Biodiversity Data Journal :
Data Paper (Biosciences)
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Corresponding author: Tatiana T Carrijo (tcarrijo@gmail.com)
Academic editor: Gianniantonio Domina
Received: 05 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 02 May 2020 | Published: 19 May 2020
© 2020 Marina Moreira, Tatiana Carrijo, Anderson Alves-Araújo, André Amorim, Alessandro Rapini, Andrews da Silva, Braz Cosenza, Claudia Lopes, Camila Delgado, Cíntia Kameyama, Dayvid Couto, Daniel Barbosa, Daniele Monteiro, Diego Gonzaga, Eduardo Dalcin, Elsie Guimarães, Elton John de Lírio, Fernando Matos, Fátima Salimena, Felipe Oliveira, Gustavo Heiden, João Lanna, José Fernando Baumgratz, José Pastore, Juliana Oliveira, Laísa Barcelos, Lana Sylvestre, Leandro Freitas, Leandro Giacomin, Leandro Pederneiras, Leonardo Meireles, Lúcia Lohmann, Luciana Pereira, Luis Alexandre Silva, Luiz Neto, Marcelo Souza, Marcelo Trovó, Marcos Sobral, Mário Garbin, Mario Gomes, Marli Morim, Michelle Christine Mota, Paulo H Labiak, Pedro Viana, Pedro Luís de Moraes, Renato Goldenberg, Rubens Luiz Coelho, Samyra Furtado, Sebastião José da Silva-Neto, Thiago Flores, Valquíria Dutra, Vinícius Bueno, Rafaela Forzza
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Moreira MM, Carrijo TT, Alves-Araújo A, Amorim AMA, Rapini A, da Silva AVS, Cosenza BAP, Lopes CR, Delgado CN, Kameyama C, Couto DR, Barbosa DEF, Monteiro D, Gonzaga DR, Dalcin EC, Guimarães EF, de Lírio EJ, Matos FB, Salimena FRG, Oliveira FA, Heiden G, Lanna JM, Baumgratz JF, Pastore JFB, Oliveira JRPM, Barcelos LB, Sylvestre LS, Freitas L, Giacomin LL, Pederneiras L, Meireles LD, Lohmann LG, Pereira LC, Silva LAE, Neto LM, Souza MC, Trovó M, Sobral MEG, Garbin ML, Gomes M, Morim MP, Mota MCA, Labiak PH, Viana PL, de Moraes PLR, Goldenberg R, Coelho RLG, Furtado SG, da Silva-Neto SJ, Flores TB, Dutra VF, Bueno VR, Forzza RC (2020) Using online databases to produce comprehensive accounts of the vascular plants from the Brazilian protected areas: The Parque Nacional do Itatiaia as a case study. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e50837. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e50837
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Brazil is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with about 37,000 species of land plants. Part of this biodiversity is within protected areas. The development of online databases in the last years greatly improved the available biodiversity data. However, the existing databases do not provide information about the protected areas in which individual plant species occur. The lack of such information is a crucial gap for conservation actions. This study aimed to show how the information captured from online databases, cleaned by a protocol and verified by taxonomists allowed us to obtain a comprehensive list of the vascular plant species from the "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia", the first national park founded in Brazil. All existing records in the online database JABOT (15,100 vouchers) were downloaded, resulting in 11,783 vouchers identified at the species level. Overall, we documented 2,316 species belonging to 176 families and 837 genera of vascular plants in the "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia". Considering the whole vascular flora, 2,238 species are native and 78 are non-native.
The "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia" houses 13% of the angiosperm and 37% of the fern species known from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Amongst these species, 82 have been cited as threatened, following IUCN categories (CR, EN or VU), seven are data deficient (DD) and 15 have been classified as a conservation priority, because they are only known from a single specimen collected before 1969.
Atlantic Forest, angiosperms, gymnosperms, lycophytes, ferns, plant collection.
Brazil is one of the countries with the highest number of plant species in the world (
The list of species of the Brazilian Flora and the “Flora do Brasil 2020” (
The “Parque Nacional do Itatiaia” (PNI, Itatiaia National Park) was founded in 1937, representing the first national park of Brazil (
Auguste François Marie Glaziou was the first botanist to visit the highest portions of Itatiaia (
The flora of Itatiaia, published by
The databases, built over the course of those studies, allow anyone to easily access information on Brazilian plant species collections. This study aims to show how we can build a list of species from an important conservation unit from data recovered from online databases. We further illustrate the additional types of information that can be recovered from such datasets, including information on vegetation types, life forms, endemism, conservation status and number of herbarium records (
A list of all vascular plant specimens from PNI was downloaded from the database JABOT (“Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro”, JBRJ, Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro, www.jbrj.gov.br/jabot;
Based on these online records, we created a protocol (Figs
The subsequent steps performed in R were as follows: (step 2) removal of records in which the locality did not belong to the area covered by the PNI (angiosperms = 95 records removed; gymnosperms = 1; lycophytes and ferns = 4); (step 3) removal of duplicates (angiosperms = 734 records; gymnosperms = 0; lycophytes and ferns = 114). Duplicates were removed from the list based on collector name, collector number and the year in which the sample was collected. After removing all duplicates, 10,059 records for angiosperms, nine for gymnosperms and 2,096 for lycophytes and ferns remained in the list (Figs
Vegetation types and life forms: We obtained information on vegetation type and life form from the Brazilian Flora (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br) for every species included in the clean list. Although the PNI encompasses several different vegetation types, we classified all species as either occurring in forests (all forest types) or grasslands (all types of grasslands and inselbergs) or both. We chose this broader classification system because many records did not have detailed information about vegetation type to allow for finer scale classifications. Life forms were classified into five categories: trees, shrubs, sub-shrubs, lianas and herbs, based on information from the Brazilian Flora website (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br). When the Brazilian Flora provided more than one life form type for a given species, we chose the most frequent life form observed in the herbarium records for PNI (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br).
Endemism and threatened species: To evaluate whether species were native or non-native from Brazil, endemic or non-endemic to Brazil and to assign a threat category, we used information from the Brazilian Flora (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br) and CNCFlora (http://www.cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal), the Red List Authority for plants in Brazil. It should be noted that the vascular species list for PNI provided here does not include infraspecific taxa. In the case of species not included in the Brazilian Flora database, threat category and origin (native/non-native) were obtained from taxonomists. We considered as non-native, all species indicated as not occurring in Brazil or being cultivated or naturalised within the Brazilian Flora database.
Priority species for conservation: We classified a species as a priority for conservation, whenever it presented a single record collected before 1969 (
The "Parque Nacional do Itatiaia" (PNI) comprises the municipalities of Bocaina de Minas and Itamonte in the state of Minas Gerais and Itatiaia and Resende in the state of Rio de Janeiro, all within the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range. The altitudinal range varies from 700 and 2,787 m, the latter at the summit of the “Pico das Agulhas Negras” (Fig.
-22º45' and -22º19' Latitude; -44°45' and -44°50' Longitude.
We recorded 2,316 species of vascular plants for PNI, including native (2,238 species) and non-native (78) (Suppl. material
Richest 10 families (a) and genera (b) of angiosperms of the “Parque Nacional do Itatiaia,” Brazil.
The seven species of gymnosperms documented in the PNI belong to three families, Araucariaceae (1 species), Cupressaceae (4) and Podocarpaceae (2) and six genera: Araucaria, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, Cupressus, Thuja (represented by one species each) and Podocarpus (represented by two species). All these species of gymnosperms are non-native, except for Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze and Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl.
For lycophytes and ferns, we recorded 342 species (native = 337; non-native = 5) belonging to 30 families and 109 genera. The ten richest families in the PNI (Fig.
The PNI presents diverse environmental conditions (i.e. climatic, altitudinal and edaphic) and includes different vegetation types, such as high montane forests, seasonal rainforests ("florestas altomontanas estacionais semideciduais e ombrófilas densas”; see (
Amongst angiosperms, 73% (1,437) of the species are restricted to forests, 16% (320) are restricted to grasslands and 7% (136) occur in both forests and grasslands. We did not have information on vegetation type for 4% (74) of the angiosperm species recorded (Suppl. material
Overall, 38% (738 species) of all angiosperms recorded are herbs, followed by trees (25%; 488), shrubs (17%; 341), lianas (12%; 242) and subshrubs (7%; 139; Fig.
As far as the endemic species are concerned, 58% (1,140) of the angiosperms and 41% (140) of the lycophytes and ferns are endemic to Brazil. For gymnosperms, a single species is endemic (Suppl. material
Amongst angiosperms, 66.2% (1,303 species) were recorded recently (i.e. after 1969), while 33.1% (650) have only old records; we did not have information about the collection year for 0.7% (14; Suppl. material
Considering the species with unique records, we observed that 30% (597 species) of the angiosperms have a single record, 16% (315) have two records and 11% (226) have three records (Suppl. material
We recorded 73 species of angiosperms that have already been cited as threatened (Fig.
Some threatened species of the “Parque Nacional do Itatiaia,” Brazil. Photos: Moreira M.M.
We selected 15 angiosperm species as a priority for conservation in the PNI (Table
List of species considered as a priority for conservation in the “Parque Nacional do Itatiaia”, Brazil. (CR = critically endangered, VU = vulnerable, EN = endangered and DD = data deficient), according to CNC Flora (http://www.cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal).
Group |
Family |
Species |
Category |
Angiosperms |
Aquifoliaceae |
Ilex loranthoides Mart. ex Reissek |
VU |
Angiosperms |
Asteraceae |
Campuloclinium parvulum (Glaz.) R.M.King & H.Rob. |
VU |
Angiosperms |
Bromeliaceae |
Vriesea morrenii Wawra |
DD |
Angiosperms |
Bromeliaceae |
Vriesea sazimae Leme |
VU |
Angiosperms |
Chrysobalanaceae |
Licania indurata Pilg. |
EN |
Angiosperms |
Cyperaceae |
Cryptangium polyphyllum (Nees) Boeckeler |
EN |
Angiosperms |
Lauraceae |
Beilschmiedia rigida (Mez) Kosterm. |
EN |
Angiosperms |
Orchidaceae |
Anathallis tigridens (Loefgr.) F.Barros & Barberena |
VU |
Angiosperms |
Orchidaceae |
Grandiphyllum divaricatum (Lindl.) Docha Neto |
VU |
Angiosperms |
Orchidaceae |
Habenaria achalensis Kraenzl. |
VU |
Angiosperms |
Orchidaceae |
Isabelia virginalis Barb.Rodr. |
VU |
Angiosperms |
Orchidaceae |
Octomeria decumbens Cogn. |
DD |
Angiosperms |
Orchidaceae |
Pabstia jugosa (Lindl.) Garay |
EN |
Angiosperms |
Violaceae |
Viola gracillima A.St.-Hil. |
EN |
Gymnosperms |
Araucariaceae |
Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze |
EN |
Amongst the 11,783 records from the PNI, 11,737 (99.6%) are from RB (Suppl. material
The year with the highest number of collections of angiosperms deposited at RB was 1995 (729 records), followed by 1942 (431) and 1994 (359; Fig.
The angiosperm records deposited at RB were collected by 294 collectors, while gymnosperm records were collected by eight collectors and lycophyte and fern records were collected by 85 collectors. For angiosperms, the collectors with more samples deposited at RB were Alexander Curt Brade (1,110 samples), João Marcelo Alvarenga Braga (953), Paulo de Campos Porto (849), Wanderbilt Duarte de Barros (698), Sócrates de Andrade (403), Sebastião da Silva Neto (348), Luiz Lanstyak (306), Edmundo Pereira (237), Felipe F. V. A. Barberena (189) and Gustavo Martinelli (186; Suppl. material
Column label | Column description |
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taxonID | The unique identifier for the Taxon. |
scientificName | The full scientific name, including authorship. |
kingdom | The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified. |
family | The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified. |
genus | The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified. |
specificEpithet | The name of the first or specific epithet of the scientificName. |
taxonRank | The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the scientificName. |
scientificNameAuthorship | The authorship information for the scientificName. |
modified | The most recent date-time on which the resource was changed. |
rightsHolder | A person or organisation owning or managing rights over the resource. |
typeStatus | Status of the type. Controlled vocabulary of terms (holotype, lectotype, isotype, syntype, paratype, neotype, epitype, typus). The category "typus" is used for undefined type status. |
taxonRank | The taxonomic rank of the detailed identification name in the scientificName. |
collectionCode | The name, acronym, coden or initial identifying the collection or dataset from which the record was derived. |
catalogNumber | Specimen barcode. |
locality | Detailed description of the locality where a specimen was collected. Less specific geographic information can be provided in other geographic terms (higherGeography, continent, country, stateProvince, county, municipality, waterBody, island, islandGroup). This term may contain information modified from the original to correct perceived errors or to standardise the description. |
recordedBy | A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations responsible for recording the original occurrence. |
EventDate | Date of collection. |
verbatimLongitude | The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a locality. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive. |
verbatimLatitude | The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive. |
The information captured from online databases, cleaned by a protocol and checked by taxonomists allowed us to build a comprehensive list of vascular plant species for the PNI that is available publicly through the site “Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil” (Catalogue of the Plants in Protected Areas of Brazil, http://ipt.jbrj.gov.br/jbrj/resource?r=catalogoucs). The catalogue provides prompt access to information on the PNI flora, indicating the importance of the park for the conservation of plant species from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The PNI list includes species that are scarcely represented in herbarium collections and species that are documented through a single herbarium specimen collected, as well as those that are endangered but occur in the PNI and species that are still poorly studied to ensure on-site conservation.
The authors thank the “Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade” (ICMBio), “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico” (CNPq 421276/2017-7) and “Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo” (FAPES 34/2018) for a research grant ("Chamada CNPq/ICMBio/FAPs Nº 18/2017 - Pesquisa em Unidades de Conservação da Caatinga e Mata Atlântica"); the managing team of the “Parque Nacional do Itatiaia” for support during fieldwork; the “Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro” and “Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo” for logistical support. We also thank the curators of all the herbaria that agreed to get imagens for their collections and publish those in the Reflora Virtual Herbarium. AMA Amorim, A Rapini, JF Baumgratz, JFB Pastore, L Freitas, LG Lohmann, PHE Labiak, MLGarbin, M Trovó, PLR Moraes, R Goldenberg, RC Forzza and TT Carrijo are also grateful to CNPq for their respective grants (“Produtividade em Pesquisa”); A Alves-Araújo thanks FAPES for a research grant ("Bolsa Pesquisador Capixaba," N# 525/2018). L Freitas and RC Forzza thank FAPERJ for additional funding ("Programa Cientistas do Nosso Estado processes," #E-26/202.775/2018 and #E-26/202.778/2018).