Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomic Paper
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Corresponding author: Lindsie M McCabe (lma243@nau.edu)
Academic editor: Dominique Zimmermann
Received: 11 Dec 2019 | Accepted: 25 Mar 2020 | Published: 02 Apr 2020
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
Citation:
McCabe LM, Chesshire PR, Smith DR, Wolf A, Gibbs J, Griswold TL, Wright KW, Cobb NS (2020) Bee species checklist of the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49285. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49285
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Here we present a checklist of the bee species found on the C. Hart Merriam elevation gradient along the San Francisco Peaks in northern Arizona. Elevational gradients can serve as natural proxies for climate change, replacing time with space as they span multiple vegetation zones over a short geographic distance. Describing the distribution of bee species along this elevation gradient will help predict how bee communities might respond to changing climate. To address this, we initiated an inventory associated with ecological studies on pollinators that documented bees on the San Francisco Peaks. Sample sites spanned six life zones (vegetation zones) on the San Francisco Peaks from 2009 to 2019. We also include occurrence data from other studies, gathered by querying the Symbiota Collection of Arthropods Network (SCAN) portal covering the San Francisco Peaks region (hereafter referred to as “the Peaks”).
Our checklist reports 359 bee species and morphospecies spanning five families and 46 genera that have been collected in the Peaks region. Prior to our concerted sampling effort there were records for 155 bee species, yet there has not been a complete list of bee species inhabiting the Peaks published to date. Over a 10-year period, we documented an additional 204 bee species inhabiting the Peaks. Our study documents range expansions to northern Arizona for 15 species. The majority of these are range expansions from either southern Arizona, southern Utah, or the Rocky Mountain region of Colorado. Nine species are new records for Arizona, four of which are the southernmost record for that species. An additional 15 species are likely undescribed.
Northern Arizona, Southwestern, United States, Bee Diversity, Faunistics, Elevation Gradient, Anthophila
The North American Southwest has one of the highest biodiversity of bee species worldwide (
In northern Arizona, the San Francisco Peaks region (hereafter referred to as “the Peaks”) is one of the northern most sky islands and is characterized by the C. Hart Merriam elevational gradient, ranging from 785 to 3,850 meters (
There have been multiple checklists published within the last year summarizing the bee species found in various regions of North America, including areas in the southern and western US (
Research was conducted on the San Francisco Peaks in northern Arizona (Fig.
List of all 58 NAU sites including latitude, longitude, years sampled and life zone.
Lifezone | Site | Years Sampled | lat | lon |
desert shrub | DS1 | 2009 - 2012 | 35.6927 | -111.4260 |
desert grassland | DG1 | 2009 - 2012 | 35.5810 | -111.6560 |
pinyon-juniper | PJ1 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.4641 | -111.5915 |
pinyon-juniper | PJ2 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.4737 | -111.5932 |
pinyon-juniper | PJ3 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.4762 | -111.6031 |
pinyon-juniper | PJ4 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.4862 | -111.5998 |
pinyon-juniper | PJ5 | 2016 | 35.4875 | -111.6101 |
pinyon-juniper | PJ6 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.4947 | -111.6178 |
pinyon-juniper | PJ7 | 2016 | 35.5138 | -111.6237 |
pinyon-juniper | PJ8 | 2009 - 2012 & 2016-2018 | 35.3539 | -111.7306 |
ponderosa pine | PP1A | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3511 | -111.7992 |
ponderosa pine | PP2A | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3453 | -111.8041 |
ponderosa pine | PP3A | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3474 | -111.8147 |
ponderosa pine | PP1 | 2015 - 2018 | 35.3857 | -111.7367 |
ponderosa pine | PP2 | 2015 - 2018 | 35.4163 | -111.6714 |
ponderosa pine | PP3 | 2015 - 2018 | 35.3876 | -111.6874 |
ponderosa pine | PP4 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.4270 | -111.6963 |
ponderosa pine | PP5 | 2009 - 2012 & 2016 - 2019 | 35.3539 | -111.7306 |
ponderosa pine | PP6 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.3889 | -111.7251 |
ponderosa pine | PP7 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.3979 | -111.7233 |
ponderosa pine | PP8 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.3879 | -111.6869 |
ponderosa pine | PP1F | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3861 | -111.7365 |
ponderosa pine | PP2F | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3897 | -111.7245 |
ponderosa pine | PP3F | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3879 | -111.6861 |
ponderosa pine | Ken1A | 2015 | 35.4263 | -111.8199 |
ponderosa pine | Ken1B | 2015 | 35.4290 | -111.8221 |
ponderosa pine | Ken1C | 2015 | 35.4317 | -111.8240 |
mixed conifer | MC1 | 2013 - 2019 | 35.3285 | -111.7380 |
mixed conifer | MC2 | 2009 - 2018 | 35.3539 | -111.7306 |
mixed conifer | MC3 | 2013 - 2018 | 35.3290 | -111.7390 |
mixed conifer | MC4 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.3543 | -111.7320 |
mixed conifer | MC5 | 2016 - 2019 | 35.3803 | -111.6858 |
mixed conifer | MC6 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.3757 | -111.7321 |
mixed conifer | MC7 | 2016 | 35.3790 | -111.6942 |
mixed conifer | MC8 | 2016 | 35.3799 | -111.6889 |
mixed conifer | MC1F | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3751 | -111.7331 |
mixed conifer | MC2F | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3798 | -111.6847 |
mixed conifer | MC3F | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3795 | -111.6937 |
mixed conifer | Ken2A | 2015 | 35.4225 | -111.8278 |
mixed conifer | Ken2B | 2015 | 35.4252 | -111.8313 |
mixed conifer | Ken2C | 2015 | 35.4243 | -111.8338 |
spruce-fir | SF1A | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3403 | -111.6475 |
spruce-fir | SF2A | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3386 | -111.6506 |
spruce-fir | SF3A | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3392 | -111.6509 |
spruce-fir | SF1 | 2015 - 2018 | 35.3585 | -111.7080 |
spruce-fir | SF2 | 2015 - 2018 | 35.3387 | -111.6511 |
spruce-fir | SF3 | 2015 - 2019 | 35.3322 | -111.6561 |
spruce-fir | SF4 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.3602 | -111.7189 |
spruce-fir | SF5 | 2016 - 2018 | 35.3589 | -111.7181 |
spruce-fir | SF6 | 2016 - 2019 | 35.3568 | -111.7173 |
spruce-fir | SF7 | 2016 | 35.3469 | -111.7035 |
spruce-fir | SF8 | 2016 | 35.3463 | -111.7066 |
spruce-fir | SF1F | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3423 | -111.6436 |
spruce-fir | SF2F | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3405 | -111.6490 |
spruce-fir | SF3F | 2013 - 2015 | 35.3373 | -111.6529 |
spruce-fir | Ken3A | 2015 | 35.4149 | -111.8361 |
spruce-fir | Ken3B | 2015 | 35.4167 | -111.8389 |
spruce-fir | Ken3C | 2015 | 35.4194 | -111.8396 |
Map of collection instances on the San Francisco Peaks with life zones coded by color (dark red = desert shrub, orange = desert grassland, yellow = pinyon-juniper, green = ponderosa pine, dark green = mixed conifer, blue = spruce-fir and white = alpine). Black dots indicate our 58 survey plots from 2009–2019. Black triangles represent any unique collection instance gathered through SCAN, GBIF & iDigBio.
Cup Sampling: 2009–2012 (Sites: DS1, DG1, PJ8, PP5, MC2): Pollinators were sampled from 2009-2012 at five life zones ranging from desert shrub to mixed conifer, with one site established at each life zone. At each site we placed one pollinator cup array, which consisted of 30 pollinator cups (i.e. elevated pan traps). Each cup was filled with 50/50 water/propylene glycol about 2/3 of the way full. The pollinator cups were 12 oz. plastic stadium cups (10 white, 10 fluorescent yellow and 10 fluorescent blue). White, yellow and blue colors accounted for all of the major flora colors in this area (
Cup Sampling: 2013–2014 (Sites: PP1A-PP3A, PP1F-PP3F, MC1-MC3, MC1F-MC3F, SF1A-SF3A, SF1F-SF3F): Bees were sampled using pollinator cups at three life zones on the Peaks: ponderosa pine, mixed conifer and spruce-fir. We sampled at three unique sites at each life zone and set up pollinator arrays in two distinct locations per site: one array was placed in a meadow habitat and one was placed in a forest habitat. An array consisted of nine pollinator cups (three rows, each row with three cups of the same color). Details on our method of pollinator cup trapping is described above. Each year pollinator cups were set up during two seasons: dry pre-monsoon (June) and monsoon (August). During the monsoon season of 2013, 50% of the pre-monsoon cups were lost to animal damage at our Peaks sites at the spruce-fir elevation.
Cup Sampling: 2015 (PP1-PP3, PP1A-PP3A, PP1F-PP3F, MC1-MC3, MC1F-MC3F, SF1-SF3, SF1A-SF3A, SF1F-SF3F): Cup sampling methods were identical to those used in 2013-2014, however we added an additional three sites at both ponderosa pine and spruce-fir (PP1-PP3, SF1-SF3). In addition, we established pollinator cup arrays on Kendrick Mountain, a neighboring mountain within the Peaks region, where we sampled at three life zones: ponderosa pine, mixed conifer, and spruce-fir, with three sites at each life zone (KEN1A-KEN3A, KEN1B-KEN3B, KEN1C-KEN3C). Cup sampling methods and array design were identical to that used for the cup sampling on the Peaks. Each year, for both mountains, pollinator cups were set up during two seasons: dry pre-monsoon (June) and monsoon (August).
Cup Sampling: 2016 (PJ1-PJ8, PP1-PP8, MC1-MC8, SF1-SF8): Cup sampling methods were identical to those used in 2013-2015, however there were differences in the sampling sites. Some sites were reused from previous years (PJ8, PP1-PP3, MC1-MC3, SF1-SF3). An additional five sites were established at each of the three higher life zones (PP4-PP8, MC4-MC8, SF4-SF8), and seven new sites were established at the pinyon juniper ife zone (PJ1-PJ7). This led to a total of 32 sites, with eight sites per life zone.
Flower Sampling: 2016–2018 (Sites: PJ1-PJ8, PP1-PP8, MC1-MC8, SF1-SF8): In 2016, transect plots were established at four life zones: pinyon-juniper, ponderosa pine, mixed conifer, and spruce-fir. Eight sites were established at each life zone that were at least 1 km apart, with each site containing three 60-meter × 1-meter transects. Five sites were re-used from previous sampling years (PJ8, PP5, MC1, MC2, and MC3). Using modified hand vacuums (
Flower Sampling: 2019: Qualitative sampling was done in 2019. Bees were collected off of flowering plants using sweep nets near the base of Mount Eldon (considered ponderosa pine life zone) as well as near Snowbowl Ski Resort (considered mixed conifer and spruce-fir life zones). A few additional specimens were collected at sites used in previous years (PP5, MC1, MC5, SF3, SF6). Latitude and longitude decimal points for all 2019 sampling locations are provided (Suppl. material
A total of 6,324 cups and 128 flower sampling hours were used in this data set.
All bees collected in samples were curated and initially identified in the Northern Arizona University (NAU) pollinator ecology lab. Bees were identified using DiscoverLife.org and published identification guides. Classification for species of Andrena and Melissodes followed
For those genera or subgenera where taxonomic information was lacking, we classified bees with similar morphological distinctions into morphospecies. Each morphospecies is classified by the genus (and subgenus if determined) followed by a unique three-digit number. Male and female specimens of the same morphospecies were combined. Species that were morphologically different were treated as unique morphospecies. All morphospecies listed are all potentially undescribed taxa.
We established a reference collection of bee species that is currently stored in the Colorado Plateau Museum of Arthropod Biodiversity at NAU. All specimens were digitally cataloged in the Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN) online data portal. Identification of the 65 species that were not collected by the NAU lab and confirmed by NAU, the Logan Bee Lab, Jason Gibbs or Karen Wright need further consideration, especially in instances/localities where they have not been collected for 20+ years. These 65 taxa are noted with the year that they were last collected on the Peaks. Further, one-third of these taxa (20 species) were not assigned to a life zone due to a lack of precision in the latitude and longitude coordinates. These 20 species were removed from further analysis (Suppl. material
To determine species ranges, we used occurrence records from four main databases: SCAN, iDigBio (Integrated Digitized Biocollections), GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), and DiscoverLife. Species were deemed a new record for Arizona if there were not any previous records documented within the Arizona state boundaries on any of the four data portals mentioned above. We examined published literature to verify that these species were not previously recorded within the Arizona state boundary (
Species were assigned "notes" if 1) they had not been recorded in our study range prior to our 10-year NAU study or 2) they were not collected in our 10-year NAU study but were collected in previous years from other sampling events (followed by the year that the species was last collected). Records obtained through SCAN, GBIF and iDigBio databases provided this information.
Last collected on the Peaks in 1952
Last collected on the Peaks in 1976
Our record is the first documentation of this species in northern Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Last collected on the Peaks in 1902
Our records are the first documentation of this species in Arizona and the southernmost extension of its range. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Our record is the first documentation of this species in Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Last collected on the Peaks in 1961
Last collected on the Peaks in 1964
Last collected on the Peaks in 1952
Last collected on the Peaks in 1950
Last collected on the Peaks in 1934
Our record is the first documentation of this species in northern Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Last collected on the Peaks in 1936
Last collected on the Peaks in 1961
Last collected on the Peaks in 1936
Our records are the first documentation of this species in Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Our records are the first documentation of this species in Arizona and the southernmost extension of its range. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Our records are the first documentation of this species in Arizona and the southernmost extension of its range. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Last collected on the Peaks in 1934
Last collected on the Peaks in 1952
Our records are the first documentation of this species in northern Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Last collected on the Peaks in 1938
Last collected on the Peaks in 1950
Last collected on the Peaks in 1966
Last collected on the Peaks in 2002
Last collected on the Peaks in 1934
Last collected on the Peaks in 1964
Last collected on the Peaks in 1939
Last collected on the Peaks in 1936
Last collected on the Peaks in 1952
Last collected on the Peaks in 1951
Last collected on the Peaks in 1955
Our record is the first documentation of this species in Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Our records are the first documentation of this species in Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Our record is the first documentation of this species in northern Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Last collected on the Peaks in 1950
Our records are the first documentation of this species in northern Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Our records are the first documentation of this species in Arizona and the southernmost extension of its range. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Our records are the first documentation of this species in northern Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Our records are the first documentation of this species in Arizona. Species occurs in neighboring areas.
Last collected on the Peaks in 1950
Last collected on the Peaks in 1964
Prior to the start of our study, past collection events had documented 155 bees on the Peaks between 1908 and 2009. Records that were not identified to species, outside of our collection, were not considered in our checklist. Two collection events in particular significantly advanced the known number of bee species on the San Francisco Peaks (Fig.
Our study that began in 2009 was a collaborative inventory project with Northern Arizona University and United States Fish and Wildlife Service and was started with the intention of documenting all bee species inhabiting the Peaks region. Over a 10-year period, we documented an additional 204 bee species inhabiting the Peaks, leading to a total of 359 bee species recorded on this checklist (7,952 specimens Table
Comprehensive list of bee species collected in the San Francisco Peaks region. Each life zone is denoted (DS = desert shrub, DG = desert grassland, PJ = pinyon-juniper, PP = ponderosa pine, MC = mixed conifer, SF = spruce-fir). Notations in the "NAU" column are species that were recorded in the NAU inventory study from 2009–2019. Notations in the "other" (O) column were species recorded to occur on the San Francisco Peaks by other institutions. Notations also designate whether species were collected from cup (C) sampling or flower (F) sampling. Further, rare (R) species (only one specimen collected) are marked with a "*" and abundant (A) species (>100 specimens collected) are marked with an "x".
Family | Genus |
Species/ Morphospsecies |
Sub- species |
DS | DG | PJ | PP | MC | SF | NAU | O | C | F | R | A |
Andrenidae | Andrena | algida | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | amphibola | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | angustitarsata | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | apacheorum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | argemonis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | auripes | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | coconina | 1 | * | |||||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | commoda | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | costillensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | crataegi | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | cressonii | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | crinita | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | cyanophila | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | |||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | frigida | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | helianthi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | mariae | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | medionitens | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | micheneriana | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | miranda | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | moquiorum | 1 | * | |||||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | nubecula | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | pecosana | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | perpunctata | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | platyrhina | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | prunorum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | simulata | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | sonorensis | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | striatifrons | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | tegularis | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | w-scripta | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | 003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | 004 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | 005 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | 006 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | (Belandrena) 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | (Diandrena) 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Andrena | (Trachandrena) 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Calliopsis | callops | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Calliopsis | chlorops | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Andrenidae | Calliopsis | puellae | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Calliopsis | rozeni | 1 | * | |||||||||||
Andrenidae | Calliopsis | teucrii | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Andrenidae | Calliopsis | timberlakei | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Calliopsis | zebrata | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Calliopsis | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Macrotera | latior | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | giliae | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | gutierreziae | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | sphaeralceae | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | zebrata | 1 | 1 | x | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | 003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | 004 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | 005 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | 006 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | 007 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | 008 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | 009 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Perdita | 010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | albitarsis | 1 | * | |||||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | atricornis | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | boylei | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | illustris | 1 | * | |||||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | neomexicanus | 1 | ||||||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | porterae | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | (Heterosarus) 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | (Heterosarus) 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | (Heterosarus) 003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | (Heterosarus) 004 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Andrenidae | Protandrena | (Heterosarus) 005 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | affabilis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | californica | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | coptognatha | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | exigua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | lesquerellae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | marginata | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | montana | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | ||
Apidae | Anthophora | mortuaria | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | petrophila | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | porterae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | terminalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | |||
Apidae | Anthophora | urbana | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | ursina | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Anthophora | vannigera | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Apis | mellifera | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Apidae | Bombus | appositus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Bombus | bifarius | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Apidae | Bombus | californicus | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Bombus | centralis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Apidae | Bombus | fervidus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Apidae | Bombus | flavifrons | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Bombus | huntii | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | |||||
Apidae | Bombus | insularis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Apidae | Bombus | melanopygus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Bombus | morrisoni | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Apidae | Bombus | nevadensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Apidae | Bombus | occidentalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | |||||
Apidae | Bombus | rufocinctus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Apidae | Bombus | sylvicola | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Bombus | variabilis | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Apidae | Centris | rhodopus | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Apidae | Ceratina | apacheorum | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Ceratina | arizonensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Ceratina | nanula | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Apidae | Ceratina | neomexicana | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Apidae | Ceratina | pacifica | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Apidae | Ceratina | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Diadasia | australis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Apidae | Diadasia | diminuta | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | ||
Apidae | Diadasia | enavata | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Apidae | Diadasia | ochracea | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | ||||
Apidae | Diadasia | rinconis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | ||||||
Apidae | Epeolus | compactus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Epeolus | flavofasciatus | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Apidae | Epeolus | interruptus | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Apidae | Epeolus | pusillus | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Ericrocis | lata | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | crenulaticornis | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | fulvitarsis | annae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | lippiae | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | lutziana | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | ochraea | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | primiveris | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | speciosa | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | territella | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | Eucera 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | Eucera 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | Eucera 003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Eucera | (Synhalonia) 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Exomalopsis | solani | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Exomalopsis | solidaginis | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Holcopasites | stevensi | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Melecta | bohartorum | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Melecta | pacifica | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | agilis | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | bimatris | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | coloradensis | 1 | ||||||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | communis | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | compositus | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | confusus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | coreopsis | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | druriellus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | fasciatellus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | gilensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | glenwoodensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | grindeliae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | menuachus | 1 | ||||||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | montanus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | pallidisignatus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | paroselae | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | perpolitus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | rivalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | saponellus | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | semilupinus | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Melissodes | tristis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | ||
Apidae | Melissodes | verbesinarum | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Nomada | texana | 1 | ||||||||||||
Apidae | Nomada | utahensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Nomada | zebrata | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Apidae | Svastra | obliqua | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Apidae | Triepeolus | rhododontus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Apidae | Triepeolus | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Triepeolus | 003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Apidae | Xeromelecta | californica | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Apidae | Xylocopa | californica | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | bryanti | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | compactus | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | eulophi | 1 | ||||||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | gilensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | kincaidii | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | paniscus | paniscus | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | scopiventer | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | simulans | 1 | * | |||||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | wickhami | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | wootoni | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | 003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | 004 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Colletidae | Colletes | 005 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Colletidae | Hylaeus | annulatus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | ||||
Colletidae | Hylaeus | cookii | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Colletidae | Hylaeus | episcopalis | episcopalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||
Colletidae | Hylaeus | insolitus | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Colletidae | Hylaeus | rudbeckiae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Colletidae | Hylaeus | wootoni | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Halictidae | Agapostemon | angelicus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | ||
Halictidae | Agapostemon | melliventris | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Halictidae | Agapostemon | texanus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | |||
Halictidae | Dieunomia | apacha | 1 | * | |||||||||||
Halictidae | Dieunomia | micheneri | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Dieunomia | nevadensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Halictidae | Halictus | confusus | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Halictidae | Halictus | farinosus | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Halictidae | Halictus | ligatus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Halictidae | Halictus | tripartitus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | boreale | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | aff. comulum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | desertum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | |||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | egregium | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | hudsoniellum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | hyalinum | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | microlepoides | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | obnubilum | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | occidentale | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | pallidellum | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | cf. perdifficile | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | aff. perparvum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | ruidosense species-group | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | ruficorne | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | semicaeruleum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | sisymbrii | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | ||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | new tegulare species-group | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | trizonatum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | cf. viridatulum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | 003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | 004 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | 005 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | 006 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | 007 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Halictidae | Lasioglossum | 008 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Nomia | foxii | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Nomia | tetrazonata | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Protodufourea | eickworti | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Halictidae | Sphecodes | pecosensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Halictidae | Sphecodes | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Halictidae | Sphecodes | 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Halictidae | Sphecodes | 003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Halictidae | Sphecodes | 004 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidiellum | notatum | 1 | ||||||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | atripes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | clypeodentatum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | cockerelli | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | dammersi | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | duomarginatum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | emarginatum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | illustre | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | maculifrons | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | maculosum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | mormonum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | palmarum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | porterae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Anthidium | schwarzi | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | aridula | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | bucconis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | cactorum | basalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | californica | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | gillettei | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | meliloti | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | opuntiae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | sonora | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | timberlakei | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | vandykiella | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Ashmeadiella | 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Atoposmia | enceliae | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | apacheorum | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | erysimi | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | gilensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | moestus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | octodentatus | 1 | ||||||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | porterae | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | rufitarsis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | sodalis | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Coelioxys | 003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | arizonicum | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | concinnum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | cressonii | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | curvatum | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | desertorum | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | heterulkei | fraternum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | parvum | parvum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | platyurum | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | pudicum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | singulare | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | subparvum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | texanum | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Dianthidium | ulkei | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Heriades | cressoni | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Heriades | gracilior | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Heriades | micropthalma | 1 | ||||||||||||
Megachilidae | Heriades | texana | 1 | * | |||||||||||
Megachilidae | Heriades | timberlakei | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Heriades | 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Hoplitis | grinnelli | 1 | ||||||||||||
Megachilidae | Hoplitis | paroselae | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Hoplitis | truncata | mescalerium | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Hoplitis | zuni | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Hoplitis | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Lithurgopsis | apicalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Lithurgopsis | planifrons | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | agustini | 1 | * | |||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | angelarum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | brevis | 1 | ||||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | chilopsidis | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | comata | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | fidelis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | fortis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | frigida | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | inimica | sayi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | lapponica | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | latimanus | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | lippiae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | lobatifrons | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | manifesta | 1 | * | |||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | melanophaea | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | mellitarsis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | montivaga | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | mucida | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | mucorosa | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | onobrychidis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | perihirta | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | policaris | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | pugnata | pomonae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | relativa | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | sabinensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | sidalceae | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | snowi | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | subexilis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | sublaurita | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | texana | 1 | ||||||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Megachile | 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | albolateralis | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | brevis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | bucephala | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | coloradensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | densa | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | juxta | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | lignaria | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | liogastra | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | montana | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | pentstemonis | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | aff. pentstemonis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | simillima | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | subaustralis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | texana | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | unca | 1 | 1 | * | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | 003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | 005 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | 006 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | 007 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | 009 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | 010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | 011 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | 012 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | (Cephalosmia) 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | (Cephalosmia) 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | (Melanosmia) 001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Osmia | (Melanosmia) 002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Paranthidium | jugatorium | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Megachilidae | Stelis | elegans | 1 | 1 | 1 | * | |||||||||
Megachilidae | Stelis | rudbeckiarum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Abundances varied between families but generally followed species richness trends. However, 68 species of the 204 newly documented species were singletons and 16 species were highly abundant (averaging over 50 specimens per year) with Lasioglossum desertum being the most abundant species on the Peaks. There were other notable species that were also relatively abundant in specific life zones, such as Bombus occidentalis, which averaged 25 specimens per year in all life zones above ponderosa pine. Of the 204 newly documented species, 15 of these exhibited a range expansion.
All bee families were represented at each one of the life zones (Fig.
Percent of total species organized by family for each life zone (n=339 species for which we had accurate locality data to assign life zone designations). DS = desert shrub, DG = desert grassland, PJ = pinyon-juniper, PP = ponderosa pine, MC = mixed conifer, SF = spruce-fir. Numbers for each life zone sum to 100%.
In general, the percentage of species composed by a particular family at each life zone seemed to positively correlate with the overall diversity of that family found on the Peaks. For example, Megachilidae was the most dominant family at each life zone (except for desert grassland), and they were also the most species rich family in the Peaks region. An exception is at the mixed conifer life zone where Andrenidae was the most dominant family (comprised 24% of all species). Further, all but one of our reported Andrena species were found to inhabit mixed conifer, and 41% of Andrenidae only occurred at mixed conifer. Andrenids are typically ground nesters that prefer the sandy soils found at lower elevations (
Our results indicate a high degree of habitat specialization along the elevational gradient of the Peaks, with 49% of the total bee species found in only one life zone (177 species) (Fig.
Insect species richness and abundance is reported to be declining globally, pointing to the importance of regularly monitoring populations worldwide (
We would like to acknowledge the numerous undergraduate students that have helped us with this project throughout the years; Ella Stephens, Jillian Mondrow, Paulo Silva, Ryan Trzcinski, Matthew Moore, Jeremy Scuderi, Steven Chischilly, Zach Manor, Brandon Clark, Keith Davis, Josh Salley, Amber Hailey, Teverrick Chee, Alexander Henrie, Jason Lowe, Brett Sayre, Lily Davis, Matthew Johnson, Alexis Ayres, Janice Baldwin-Rowe, Sadie Matteucci. We would also like to thank the following collections for providing data on the San Francisco Peaks: ASUHIC, MSBA, ENTO, AMNH-BEE, SEMC, BMEC, EMEC, ENT, FMNHINS, BBSL, and WACA.
McCabe, Chesshire, Smith, and Cobb conceived the ideas and designed the methodology. McCabe, Chesshire, Smith, and Wolf collected and processed the bees. McCabe, Chesshire, and Smith conducted the initial identification of the bee species. McCabe, Chesshire, and Wolf reviewed online database and published records for range expansions and new species of the peaks. Gibbs, Griswold, and Wright identified bee species. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.