Biodiversity Data Journal :
Data Paper (Biosciences)
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Corresponding author: Manuel De Rojas (derojas@us.es), Jorge Doña (jorged@illinois.edu)
Academic editor: Jenő Kontschán
Received: 19 Dec 2019 | Accepted: 26 Feb 2020 | Published: 28 Feb 2020
© 2020 Manuel De Rojas, Jorge Doña, Ivan Dimov
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
De Rojas M, Doña J, Dimov I (2020) A comprehensive survey of Rhinonyssid mites (Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae) in Northwest Russia: New mite-host associations and prevalence data. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49535. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49535
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Rhinonyssid mites are permanent parasites of birds that inhabit their respiratory tract. There are around 600 species described worldwide and almost all species of birds are found to have embedded rhinonyssid mites. Despite their presumed relevance, these mites are largely unstudied due to the difficulty in sampling them and, therefore, the majority of mite-host associations and species-prevalence data are unknown.
In this study, 179 mite specimens belonging to 27 species and eight genera were identified. Notably, 18 new mite-bird associations were documented for the first time, thus increasing the known host range for these mite species. In addition, mite-host associations found in this study were compared with known associations from these species of birds in the European part of Russia and in Europe. Overall, this study represents the largest survey to date carried out on rhinonyssid mites in Russia and one of the most comprehensive datasets on rhinonyssid host-range.
birds, checklist, ectoparasites, parasites, symbionts
Nasal mites of the family Rhinonyssidae are permanent haematophagous endoparasites of birds that inhabit their respiratory tract (
The family Rhinonyssidae currently includes about 600 described species arranged in eleven genera (
In this study, 2,107 bird specimens from northwest of Russia, belonging to 75 species from 55 genera, 30 families and 10 orders were examined for rhinonyssid mites. The mites were identified and the prevalence (including confidence intervals to show how accurate the estimates are) of these species was calculated. Additionally, the mite-host associations, found in our study, were compared with the known rhinonyssids from these species of birds in the European part of Russia and Europe. Overall, this study represents the largest survey to date carried out on rhinonyssid mites in Russia and one of the most comprehensive datasets on rhinonyssid host-range and prevalence.
In this survey, 2,107 individual birds were collected in Russia representing 75 species belonging to 55 genera, 30 families and 10 orders and analysed for rhinonyssid mites. The mites were identified and the prevalence (including 95% confidence intervals to show how accurate the estimates are) of these species was calculated. Additionally, the mite-host associations found in our study were compared with the known rhinonyssids from these species of birds in the European part of Russia and Europe.
Individual birds were collected during four years (2010-2013).
Mites were collected from birds that died under various circumstances. Specifically, most of the surveyed hosts were birds found dead on the roads or that died because of high-voltage transmission lines. Host birds were morphologically classified according to
The nasal cavity of birds was opened following Butenko's method (
Individual birds were collected across the northwest of the European part of Russia, mainly in the territory of the Leningrad Region, at 41 points and, to a lesser extent, in territories of Arkhangelsk, Kaliningrad and Pskov regions (Suppl. material
Data of prevalence of rhinonyssid mites in different orders of hosts and the number of families, genera and species of birds studied. Confidence intervals of prevalence (95%) are provided between parentheses.
Bird order |
Bird families |
Bird genera |
Bird species |
Analysed individuals |
Infected individuals |
Prevalence |
Anseriformes |
1 |
3 |
4 |
105 |
13 |
12.38% (7.38-20.04) |
Caprimulgiformes |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
50% (2.56-97.44) |
Charadriiformes |
4 |
5 |
6 |
117 |
8 |
6.8% (3.51-12.91) |
Columbiformes |
1 |
1 |
1 |
262 |
10 |
3.8% (2.09-6.88) |
Cuculiformes |
1 |
1 |
1 |
13 |
1 |
7.69% (0.39-33.31) |
Accipitriformes |
1 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
0 |
0% (0-56.15) |
Galliformes |
1 |
2 |
2 |
32 |
0 |
0% (0-10.71) |
Gruiformes |
1 |
2 |
2 |
8 |
2 |
25% (4.44-59.07) |
Passeriformes |
18 |
37 |
55 |
1549 |
58 |
3.7% (2.91-4.81) |
Piciformes |
1 |
1 |
1 |
16 |
0 |
0% (0-19.36) |
Total |
30 |
55 |
75 |
2107 |
93 |
4.41% (3.62-5.38) |
Data on the mite-host associations detected. Each row depicts an individual bird from mite-host associations, in which more than one mite was found. N = number of birds examined per mite-host association, Ni = Number of infected birds, I = number of mites isolated. Region (previous records) = NR: Northwest Russia, ER: European part of Russia, WE: Western Europe and * indicates a previously unrecorded mite host association. Note that values from N and Ni columns are duplicated between individual birds that belong to the same mite-host association.
Bird taxa | Mite species | N | Ni | I | Region (previous records) | Locality (this study) | Previous records |
Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA | 2 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus kadrae Dimov, 2013 | 38 | 1 | 2 | NR* | Dubrovka, Leningrad Oblast, Russia | NA |
Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus levinseni (Tragardh, 1904) | 38 | 1 | 1 | NR* | Volosovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt, 1770) | Rhinonyssus nyrocae Butenko, 1971 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NR, WE | Pskov, Pskov region, Russia | |
Somateria mollissima Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus polystictae Butenko, 1984 | 11 | 9 | 1 | NR* | Ermilovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Somateria mollissima Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus polystictae Butenko, 1984 | 11 | 9 | 1 | NR* | Ermilovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Somateria mollissima Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus polystictae Butenko, 1984 | 11 | 9 | 2 | NR* | Ermilovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Somateria mollissima Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus polystictae Butenko, 1984 | 11 | 9 | 1 | NR* | Ermilovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Somateria mollissima Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus polystictae Butenko, 1984 | 11 | 9 | 2 | NR* | Ermilovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Somateria mollissima Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus polystictae Butenko, 1984 | 11 | 9 | 1 | NR* | Ermilovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Somateria mollissima Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus polystictae Butenko, 1984 | 11 | 9 | 2 | NR* | Ermilovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Somateria mollissima Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus polystictae Butenko, 1984 | 11 | 9 | 1 | NR* | Ermilovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Somateria mollissima Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus polystictae Butenko, 1984 | 11 | 9 | 1 | NR* | Ermilovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Anas crecca Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus subrhinolethrum Butenko, 1971 | 17 | 1 | 1 | NR | Pikalevo, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Caprimulgus europeus Linnaeus, 1758 | Vitznyssus tsachevi Dimov et Rojas 2012 | 2 | 1 | 2 | NR* | Pikalevo, Leningrad region, Russia | NA |
Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 | Rhinonyssus bregetovae Butenko, 1974 | 27 | 3 | 4 | NR | Voypala, Leningrad Region, Russia |
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Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 | Rhinonyssus bregetovae Butenko, 1974 | 27 | 3 | 2 | NR | Voypala, Leningrad Region, Russia |
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Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 | Rhinonyssus bregetovae Butenko, 1974 | 27 | 3 | 1 | NR | Voypala, Leningrad Region, Russia |
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Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 | Rhinonyssus neglectus Hirst 1921 | 27 | 1 | 1 | NR* | Lavrovo, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Vanellus vanellus Linnaeus, 1758 | Rhinonyssus dobromiri Dimov et Spicer, 2013 | 4 | 1 | 2 | NR* | Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 | Larinyssus orbicularis Strandtmann, 1948 | 22 | 1 | 2 | NR* | Voybokalo, Leningrad Oblast, Russia | NA |
Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 | NA | 19 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 | Larinyssus iohanssenae Dimov, 2013 | 17 | 2 | 1 | NR* | Kronstad, Leningrad Region, Russia; Apraksin, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 | Larinyssus iohanssenae Dimov, 2013 | 17 | 2 | 2 | NR* | Kronstad, Leningrad Region, Russia; Apraksin, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 | Mesonyssus columbae Crossley, 1950 | 262 | 5 | 3 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia; Voybokalo, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Slantsy, Leningrad Region, Russia; Luga, Leningradskaya, Russia; Radogosh, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 | Mesonyssus columbae Crossley, 1950 | 262 | 5 | 1 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia; Voybokalo, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Slantsy, Leningrad Region, Russia; Luga, Leningradskaya, Russia; Radogosh, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 | Mesonyssus columbae Crossley, 1950 | 262 | 5 | 2 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia; Voybokalo, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Slantsy, Leningrad Region, Russia; Luga, Leningradskaya, Russia; Radogosh, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 | Mesonyssus columbae Crossley, 1950 | 262 | 5 | 2 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia; Voybokalo, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Slantsy, Leningrad Region, Russia; Luga, Leningradskaya, Russia; Radogosh, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 | Mesonyssus columbae Crossley, 1950 | 262 | 5 | 3 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia; Voybokalo, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Slantsy, Leningrad Region, Russia; Luga, Leningradskaya, Russia; Radogosh, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 | Mesonyssus melloi Castro, 1948 | 262 | 3 | 4 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia; Voybokalo, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Slantsy, Leningrad Region, Russia. | |
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 | Mesonyssus melloi Castro, 1948 | 262 | 3 | 4 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia; Voybokalo, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Slantsy, Leningrad Region, Russia. | |
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 | Mesonyssus melloi Castro, 1948 | 262 | 3 | 2 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia; Voybokalo, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Slantsy, Leningrad Region, Russia. | |
Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, 1758 | Sternostoma zini Dimov et Knee, 2012 | 13 | 1 | 2 | NR* | Vyritsa, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Coturnix coturnix Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 31 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Gallinula chloropus Linnaeus, 1758 | Rallinyssus caudistigmus Strandtmann, 1948 | 6 | 1 | 3 | NR, WE | Gatchina, Leningrad Region, Russia; Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 | Rallinyssus caudistigmus Strandtmann, 1948 | 2 | 1 | 2 | NR, ER, WE | Gatchina, Leningrad Region, Russia; Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus schumili Butenko et Lavrovskaya, 1980 | 35 | 6 | 2 | NR, ER | Rjbachii, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus schumili Butenko et Lavrovskaya, 1980 | 35 | 6 | 1 | NR, ER | Rjbachii, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus schumili Butenko et Lavrovskaya, 1980 | 35 | 6 | 2 | NR, ER | Rjbachii, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus schumili Butenko et Lavrovskaya, 1980 | 35 | 6 | 1 | NR, ER | Rjbachii, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus schumili Butenko et Lavrovskaya, 1980 | 35 | 6 | 1 | NR, ER | Rjbachii, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus schumili Butenko et Lavrovskaya, 1980 | 35 | 6 | 2 | NR, ER | Rjbachii, Leningrad Region, Russia | |
Aegithalos caudatus Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 9 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Bombycilla garrulus Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Corvus cornix Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 38 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Garrulus glandarius Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 3 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Pica pica Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 32 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 29 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Emberiza hortulana Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Emberiza rustica (Pallas, 1776) | NA | 5 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Emberiza schoeniclus Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 2 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Acanthis canabina Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 28 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Acanthis flammea Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 7 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 1 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 2 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 2 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 1 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 1 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 3 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 1 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 1 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 3 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 2 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus hirsti (Castro et Pereira, 1947) | 71 | 11 | 1 | NR* | Grjazno, Kaliningrado Region, Russia | NA |
Carduelis carduelis Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 39 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Carpodacus erythrinus (Pallas, 1770) | NA | 3 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Chloris chloris Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 31 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 51 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Pinicola enucleator Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 16 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Pyrrhula pyrrhula Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 9 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Serinus serinus Linnaeus, 1766 | NA | 5 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Serinus canaria Linnaeus, 1758 | Sternostoma marchae Dimov, 2012 | 29 | 1 | 10 | NR* | St. Petersburg, Russia | NA |
Spinus spinus Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 13 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Delichon urbica Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 47 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 63 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Riparia riparia Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 23 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Anthus pratensis Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Anthus trivialis Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 17 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Motacilla flava Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 7 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 86 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Oenanthe oenanthe Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus motacillae Fain, 1956 | 91 | 3 | 3 | NR* | Tikhvin, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Sinyavino, Leningrad Oblast, Russia | NA |
Oenanthe oenanthe Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus motacillae Fain, 1956 | 91 | 3 | 2 | NR* | Tikhvin, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Sinyavino, Leningrad Oblast, Russia | NA |
Oenanthe oenanthe Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus motacillae Fain, 1956 | 91 | 3 | 3 | NR* | Tikhvin, Leningrad Oblast, Russia; Sinyavino, Leningrad Oblast, Russia | NA |
Ficedula hypoleuca (Pallas, 1764) | NA | 2 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Luscinia luscinia Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 8 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Muscicapa striata (Pallas, 1764) | NA | 27 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Saxicola rubetra Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Parus caeruleus Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus mironovi Dimov, 2012 | 19 | 1 | 3 | NR* | Lomonosov, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus sairae Castro, 1948 | 118 | 3 | 2 | NR* | St. Petersburg, Russia | NA |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus sairae Castro, 1948 | 118 | 3 | 2 | NR* | St. Petersburg, Russia | NA |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus sairae Castro, 1948 | 118 | 3 | 1 | NR* | St. Petersburg, Russia | NA |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus pari Fain et Hyland 1963 | 118 | 9 | 2 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia | |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus pari Fain et Hyland 1963 | 118 | 9 | 1 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia | |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus pari Fain et Hyland 1963 | 118 | 9 | 1 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia | |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus pari Fain et Hyland 1963 | 118 | 9 | 1 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia | |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus pari Fain et Hyland 1963 | 118 | 9 | 1 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia | |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus pari Fain et Hyland 1963 | 118 | 9 | 1 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia | |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus pari Fain et Hyland 1963 | 118 | 9 | 1 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia | |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus pari Fain et Hyland 1963 | 118 | 9 | 2 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia | |
Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus pari Fain et Hyland 1963 | 118 | 9 | 1 | NR, WE | St. Petersburg, Russia | |
Parus ater Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 2 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Parus cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 9 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Parus montanus (Conrad von Baldenstein, 1827) | NA | 29 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Parus palustris Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 6 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus degtiarevae Dimov et Mironov, 2012 | 74 | 1 | 5 | NR* | Gavrilovo, Leningradskaya Region, Russia | NA |
Passer montanus Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus lovottiae Dimov et Mironov, 2012 | 91 | 3 | 18 | NR* | Leningrad Region Russia; Boronichevo, Leningrad Region, Russia; Novaya LadogaLeningrad Oblast, Russia | NA |
Passer montanus Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus lovottiae Dimov et Mironov, 2012 | 91 | 3 | 3 | NR* | Leningrad Region Russia; Boronichevo, Leningrad Region, Russia; Novaya LadogaLeningrad Oblast, Russia | NA |
Passer montanus Linnaeus, 1758 | Ptilonyssus lovottiae Dimov et Mironov, 2012 | 91 | 3 | 5 | NR* | Leningrad Region Russia; Boronichevo, Leningrad Region, Russia; Novaya LadogaLeningrad Oblast, Russia | NA |
Regulus regulus Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 27 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Sitta europea Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 3 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechstein, 1793) | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Phylloscopus trochilus Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 16 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Dendrocopos major Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 16 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 39 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Sylvia atricapilla Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 7 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Sylvia borin (Boddaert, 1783) | NA | 3 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Sylvia curruca Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 41 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1766 | Ptilonyssus euroturdi Fain et Hyland, 1963 | 27 | 7 | 1 | NR* | Arkhangelsk Region, Russia | NA |
Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1766 | Ptilonyssus euroturdi Fain et Hyland, 1963 | 27 | 7 | 2 | NR* | Arkhangelsk Region, Russia | NA |
Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1766 | Ptilonyssus euroturdi Fain et Hyland, 1963 | 27 | 7 | 1 | NR* | Arkhangelsk Region, Russia | NA |
Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1766 | Ptilonyssus euroturdi Fain et Hyland, 1963 | 27 | 7 | 3 | NR* | Arkhangelsk Region, Russia | NA |
Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1766 | Ptilonyssus euroturdi Fain et Hyland, 1963 | 27 | 7 | 2 | NR* | Arkhangelsk Region, Russia | NA |
Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1766 | Ptilonyssus euroturdi Fain et Hyland, 1963 | 27 | 7 | 2 | NR* | Arkhangelsk Region, Russia | NA |
Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1766 | Ptilonyssus euroturdi Fain et Hyland, 1963 | 27 | 7 | 1 | NR* | Arkhangelsk Region, Russia | NA |
Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758 | Sternostoma dureni Fain, 1956 | 78 | 1 | 1 | NR* | Hervir, Leningrad Region, Russia | NA |
Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831 | Sternostoma turdi Zumpt et Till, 1955 | 19 | 7 | 2 | NR, ER WE | Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk, Russia | |
Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831 | Sternostoma turdi Zumpt et Till, 1955 | 19 | 7 | 2 | NR, ER WE | Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk, Russia | |
Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831 | Sternostoma turdi Zumpt et Till, 1955 | 19 | 7 | 1 | NR, ER WE | Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk, Russia | |
Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831 | Sternostoma turdi Zumpt et Till, 1955 | 19 | 7 | 1 | NR, ER WE | Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk, Russia | |
Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831 | Sternostoma turdi Zumpt et Till, 1955 | 19 | 7 | 1 | NR, ER WE | Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk, Russia | |
Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831 | Sternostoma turdi Zumpt et Till, 1955 | 19 | 7 | 1 | NR, ER WE | Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk, Russia | |
Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831 | Sternostoma turdi Zumpt et Till, 1955 | 19 | 7 | 1 | NR, ER WE | Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk, Russia | |
Turdus pilaris Linnaeus, 1758 |
NA | 121 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
NA |
Dendrocopos major Linnaeus, 1758 | NA | 16 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
60.05; 31.75.
A total of 2,107 individual birds were collected, representing 75 species belonging to 55 genera, 30 families and 10 orders. The majority of the studied hosts (59 species from 36 genera) belonged to the order Passeriformes (the most numerous and widely-distributed order of birds of the northwest of Russia) (Table
Rank | Scientific Name | Common Name |
---|---|---|
kingdom | Animalia | Animals |
subkingdom | Eumetazoa | |
phylum | Chordata | |
subphylum | Vertebrata | |
class | Aves | Birds |
subclass | Galloanserae | |
subclass | Passerae | |
superorder | Anserimorphae | |
superorder | Columbimorphae | |
superorder | Cuculimorphae | |
superorder | Gallomorphae | |
superorder | Passerimorphae | |
order | Accipitriformes | |
order | Anseriformes | |
order | Caprimulgiformes | |
order | Charadriiformes | |
order | Columbiformes | |
order | Cuculiformes | |
order | Galliformes | |
order | Gruiformes | |
order | Passeriformes | |
suborder | Accipitri | |
suborder | Anseri | |
suborder | Caprimulgi | |
suborder | Charadrii | |
suborder | Columbi | |
suborder | Cuculi | |
suborder | Passeri | |
suborder | Phasiani | |
suborder | Ralli | |
superfamily | Accipitroidea | |
superfamily | Aegithaloidea | |
superfamily | Alaudoidea | |
superfamily | Anatoidea | |
superfamily | Bombycilloidea | |
superfamily | Caprimulgoidea | |
superfamily | Charadrioidea | |
superfamily | Columboidea | |
superfamily | Corvoidea | |
superfamily | Cuculoidea | |
superfamily | Fringilloidea | |
superfamily | Gruoidea | |
superfamily | Hirundinoidea | |
superfamily | Laroidea | |
superfamily | Muscicapoidea | |
superfamily | Passeroidea | |
superfamily | Phasianoidea | |
superfamily | Ralloidea | |
superfamily | Reguloidea | |
superfamily | Scolopacoidea | |
superfamily | Sittoidea | |
superfamily | Sturnoidea | |
superfamily | Sylvioidea | |
family | Accipitridae | |
family | Anatidae | |
family | Caprimulgidae | |
family | Charadriidae | |
family | Columbidae | |
family | Corvidae | |
family | Cuculidae | |
family | Emberizidae | |
family | Fringillidae | |
family | Laridae | |
family | Motacillidae | |
family | Muscicapidae | |
family | Paridae | |
family | Ploceidae | |
family | Rallidae | |
family | Regulidae | |
family | Scolopacidae | |
family | Sturnidae | |
family | Sylviidae | |
family | Turdidae | |
species | Acanthis canabina | |
species | Acanthis flammea | |
species | Aegithalos caudatus | |
species | Accipiter nisus | |
species | Alauda arvensis | |
species | Anas crecca | |
species | Anas platyrhynchos | |
species | Anthus pratensis | |
species | Anthus trivialis | |
species | Aythya nyroca | |
species | Bombycilla garrulus | |
species | Buteo buteo | |
species | Caprimulgus europeus | |
species | Carduelis carduelis | |
species | Carpodacus erythrinus | |
species | Charadrius dubius | |
species | Chloris chloris | |
species | Columba livia | |
species | Corvus cornix | |
species | Coturnix coturnix | |
species | Cuculus canorus | |
species | Delichon urbica | |
species | Dendrocopos major | |
species | Emberiza citrinella | |
species | Emberiza hortulana | |
species | Emberiza rustica | |
species | Emberiza schoeniclus | |
species | Ficedula hypoleuca | |
species | Fringilla coelebs | |
species | Fringilla montifringilla | |
species | Fulica atra | |
species | Gallinula chloropus | |
species | Garrulus glandarius | |
species | Hirundo rustica | |
species | Larus ridibundus | |
species | Loxia curvirostra | |
species | Luscinia luscinia | |
species | Motacilla alba | |
species | Motacilla flava | |
species | Muscicapa striata | |
species | Oenanthe oenanthe | |
species | Parus ater | |
species | Parus caeruleus | |
species | Parus cristatus | |
species | Parus major | |
species | Parus montanus | |
species | Parus palustris | |
species | Passer domesticus | |
species | Passer montanus | |
species | Phylloscopus sibilatrix | |
species | Phylloscopus trochilus | |
species | Pica pica | |
species | Pinicola enucleator | |
species | Pyrrhula pyrrhula | |
species | Regulus regulus | |
species | Riparia riparia | |
species | Saxicola rubetra | |
species | Scolopax rusticola | |
species | Serinus canaria | |
species | Serinus serinus | |
species | Sitta europea | |
species | Somateria mollissima | |
species | Spinus spinus | |
species | Sterna hirundo | |
species | Sturnus vulgaris | |
species | Sylvia atricapilla | |
species | Sylvia borin | |
species | Sylvia curruca | |
species | Turdus iliacus | |
species | Turdus merula | |
species | Turdus philomelos | |
species | Turdus pilaris | |
species | Vanellus vanellus | |
kingdom | Animalia | Animals |
subkingdom | Eumetazoa | |
phylum | Chordata | |
phylum | Arthropoda | Arthropods |
subphylum | Vertebrata | |
subphylum | Chelicerata | |
class | Aves | Birds |
class | Arachnida | |
subclass | Galloanserae | |
subclass | Passerae | |
subclass | Acari | Mites |
superorder | Anserimorphae | |
superorder | Columbimorphae | |
superorder | Cuculimorphae | |
superorder | Gallomorphae | |
superorder | Passerimorphae | |
superorder | Parasitiformes | |
order | Accipitriformes | |
order | Anseriformes | |
order | Caprimulgiformes | |
order | Charadriiformes | |
order | Columbiformes | |
order | Cuculiformes | |
order | Galliformes | |
order | Gruiformes | |
order | Passeriformes | |
order | Mesostigmata | |
suborder | Accipitri | |
suborder | Anseri | |
suborder | Caprimulgi | |
suborder | Charadrii | |
suborder | Columbi | |
suborder | Cuculi | |
suborder | Passeri | |
suborder | Phasiani | |
suborder | Ralli | |
suborder | Monogynaspida | |
infraorder | Gamasina | |
superfamily | Accipitroidea | |
superfamily | Aegithaloidea | |
superfamily | Alaudoidea | |
superfamily | Anatoidea | |
superfamily | Bombycilloidea | |
superfamily | Caprimulgoidea | |
superfamily | Charadrioidea | |
superfamily | Columboidea | |
superfamily | Corvoidea | |
superfamily | Cuculoidea | |
superfamily | Fringilloidea | |
superfamily | Gruoidea | |
superfamily | Hirundinoidea | |
superfamily | Laroidea | |
superfamily | Muscicapoidea | |
superfamily | Passeroidea | |
superfamily | Phasianoidea | |
superfamily | Ralloidea | |
superfamily | Reguloidea | |
superfamily | Scolopacoidea | |
superfamily | Sittoidea | |
superfamily | Sturnoidea | |
superfamily | Sylvioidea | |
superfamily | Dermanyssoidea | |
family | Accipitridae | |
family | Anatidae | |
family | Caprimulgidae | |
family | Charadriidae | |
family | Columbidae | |
family | Corvidae | |
family | Cuculidae | |
family | Emberizidae | |
family | Fringillidae | |
family | Laridae | |
family | Motacillidae | |
family | Muscicapidae | |
family | Paridae | |
family | Ploceidae | |
family | Rallidae | |
family | Regulidae | |
family | Scolopacidae | |
family | Sturnidae | |
family | Sylviidae | |
family | Turdidae | |
family | Rhinonyssidae | Rhinonyssids |
species | Larinyssus iohanssenae | |
species | Larinyssus orbicularis | |
species | Mesonyssus columbae | |
species | Mesonyssus melloi | |
species | Ptilonyssus degtiarevae | |
species | Ptilonyssus euroturdi | |
species | Ptilonyssus hirsti | |
species | Ptilonyssus lovottiae | |
species | Ptilonyssus mironovi | |
species | Ptilonyssus motacillae | |
species | Ptilonyssus pari | |
species | Ptilonyssus sairae | |
species | Ptilonyssus schumili | |
species | Rallinyssus caudistigmus | |
species | Rhinonyssus bregetovae | |
species | Rhinonyssus dobromiri | |
species | Rhinonyssus kadrae | |
species | Rhinonyssus levinsini | |
species | Rhinonyssus neglectus | |
species | Rhinonyssus nyrocae | |
species | Rhinonyssus polystictae | |
species | Rhinonyssus subrhinolethrum | |
species | Sternostoma dureni | |
species | Sternostoma marchae | |
species | Sternostoma turdi | |
species | Sternostoma zini | |
species | Vitznyssus tsachevi |
Host-mite associations form a total of 2,107 individual hosts totalling 75 bird species from 30 avian families and 10 orders (Suppl. material
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
Bird taxa | Scientific name and authority of bird taxa |
Mite species | Scientific name and authority of mite taxa |
Locality (this study) | Sampling localities |
Coordinates | Coordinates in degrees minutes and seconds |
Date | Collection date |
In the present study, the rhinonyssid mite species collected from 2,107 bird individuals from 75 bird species at 41 sites in Northwest Russia were reported. A total of 27 host-mite associations were found, from which 18 were novel (Table
The prevalence of rhinonyssid mites was found to vary between bird taxa, as found by previous studies (
The mite-host associations found in this study were compared with those known from the same host species inhabiting the European part of Russia and Europe (see Suppl. material
On the other hand, some species that have been found in the European part of Russia and Europe were not found in this study (e.g. Mesonyssus hirsutus from Columba livia; Ptilonyssus nudus from Fringilla coelebs; Ptilonyssus pari from Parus ater; Parus caeruleus or Parus europea; Rhinonyssus vanellus from Vanellus vanellus). Overall, these differences in diversity could be the outcome of the lack of knowledge about these mites in these regions. Indeed, differences in sampling effort (i.e. some groups have been more extensively sampled in Northwest Russia than in other geographic areas) may be biasing these interpretations. Overall, further studies aimed at ascertaining whether specific rhinonyssid mite species are found throughout all their host distribution are encouraged. In this vein, global syntheses are needed to draw more general conclusions on the distribution of rhinonyssid mites. Additionally, future studies describing new species are required to catalogue the unknown diversity of this group of mites. In addition, new molecular approaches (e.g. DNA metabarcoding of complex samples;
The authors are very grateful to the head of the laboratory of parasitology ZIN RAS Medvedev DSc. and employees of the laboratory of parasitology: Mironov DSc., Shatrov DSc., Bochkov DSc. and Leonovich DSc. for the comprehensive assistance and support provided in the process of carrying out the research. We thank Centro Municipal Zoosanitario de Sevilla and especially Mr. Francisco Peña Fernández and Mr. Rafael Cuadrado Nieto for their technical support. Our thanks to Geoffrey Giddings for proof-reading the manuscript.
MDR, JD, and ID conceived the study. ID collected the samples. MR and ID made the morphobiometric assessments. JD analysed the data. JD wrote the last version of the article with the help of all authors.
Map of sampling localities. Note that specific locations, as well as their coordinates, can be found in Table 2.
Comparison of species of the family Rhinonyssidae located in Northwest Russia, the European part of Russia and Western Europe; plus and minus signs indicate presence and absence, respectively. Mite species found in this study are marked with *
Rhinonyssid mites from Russian birds