Checklist and distribution of Collembola from Greater Puerto Rico

Claudia Ospina-Sánchez; Felipe Soto-Adames; Grizelle González

doi:10.3897/BDJ.8.e52054

Biodiversity Data Journal : Taxonomic Paper

PDF

Taxonomic Paper

Checklist and distribution of Collembola from Greater Puerto Rico

Claudia Marcela Ospina-Sánchez^‡, Felipe N Soto-Adames^§, Grizelle González^‡

‡ USDA-FS, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, San Juan, Puerto Rico

§ Florida Department of Agriculture, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America

Corresponding author: Claudia Marcela Ospina-Sánchez (cmarcela.ospinas@gmail.com)

Academic editor: Yasen Mutafchiev

Received: 13 Mar 2020 | Accepted: 03 Jun 2020 | Published: 09 Jul 2020

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.

Citation: Ospina-Sánchez CM, Soto-Adames FN, González G (2020) Checklist and distribution of Collembola from Greater Puerto Rico. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e52054. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e52054

Abstract

Background

Springtails (Arthropoda, Hexapoda, Collembola) are small arthropods commonly found in soil, litter and other habitats all around the Globe. More than 9,000 species have been described worldwide, but knowledge about their diversity and distribution remains far from complete. Reports of springtail diversity in the Antilles are uneven, some islands are relatively well known, whereas others have not been explored at all. The fauna of Puerto Rico is reasonably well known, but many recent reports are scattered in published literature and unpublished theses.

New information

Here, we present a summary of all springtail species identified from the Bank of Puerto Rico, including unpublished records. As a result, we list 146 species including 43 unnamed, included in 65 genera and 17 families. Most species, 33, belong to Entomobryidae, but this possibly reflects the taxonomic expertise of specialists working in Puerto Rico rather than a real bias in the distribution of higher taxa in the islands. In addition to the new records, the database provides information on the world and local distribution of species listed. The dataset, presented here, is work in progress and will be updated as ongoing taxonomic inventories are completed.

Keywords

Caribbean, distribution, database, historical data, literature, Puerto Rico, springtails, Tropical Island.

Introduction

The present checklist synthesises the occurrence and distribution of the springtail fauna of Greater Puerto Rico (i.e. Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, Mona) and also makes and updates the available online dataset to the general scientific community through https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2018-0063 (Ospina-Sanchéz et al. 2019).

Puerto Rico is an archipelago located in the north-eastern part of the Caribbean and has an area of approximately 8900 km² in land. The main island accounts for approximately 8746 km² of that area, whereas the islands of Vieques and Culebra account for 131 km² and 26 km², respectively. In the main island, the altitude varies between sea level and 1300 m a.s.l. Temperatures tend to decrease towards higher elevations along the centre of the main island (Ewel and Whitmore 1973) and the mean annual temperature ranges from 19 to 26°C. The ecological life zones of Puerto Rico include subtropical dry forests and subtropical rainforests, amongst other life zones described by Ewel and Whitmore (1973). In addition, the island can be divided into three major physiographic regions, based on topographic features, geologic structure and rock type: the coastal lowlands, the coastal hills and the central mountains (Helmer et al. 2002, Parés-Ramos et al. 2008).

The first report of Collembola in Puerto Rico was made by Folsom (1927) who described two species. Wolcott (1948) reported seven genera and Wray (1953) included nine additional genera to the list. Mari Mutt (1976), Mari Mutt (1977), Mari Mutt (1979), Mari Mutt (1981), Mari Mutt (1982), Mari Mutt (1984), Mari Mutt (1985a), Mari Mutt (1985b), Mari Mutt (1986b), Mari Mutt (1987), Mari Mutt (1988), Mari Mutt (1986a) reported more than 60 species and described 27 new species from the Island. Soto-Adames (1988a), Soto-Adames (1988b), Soto-Adames (2002a) reported 39 from the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico and described nine species. Samalot-Roque (2006) found 44 species in red mangrove forest (Rhizophora mangle) around the Island. Ospina-Sánchez (2011) found 35 species in a secondary forest in Mayagüez. Soto-Adames (unpublished data) identified 33 and Ospina-Sánchez (2019) identified 53 species from the Luquillo Experimental Forest.

The present work updates the list of Collembola of Puerto Rico published by Mari Mutt (1982), where 39 genera and 59 species were listed, including their geographic distribution according to biogeographic zones in the world. In the present revision for Collembola from Puerto Rico, we include a list of species, historical reports and world and local distribution.

Materials and methods

The list of species recorded from Puerto Rico (Fig. 1) is based on bibliographic references (Folsom 1927, Wolcott 1948, Wray 1953, Mari Mutt 1976, Mari Mutt 1977, Mari Mutt 1979, Mari Mutt 1981, Mari Mutt 1982, Mari Mutt 1984, Mari Mutt 1985a, Mari Mutt 1985b, Mari Mutt 1986b, Mari Mutt 1987, Mari Mutt 1988, Soto-Adames 1988a, Soto-Adames 1988b, Soto-Adames 2002a), including species reported in two unpublished master theses reported here as new records for the fauna (Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011) and taxonomic identifications of altitudinal gradient experiments in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (Richardson et al. 2005, Ospina-Sánchez 2019). The collection location information for each species was obtained from the cited references, when available. The data for global distribution of species is based on Bellinger et al. (2019).

Figure 1.

Localisation of Puerto Rico in the great Caribbean Region.

Figure 2.

Taxonomic coverage of Collembola recorded in Puerto Rico.

a: Orders of Collembola
b: Families within the order Symphypleona
c: Families within the order Entomobryomorpha
d: Families within the order Poduromorpha

Biogeographical distribution regions according to Good (1974), modified by Christiansen and Bellinger (1995) and Culik and Zeppelini (2003), were summarised for each species as follows: Boreal, Neotropical, South African, Paleotropical, Australian and Antarctic. Species distributed in four or more major regions are considered cosmopolitan (Abrantes et al. 2010, Mari Mutt 1982). The species distribution was extracted from Bellinger et al. (2019). The species reported exclusively from the Puerto Rico Bank were listed as Endemic. Nomenclatural organisation follows that of Bellinger et al. 2019.

The fields given in the online database https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2018-0063 are: Family, genus, species, world distribution and Neotropical distribution, historical reports in Puerto Rico, life zone in P.R, location (municipality) and habitat (Ospina-Sanchéz et al. 2019). The list of the Collembola from Puerto Rico are presented here, include: Family, genus, species, world and local distribution and historical records.

Checklist of Collembola from Puerto Rico

Family Hypogastruridae

Ceratophysella denticulata (Bagnall, 1941)

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982 as Hypogastrura denticulata.

Microgastrura sp. "nov."

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Paraxenylla affiniformis (Stach, 1930)

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Ceiba, Guayama, Naguabo, Santa Isabel.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Xenylla grisea Axelson, 1900

Distribution:

Boreal, Neotropical, Austral; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Heatwole and Levins 1973.

Xenylla malayana Salmon, 1951

Distribution:

Neotropical, Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Xenylla portoricensis da Gama, 1976

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Da Gama 1976.

Xenylla welchi Folsom, 1916

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: San Juan.

Notes:

Reported by Wolcott 1948, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Xenylla yucatana Mills, 1938

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Da Gama 1976.

Xenylla sp. "nov. 1"

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Xenylla sp. "nov. 2"

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Family Odontellidae

Odontella sp. 1 Mari Mutt, 1977

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Cayey, Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1977.

Superodontella cf. cornifer Mills, 1934

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Family Brachystomellidae

Brachystomella agrosa Wray, 1953

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Luquillo, Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Wray 1953, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011, Soto-Adames (unpublished data).

Brachystomella baconaensis Gruia, 1983

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo, Guánica.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Brachystomella sp.

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Brachystomella sp. "nov. 1"

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Brachystomella sp. "nov. 2 "

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Family Neanuridae

Friesea sp. Mari Mutt, 1976

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1976.

Friesea josei Palacios-Vargas, 1986

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Palacios-Vargas 1986.

Friesea magnicornis Denis, 1931

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Palacios-Vargas 1986.

Americanura interrogator Cassagnau & Palacios-Vargas, 1983

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2011, new record.

Arlesia albipes Folsom, 1927

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Wray 1953 as Portachorutes mambatus, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Arlesia sp.

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Arlesia sp. "nov. "

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Neotropiella silvestri (Denis, 1929)

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Cayey, Luquillo, Maricao, Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1977, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Neotropiella sp.

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Furculanurida bistribusata Ospina-Sánchez, Palacios-Vargas & González, 2020

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, Ospina-Sánchez et al. 2020.

Pronura sp. "nov."

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Hylaeanura infima Arlé, 1966

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Hylaeanura sp. "nov."

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Micranurida sp.

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, as a new record "Micranurida wladimiri n. subsp. caribeña".

Pseudachorutes parvulus Börner, 1901

Distribution:

Neotropical, Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011, new record.

Pseudachorutes sp.

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Pseudachorutes sp. "nov. 1"

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Pseudachorutes sp. "nov. 2"

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Pseudanurida sawayana Schuster, 1965

Distribution:

Neotropical, Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla.

Notes:

Reported by Christiansen and Bellinger 1988, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Paranura sp. Mari Mutt, 1977

Distribution:

Holartic, Paleartic, Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Cayey, Guajacata, Luquillo, Quebradillas, San Sebastián.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1977, Soto-Adames (unpublished data).

Paranura nr. anops Christiansen & Bellinger, 1980

Distribution:

Paleartic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982.

Paranura nr. quadrilobata Hammer, 1953

Distribution:

Holartic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1977.

Paleonura borincana Palacios-Vargas & Soto-Adames, 2017

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo, Maricao.

Notes:

Reported by Palacios-Vargas and Soto-Adames 2017.

Sensillanura nr. illina (Christiansen & Bellinger, 1980)

Distribution:

Nearctic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982 as Neanura nr. illina.

Sensillanura sp.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Family Onychiuridae

Onychiurus cunhai (Arlé, 1970)

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Arecibo.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Onychiurus subcadaverinus (Denis, 1931)

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Maricao, Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1977 as Onychiurus fimetarius.

Onychiurus sp.

Distribution:

Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo, Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2011, Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Thalassaphorura nr. encarpata (Denis, 1931)

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982 as Protaphorura nr. encarpata.

Thalassaphorura sp. "nov."

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Protaphorura nr. hera (Christiansen & Bellinger, 1980)

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico

Notes:

Reported by Palacios Vargas and Díaz 1995 as Protaphorura nr. hera.

Family Tullbergiidae

Tullbergia sp.

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982.

Mesaphorura yosiii (Rusek, 1967)

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2011, new record.

Mesaphorura cf. ruseki Christiansen & Bellinger, 1980

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Family Isotomidae

Archisotoma gourbaultae Thibaud, 1993

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Christiansen and Bellinger 1988 as A. interstitialis, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Archisotoma interstitialis Delamare Deboutteville, 1953

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Christiansen and Bellinger 1988.

Axelsonia tubifera Strenzke, 1958

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Guánica, Guayama, Lajas, Patillas, Salinas, Santa Isabel.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Hemisotoma thermophila (Axelson, 1900)

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla, Arecibo, Cabo Rojo, Cayey, Ceiba, Guayama, Las Marias, Luquillo, Maricao, Mayagüez, Morovis, Río Grande, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1977 as Cryptophygus thermophilus, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Proisotoma sp. 1

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1976.

Folsomina onychiurina Denis, 1931

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2011, new record.

Folsomia candida Willem, 1902

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Peck 1974, Mari Mutt 1982.

Folsomia sylvia Wray, 1953

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Wray 1953.

Folsomides americanus Denis, 1931

Distribution:

Tropical; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Folsomides centralis (Denis, 1931)

Distribution:

Neotropical, Austral, Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Arecibo, Cabo Rojo, Humacao, Mayagüez, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011, new record.

Folsomides parvulus Stach, 1922

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Arecibo, Mayagüez, Moca, San Juan, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1977 as Folsomides americanus, Mari Mutt 1982, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Isotomodes sp.

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Isotomiella minor (Schäffer, 1896)

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Arecibo, Cabo Rojo, Humacao, Luquillo, Mayagüez, San Juan Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Wray 1953, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011, Soto-Adames 2005 (unpublished data).

Isotomiella sp.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Isotomurus sp. 1

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Luquillo, Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1976, Ospina-Sánchez 2011, Soto-Adames, 2005 (unpublished data).

Isotomurus sp. 2

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Psammisotoma dispar (Christiansen & Bellinger, 1988)

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo, Ceiba, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Family Actaletidae

Spinactaletes aebianus Soto-Adames, 1988

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Isla Mona.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames 1988b.

Spinactaletes bellingeri Soto-Adames, 1988

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Guánica, Vieques.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames 1988b.

Spinactaletes calcalectoris Soto-Adames, 1988

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla, Guajataca, Isla Mona, Vega Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames 1988b.

Spinactaletes myoptesimus Soto-Adames, 1988

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Guánica, Vieques, Yabucoa.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames 1988b.

Family Orchesellidae

Dicranocentrus celatus Mari Mutt, 1985

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1985a.

Dicranocentrus marias Wray, 1953

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1979, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Heteromurtrella puertoricensis (Mari Mutt, 1979)

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Maricao, Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1979.

Heteromurtrella tihuiensis (Mari Mutt, 1985)

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1985b, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Heteromurus sp.

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Family Entomobryidae

Calx sp.

Distribution:

Neotropical, Holartic; Puerto Rico: Fajardo.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Calx cubensis (Folsom, 1927)

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Wolcott 1948 as Entomobya cubensis, Soto-Adames 2002b.

Entomobrya linda Soto-Adames, 2002

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Humacao, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Entomobrya longiseta Soto-Adames, 2002

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez, Luquillo, Orocovis.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames 2002b, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Entomobrya sp. "nov."

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Willowsia jacobsoni (Börner, 1913)

Distribution:

Neotropical, Paleartic, Austral; Puerto Rico: Fajardo, Salinas.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982, Mari Mutt and Gruia 1983, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Seira blanca Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Carolina, Cabo Rojo, Fajardo, Humacao, Río Grande.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986b, Soto-Adames 2002b, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Seira brasiliana (Arlé, 1939)

Distribution:

Neotropical, Holartic; Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo, Carolina, Ceiba, Guayama, Peñuelas, Salinas, San Juan, Santa Isabel.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986b, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Seira desapercibida Soto-Adames, 2002

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames 2002b.

Seira dowlingi (Wray, 1953)

Distribution:

Neotropical, Holartic; Puerto Rico: Guánica, Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Wray 1953, Mari Mutt 1986b, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Seira steinmetzi (Wray, 1953)

Distribution:

Neotropical, Holartic; Puerto Rico: Bayamón, Guánica, Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986b as Seira distincta.

Lepidocyrtus caprilesi Wray, 1953

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Arecibo, Cayey, Guayama, Isabela, Las Marias, Luquillo, Manatí, Maricao, Mayagüez, Moca, Orocovis, Quebradillas, Río Grande, Utuado.

Notes:

Reported by Wray 1953, Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a, Ospina-Sánchez 2011, Ospina-Sánchez 2019.

Lepidocyrtus biphasis Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Aibonito, Aguadilla, Arecibo, Cabo Rojo, Cayey, Coamo, Guánica, Manatí, Moca, Utuado, Villalba.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Lepidocyrtus diminutus Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo, Guánica, Mayagüez, Quebradillas.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986a.

Lepidocyrtus dispar Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla, Cayey, Isabela, Luquillo, Manatí, Maricao, Mayagüez, Moca, Quebradillas, Río Grande, Utuado.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Lepidocyrtus distintus Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Lepidocyrtus finicolus Mari Mutt, 1988

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla, Vieques.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1988, Soto-Adames 2002a.

Lepidocyrtus griseolus Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Guánica, Mayagüez, Utuado.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Lepidocyrtus ianthinus Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Cayey.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a.

Lepidocyrtus lepargus Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo, Guánica, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Lepidocyrtus maldonadoi Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Carite, Luquillo, Orocovis, Salinas, Villalba.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a.

Lepidocyrtus nigrosetosus Folsom, 1927

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Adjuntas, Aguadilla, Arecibo, Barranquitas, Cabo Rojo, Caguas, Cayey, Ceiba, Coamo, Fajardo, Guayama, Humacao, Isabela, Manatí, Mayagüez, Morovis, Orocovis, Río Grande, Salinas, San Juan, San Sebastián, Toa Baja, Vega Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Folsom 1927, Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Lepidocyrtus paracaprilesi Mari Mutt, 1988

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1988, Soto-Adames 2002a, Ospina-Sánchez 2019.

Lepidocyrtus ramosi Mari Mutt, 1988

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla, Añasco, Arecibo, Caguas.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1988, Soto-Adames 2002a.

Lepidocyrtus vireticulus Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla, Mayagüez, San Sebastián.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a.

Pseudosinella biunguiculata Ellis, 1967

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla, Caguas, Manatí, Mayagüez, Utuado, Villalba.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982, Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Pseudosinella lahainaensis Christiansen & Luther, 1986

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Arecibo.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Pseudosinella violeta (violets) Mari Mutt, 1986

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Arecibo, Cayey, Ceiba, Guayama, Isabela, Las Marias, Luquillo, Mayagüez, Orocovis, Río Grande, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1986a, Soto-Adames 2002a, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2019, Soto-Adames, 2005 (unpublished data).

Sulcuncus borincana Mari Mutt & Gruia, 1983

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt and Gruia 1983.

Sulcuncus coralia Mari Mutt & Gruia, 1983

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt and Gruia 1983.

Sulcuncus rapoporti Massoud & Gruia, 1973

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982 as Metasinella rapoporti, Mari Mutt and Gruia 1983.

Sulcuncus topotypica Bonet, 1944

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1977 as Metasinella topotyca.

Sulcuncus subfusa (Wray, 1953)

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Wray 1953.

Family Paronellidae

Campylothorax sabanus (Wray,1953) Mitra, 1975

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo, Mayagüez, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Wray 1953 as Gampylothorax sabanus, Mari Mutt 1987, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Trogolaphysa sp.

Distribution:

Neotropical, Afrotropical; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982.

Trogolaphysa geminata (Mari Mutt, 1987)

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1987, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Trogolaphysa jataca (Wray, 1953)

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Wray 1953 as Dicranocentruga jataca, Ospina-Sánchez 2011, Ospina-Sánchez 2019.

Trogolaphysa luquillensis (Mari Mutt, 1987)

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1987.

Trogolaphysa riopedrensis (Mari Mutt, 1987)

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: San Juan.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1987.

Trogolaphysa subterranea (Mari Mutt, 1987)

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1987.

Lepidonella marimutti Soto-Adames & Bellini, 2015

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1987 as Microparonella incerta, Soto-Adames and Bellini 2015.

Salina tristani Denis, 1931

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla, Arecibo, Cabo Rojo, Luquillo, Mayagüez, Río Grande, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982, Mari Mutt 1987, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011, Soto-Adames 2005 (unpublished data).

Salina wolcotti Folsom, 1927

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Bayamón, Isabela, Peñuelas San Juan.

Notes:

Reported by Folsom 1927, Mari Mutt 1987.

Cyphoderus inaequalis Folsom, 1927

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Wolcott 1948, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Cyphoderus similis Folsom, 1927

Distribution:

Paleartic, Boreal, Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Arecibo, Cabo Rojo, Ceiba, Mayagüez, Toa Baja, Vega Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Folsom 1927, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Serroderus sp. "nov."

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Family Oncopoduridae

Oncopodura arecibena Mari Mutt, 1984

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Arecibo, Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1984, Ospina-Sánchez 2019.

Family Arrhopalitidae

Arrhopalites sp.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Collophora quadrioculata Denis, 1933

Distribution:

Neotropical, Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Adjuntas, Humacao, Mayagüez, San Sebastián.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1977, Samalot-Roque 2006, Ospina-Sánchez 2011.

Family Dicyrtomidae

Ptenothrix borincana Soto-Adames, 1988

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Aibonito, Arecibo, Cayey, Las Marias, Mayagüez, Luquillo, Utuado, Villalba.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames 1988a, Ospina-Sánchez 2011, Soto-Adames (unpublished data).

Dicyrtoma mangle Soto-Adames, 1988

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames 1988a.

Calvatomina discolor (Schött, 1902) Betsch, 1980

Distribution:

Boreal, Neotropical, Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla, Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Calvatomina nymphascopula Soto-Adames, 1988

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Aguadilla, Arecibo, Guayama, Cabo Rojo, Coamo, Mayagüez, San Juan, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames 1988a, Samalot-Roque 2006.

Calvatomina rufescens (Reuter, 1890) Betsch, 1980

Distribution:

Boreal, Neotropical, Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo, Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames 1988a, Ospina-Sánchez 2011, Soto-Adames (unpublished data).

Calvatomina sp. "nov. nr. rossi"

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Calvatomina sp. "nov. 1"

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Ceiba, Humacao, Mayagüez, Naguabo, Río Grande, San Juan, Toa Baja, Vega Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Calvatomina sp. "nov. 2"

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez, Toa Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Calvatomina sp. "nov. 3"

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2011, new record.

Calvatomina sp. "nov. 4"

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2011, new record.

Family Sminthurididae

Sphaeridia sp. "nov. 1"

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Arecibo, Guayama, Lajas, Patillas.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Sphaeridia sp. 1

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Arecibo, Vega Baja.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Sphaeridia sp. 2

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Arecibo, Guayama, Lajas, Patillas.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Sphaeridia sp. 3

Distribution:

Neotropical; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Family Sminthuridae

Sphyrotheca aleta Wray, 1953

Distribution:

Endemic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Wray 1953, Ospina-Sánchez 2019.

Family Bourletielidae

Stenognathriopes sp. "nov."

Distribution:

Neotropical, Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo, Ceiba.

Notes:

Reported by Samalot-Roque 2006, new record.

Bourletiella sp.

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Isabela, Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1977, Soto-Adames (unpublished data).

Family Neelidae

Neelides minutus (Folsom, 1901) Bonet, 1947

Distribution:

Boreal, Neotropical, Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Mari Mutt 1982, Soto-Adames (unpublished data).

Neelus desantisi Najt, 1971

Distribution:

Cosmopolitan; Puerto Rico: Luquillo; Puerto Rico: Luquillo.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2019, new record.

Neelus murinus Folsom, 1896

Distribution:

Austral, Boreal, Neotropical, Paleartic; Puerto Rico: Luquillo, Mayagüez.

Notes:

Reported by Ospina-Sánchez 2011, Soto-Adames (unpublished data), new record.

Analysis

Of the 33 families of springtails recognised worldwide (Bellinger et al. (2019), 17 have been reported from Greater Puerto Rico. Amongst the major cosmopolitan families, only Tomoceridae is not represented in the islands. Most small families, not reported from Greater Puerto Rico (i.e. Poduridae, Gulgastruridae, Pachytullbergiidae, Paleotullbergiidae, Mackenziellidae and Spinothecidae), represent divergent lineages endemic to geographical regions distant from the Caribbean and are unlikely to be found here. Sturmiidae is a Neotropical family of the small order Symphypleona that typically occur on epiphytic mosses. Mosses have not been widely sampled for springtails in Greater Puerto Rico and it is possible that Sturmius Bretfeld, 1994 may still be found in the Islands. Isotogastruridae, Coenaletidae are known from other Antilles (e.g. Coenaletes has been reported from Hispaniola and St. Croix) and they might likely occur in Greater Puerto Rico, although none has been recorded yet.

Politically, the Island is divided into 78 municipalities, 45 of them covered in this database (Fig. 3). According to the present inventory, the largest number of species comes from Luquillo (70 spp.), followed by Mayagüez (47 spp.) and Arecibo (17 spp., Table 1). The Collembola fauna in Puerto Rico is distributed in three principal habitats: forests, littorals and caves. In this inventory, 127 species are reported in forests (including mangrove habitats). Archisotoma gourbaultae, A. interstitialis, S. aebianus, S. bellingeri. S. calcalectoris and S. myoptesimus are reported from littorals habitats. Sulcuncus topotypica, O. arecibena, T. subterranea and C. quadrioculata were reported in caves. Amongst the listed species from Puerto Rico, 58 have Neotropical distribution, 54 are Endemic and 24 are present in more than three world regions.

Table 1.

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XLSX

Municipalities sampled in Puerto Rico and number of Collembola species reported for each one.

Municipality	No. of species	Municipality	No. of species	Municipality	No. of species
Adjuntas	2	Guajacata	2	Orocovis	5
Aguadilla	13	Guánica	10	Patillas	2
Aibonito	2	Guayama	9	Peñuelas	2
Añasco	1	Humacao	6	Quebradillas	4
Arecibo	17	Isabela	5	Río Grande	7
Barranquitas	1	Isla Mona	3	Salinas	6
Bayamón	2	Lajas	2	San Juan	7
Cabo Rojo	9	Las Marias	4	San Sebastián	4
Caguas	3	Luquillo	70	Santa Isabel	2
Carite	1	Manatí	5	Toa Baja	15
Carolina	2	Maricao	8	Utuado	6
Cayey	11	Mayagüez	47	Vega Baja	4
Ceiba	14	Moca	4	Vieques	3
Coamo	3	Morovis	1	Villalba	4
Fajardo	3	Naguabo	2	Yabucoa	1

Figure 3.

Distribution of the recorded species of Collembola in Puerto Rico, darker areas indicate higher number of species in the locality.

In the present dataset, we report that the most abundant order is Entomobryomorpha with 73 species. Amongst Entomobryomorpha, the family with the largest number of species is Entomobryidae (33); followed by Isotomidae (17). Poduromorpha with 51, the families Neanuridae (25) and Hypogastruridae (10) have the largest number of species (Table 2). In Neelipelona and Symphypleona, most families are represented by a single species, except for Dicyrtomidae. Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Entomobryidae), is the genus best represented in the islands, with 14 species, followed by Calvatomina Yosii, 1966 (Dicyrtomidae) represented by 8 spp. (Fig. 2, Table 2).

Table 2.

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XLSX

Distribution of Collembola species in Puerto Rico.

Family	Genus	No. Genera	No. Species	No. Localities
Hypogastruridae		4	11	7
	Ceratophysella		1	N.I.
	Microgastrura		2	1
	Paraxenylla		1	4
	Xenylla		7	4
Odontellidae		2	2	2
	Odontella		1	1
	Superodontella		1	1
Brachystomellidae		1	6	4
	Brachystomella		5	4
	Folsomiella		1	1
Neanuridae		12	24	8
	Friesea		3	1
	Americanura		1	1
	Arlesia		3	1
	Neotropiella		2	4
	Pronura		1	1
	Hylaeanura		2	1
	Micranurida		1	1
	Pseudachorutes		4	3
	Pseudanurida		1	N.I
	Paranura		3	5
	Paleonura		1	2
	Sensillanura		1	N.I
Onychiuridae		4	6	4
	Orthonychiurus		2	3
	Onychiurus		1	2
	Protaphorura		1	N.I.
	Thalassaporura		2	1
Tullbergiidae		2	3	2
	Tullbergia		1	1
	Mesaphorura		2	1
Isotomidae		11	17	24
	Archisotoma		2	N.I
	Axelsonia		1	6
	Hemisotoma		1	13
	Proisotoma		1	N.I.
	Folsomina		1	1
	Folsomia		2	N.I.
	Folsomides		3	6
	Isotomodes		1	1
	Isotomiella		2	8
	Isotomurus		2	2
	Psammisotoma		1	3
Actaletidae	Spinactaletes	1	4	7
Orchesellidae		3	5	3
	Dicranocentrus		2	2
	Heteromurtella		2	3
	Heteromurus		1	1
Entomobryidae		7	33	30
	Calx		2	1
	Entomobrya		3	6
	Willowsia		1	2
	Seira		5	13
	Lepidocyrtus		14	29
	Pseudosinella		3	19
	Sulcuncus		5	N.I
Paronellidae		6	13	14
	Campylothorax		1	3
	Trogolaphysa		6	2
	Lepidonella		1	N.I.
	Salina		2	12
	Cyphoderus		2	7
	Serroderus		1	1
Oncopoduridae	Oncopodura	1	1	2
Collophoridae		2	2	5
	Arrhopalites		1	1
	Collophora		1	4
Dicyrtomidae		3	10	17
	Ptenothrix		1	9
	Dicyrtoma		1	1
	Calvatomina		8	14
Sminthurididae	Sphaeridia	1	3	6
Sminthuridae	Sphyrotheca	2	1	1
Bourletielidae		2	2	3
	Stenognathriopes		1	1
	Bourletiella		1	2
Neelidae		2	3	2
	Neelides		1	1
	Neelus		2	2
N.I. No location Information

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Grant DEB 1239764 and 1546686 from the U.S. National Science Foundation to the Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico and to the International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF) USDA Forest Service, as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. The U.S. Forest Service (Department of Agriculture) Research and Development Unit and the University of Puerto Rico provided additional support. Thanks also to Michael J. and Barbara A. Richardson for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.

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Supplementary material

Endnotes