 |
Aves | Turdus merula azorensis Hartert, 1905 | azo | 300 | 1403 | 912 | 23 | 1 |
Mammalia | Mustela nivalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | int | 14 | 1 | 13 | 2 | 0 |
Mammalia | Mustela furo (Linnaeus, 1758) | int | 4 | 43 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Mammalia | Felis silvestris catus Schreber, 1775 | int | 996 | 1042 | 41 | 10 | 30 |
Mammalia | Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 | int | 150 | 64 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Mammalia | Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758) | int | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Mammalia | Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 | int | 83 | 3037 | 63 | 2 | 0 |
Mammalia | Rattus norvergicus (Berkenhout, 1769) | int | 0 | 2134 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mammalia | Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) | int | 0 | 20239 | 0 | 0 | 278 |
Mammalia | Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) | int | 369 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Mammalia | Erinaceus europaeus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) | int | 40 | 20 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
The species with the highest number of records were the Azores Woodpigeon - Columba palumbus azorica (53,752), the black rat - Rattus rattus (40,756) and the Madeira lizard - Teira dugesii (24,074). In the case of the Azores Woodpigeon, the high number of records was due to the fact that adults remain in the nests for long periods, causing many camera captures.
Green frog - Pelophylax perezi, the European quail - Coturnix coturnix, Azorean buzzard- Buteo buteo rothschildi, Atlantic yellow-legged gull - Larus michaellis atlantis, common snipe - Gallinago gallinago, long-eared owl - Asio otus and grey wagtail - Motacilla cinerea patriciae were the least captured species (< 10 records).
In total, we recorded 15 indigenous (native non-endemic or endemic) and three introduced bird species (Table
We thank Lucía Lamelas, Herlander Lima, Jose Sarangollo, David Rodilla, María Olivo, Sophie Wallon, Raquel Daza, Alejandra Ros, William Sharkey, Jose Ortolá and Luis Ansias for their assistance during the fieldwork, and Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte for his useful comments in the first version of the manuscript. We are also grateful to the Agrarian Development Service of Terceira and the Natural Park of Terceira for logistical support, particularly to Fábio Raposo, Paula Cordeiro, Sónia Alves and João Amaral. LLL was supported by a grant from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCT (SFRH/BD/115022/2016). Open access was funded by FEDER (85%) and by Azorean Public funds (15%), through the Operational Program Azores 2020 under the project AZORESBIOPORTAL – PORBIOTA (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072).
LLL and XP conceived the sampling protocols. LLL and PAV conceived the data paper. LLL performed the fieldwork. LLL analysed the data; LLL led the writing of the manuscript and XP, IRA and PAV contributed to the final manuscript.