Biodiversity Data Journal : Taxonomic Paper
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Taxonomic Paper
An update to the distribution of invasive Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich in northern Europe, with an overview of other records of Estonian synanthropic bristletails (Insecta: Zygentoma)
expand article infoKaarel Sammet‡, Mati Martin§, Tõnu Kesküla‡, Olavi Kurina‡
‡ Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
§ Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Corresponding author: Kaarel Sammet (kaarel.sammet@gmail.com)
Academic editor: Yasen Mutafchiev
Received: 09 Dec 2020 | Accepted: 19 Jan 2021 | Published: 27 Jan 2021
© 2021 Kaarel Sammet, Mati Martin, Tõnu Kesküla, Olavi Kurina
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Sammet K, Martin M, Kesküla T, Kurina O (2021) An update to the distribution of invasive Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich in northern Europe, with an overview of other records of Estonian synanthropic bristletails (Insecta: Zygentoma). Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e61848. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e61848
 Open Access

Abstract

Background

Previously, two species of Zygentoma have been reported as synanthropic in Estonia (Lepisma saccharinum Linnaeus, 1758 and Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873)). Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich, 1905 is an invasive species that is currently expanding its range in Europe, but had no published records from the northern Baltic Region.

New information

Ctenolepisma longicaudatum was first found in Estonia in 2018. It has currently several established populations in public buildings in Tartu and Tallinn, but has not been found in private households, nor in other places in Estonia. A brief overview of its invasion history in northern Europe is given.

Keywords

invasive species, Ctenolepisma longicaudatum, northern Europe

Introduction

Zygentoma Börner, 1904 is a small order (with over 500 described species; Zhang 2013), of primitive insects. They are more common in warmer climates, but some species of Zygentoma are synanthropic and distributed worldwide. Two species of Zygentoma – Lepisma saccharinum Linnaeus, 1758 (= Lepisma saccharina, as widely used prior to the ICZN decision, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2018) and Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873) – have been previously recorded from Estonia (see below), both only indoors in human settlements. Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich, 1905 is an invasive synanthropic species that has been rapidly expanding its range in recent years (Goddard et al. 2016, Kulma et al. 2018, Lock 2007, Meineke and Menge 2014, Pape and Wahlstedt 2002, Thomsen et al. 2019) and is considered a pest of paper and stored materials.

Ctenolepisma longicaudatum was first found in Estonia in 2018 and has since been detected at multiple locations. Here, we report for the first time these findings and provide an overview of recent knowledge of that and two other inavsive species of Zygentoma in Estonia. In addition, the invasion history of C. longicaudatum in northern Europe is summarised.

Materials and methods

All preserved material of Zygentoma in Estonian natural history collections was examined and a list of earlier literature records was compiled. Specimens were actively searched for in suitable habitats and about 30 volunteers were asked to report sightings and, if possible, collect specimens of larger than usual silverfish (in 2020). Most material is preserved in 80% ethanol and some specimens were mounted on to microscope slides after clearing in 20% potassium hydroxide (KOH). All studied material is deposited in the Entomological Collection of Estonian University of Life Sciences (IZBE) and the private insect collection of Allan Selin.

Taxon treatments

Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich, 1905

Materials   Download as CSV 
  1. scientificName:
    Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
    ; genus:
    Ctenolepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    longicaudatum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; locality:
    Tartu
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Estonian University of Life Sciences
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    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
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    ; eventDate:
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    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0880013
    ; recordedBy:
    Tőnu Kesküla
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  2. scientificName:
    Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
    ; genus:
    Ctenolepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    longicaudatum
    ; country:
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    ; locality:
    Tartu
    ; verbatimLocality:
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    ; catalogNumber:
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    ; identifiedBy:
    Mati Martin
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
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  3. scientificName:
    Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
    ; genus:
    Ctenolepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    longicaudatum
    ; country:
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    ; locality:
    Tartu
    ; verbatimLocality:
    National Archives of Estonia
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  4. scientificName:
    Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
    ; genus:
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    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
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  5. scientificName:
    Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
    ; genus:
    Ctenolepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
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    ; locality:
    Tartu
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    Estonian University of Life Sciences
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    ; eventDate:
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    IZBE0880015
    ; recordedBy:
    Tőnu Kesküla
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  6. scientificName:
    Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
    ; genus:
    Ctenolepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    longicaudatum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; locality:
    Tartu
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Estonian University of Life Sciences
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.39219
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    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    25.VIII.2020
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0880022
    ; recordedBy:
    Märt Kruus
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  7. scientificName:
    Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
    ; genus:
    Ctenolepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    longicaudatum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; locality:
    Tartu
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Estonian National Museum
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.39588
    ; decimalLongitude:
    26.7464
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    10.VIII.2020
    ; preparations:
    dried specimen
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0880024
    ; recordedBy:
    Ülle Jäe
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  8. scientificName:
    Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
    ; genus:
    Ctenolepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    longicaudatum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; locality:
    Tartu
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Tartu, Kvartal supermarket
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.37701
    ; decimalLongitude:
    26.72889
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    23.X.2020
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; recordedBy:
    Erika Alexandra Milani
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet, Olavi Kurina
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  9. scientificName:
    Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
    ; genus:
    Ctenolepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    longicaudatum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; locality:
    Tartu
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Tartu University, Chemicum (Fungal herbarium)
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.36739
    ; decimalLongitude:
    26.69281
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    09.XI.2020
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; recordedBy:
    Kadri Pärtel
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet, Olavi Kurina
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  10. scientificName:
    Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
    ; genus:
    Ctenolepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    longicaudatum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; locality:
    Tallinn
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Tallinn, Pirita tee 56 (Estonian History Museum laboratory)
    ; decimalLatitude:
    59.4525
    ; decimalLongitude:
    24.81013
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    16.XII.2020
    ; preparations:
    dried specimen
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0880032
    ; recordedBy:
    Ann Aaresild
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet, Olavi Kurina
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen

Notes

First registered in Estonia in 2018 in Tartu (see the Materials and Methods section), now clearly established there (being repeatedly collected or observed in five localities over the period of two years). First found in Tallinn in 2020. No published records. The species is easily distinguished from related synanthropic species by its relatively large size (up to 18 mm in adults), feathered setae, long antennae and caudal filaments, abdominal tergites II – VI with three and tergites VII-IX with two pairs of bristle-combs, segment X trapezoidal (Chick 2018, Aak et al. 2019, Molero-Baltaná et al. 2000; Fig. 1A-D).

Figure 1.  

Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich, 1905 (A–D) and a comparison of damaged (E) and undamaged (F) paper. A. General facies, dorsal view; part of dorsal scales are detached; B. Closer view of the head, dorsal view; C. Posterior part of the abdomen, dorsal view; red arrows show three bristle-combs on abdominal tergite V and two bristle-combs on abdominal tergite VIII; D. Closer view of feathered setae on the head.

Lepisma saccharinum Linnaeus, 1758

Materials   Download as CSV 
  1. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Maardu
    ; decimalLatitude:
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    ; decimalLongitude:
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    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    18.XII.2003
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; recordedBy:
    Allan Selin
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  2. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
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    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; recordedBy:
    Allan Selin
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  3. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
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    Estonia
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    Maardu
    ; decimalLatitude:
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    ; decimalLongitude:
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    ; eventDate:
    15.I.2004
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; recordedBy:
    Allan Selin
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  4. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Kokora
    ; decimalLatitude:
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    ; decimalLongitude:
    27.0002
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    500
    ; eventDate:
    16.V.2004
    ; preparations:
    pinned
    ; recordedBy:
    Tőnu Kesküla
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  5. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Tartu, Riia 181
    ; decimalLatitude:
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    ; decimalLongitude:
    26.67861
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
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    ; eventDate:
    17.II.2006
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    pinned
    ; recordedBy:
    Tőnu Kesküla
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  6. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
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    saccharinum
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    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Tartu, Aardla 124
    ; decimalLatitude:
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    ; decimalLongitude:
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    ; eventDate:
    22.III.2006
    ; preparations:
    pinned
    ; recordedBy:
    Tőnu Kesküla
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  7. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
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    Estonia
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    Maardu
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    ; eventDate:
    08.VI.2006
    ; preparations:
    pinned
    ; recordedBy:
    Allan Selin
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  8. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Maardu
    ; decimalLatitude:
    59.471110
    ; decimalLongitude:
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    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
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    ; eventDate:
    15.I.2007
    ; preparations:
    pinned
    ; recordedBy:
    Allan Selin
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  9. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Ignase
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.25111
    ; decimalLongitude:
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    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
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    ; eventDate:
    03.IX.2015
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0740006
    ; recordedBy:
    Märt Kruus
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  10. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Ignase
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.25111
    ; decimalLongitude:
    26.83194
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    03.IX.2015
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0740007
    ; recordedBy:
    Märt Kruus
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  11. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Tartu, Estonian University of Life Sciences
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.39219
    ; decimalLongitude:
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    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    21.IX.2016
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0740000
    ; recordedBy:
    Tőnu Kesküla
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  12. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Tartu, Estonian University of Life Sciences
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.39219
    ; decimalLongitude:
    26.69395
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    14.XII.2016
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0740002
    ; recordedBy:
    Tőnu Kesküla
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  13. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Tartu, Emajőe 3
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.38695
    ; decimalLongitude:
    26.71958
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    27.IV.2018
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0880018
    ; recordedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  14. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Tartu, Kreutzwaldi 52
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.38758
    ; decimalLongitude:
    26.69523
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    25.V.2020
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0880020
    ; recordedBy:
    Sirle Varusk
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  15. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Maardu
    ; decimalLatitude:
    59.471110
    ; decimalLongitude:
    24.93972
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    01.X.2020
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; recordedBy:
    Allan Selin
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen
  16. scientificName:
    Lepisma saccharinum
    ; genus:
    Lepisma
    ; specificEpithet:
    saccharinum
    ; country:
    Estonia
    ; verbatimLocality:
    Tartu, Kaunase pst. 36
    ; decimalLatitude:
    58.37239
    ; decimalLongitude:
    26.76815
    ; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters:
    50
    ; eventDate:
    06.XII.2020
    ; preparations:
    specimen in alcohol
    ; catalogNumber:
    IZBE0880031
    ; recordedBy:
    R. Lokk
    ; identifiedBy:
    Kaarel Sammet
    ; type:
    PhysicalObject
    ; basisOfRecord:
    PreservedSpecimen

Notes

This species was recorded in Estonia as Lepisma saccharina by Remm (1966) and Vilbaste (1968). Widespread both in public buildings and private households.

Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873)

Notes

Thermobia domestica was recorded from Estonia by Martin (2007). Its only confirmed occurrence was in a rural household in south-western Estonia in 2005. The species was identified, based on dead specimens and exuvia, but live specimens were also observed. The specimens were likely brought in with imported second-hand clothes. No voucher specimens have been preserved.

Discussion

The presence of L. saccharinum in Estonia has been well known for a long time. It is unclear when it first appeared in the Baltic Region, but it is notable that J. B. Fischer does not mention the species in his 1778 monograph on Livland’s fauna (c.f. Fischer 1778). The 'Handbook of Alien Species in Europe' lists C. longicaudatum as a cosmopolitan cryptogenic species (i.e. of unknown origin) (Drake 2009). In recent decades, it has been reported from several northern European countries and regions (Fig. 2). According to the public databases (GIBIF, Shah and Coulson 2020 and iNaturalist, Ueda 2020), the species has been recorded repeatedly from Helsinki, southern Finland since 2018, with first records from central Finland in 2020 and in the surroundings of Vilnius, Lithuania in 2019 (Ueda 2020). Moreover, there is an unconfirmed record from St. Petersburg, north-western Russia. However, there are no confirmed records from European Russia as yet (Vladimir Kaplin, pers. comm.) and also no records from Latvia (Voldemārs Spuņģis, pers. comm.). Some papers reporting new findings of the species in Europe hypothesise that the species was introduced considerably earlier, as it was already widely distributed in the country, for example, in Sweden (Pape and Wahlstedt 2002) and Faroe Islands (Thomsen et al. 2019). As for Estonia, it seems unlikely that the species has been overlooked for much longer, while the initial finding localities (Estonian University of Life Sciences Entomological collection and Estonian National Archive, both in Tartu) have been constantly monitored for potential pests. All current findings are from large public buildings, whereas there are, as yet, no records from private households (but is expected to be ultimately found in the latter). Compared with other synanthropic Zygentoma species, C. longicaudatum has much lower moisture demand and thus has a good chance of surviving in archives, libraries and museums, where there is plenty of suitable food for it (Aak et al. 2019). The species, expanding its range northwards (see Fig. 2), is considered a substantial pest especially of paper (see Fig. 1E,F, Szpryngiel 2018, Kulma et al. 2018). Therefore, its monitoring and being included to IPM (Integrated Pest Management) plans of museums, libraries and archives is inevitable (Querner 2015). Extended information on efficient and safe control can be found, for example, in Aak et al. 2020a, Aak et al. 2020b, Gutsmann 2019. There are currently no known established populations of Thermobia domestica in Estonia. However, the species is known for its requirement of higher temperature in order to successfully establish. Two other Ctenolepisma species, C. lineatum (Fabricius, 1775) and C. calva (Ritter, 1910) have been recently found in Norway (Hage et al. 2020), warranting further studies on Nordic Zygentoma diversity and distribution.

Figure 2.  

The years of first findings of Ctenolepisma longicaudatum from northern European countries and regions. The source references are: Belgium (Lock 2007), United Kingdom (Goddard et al. 2016), The Netherlands (Nierop and Hakbijl 2002, Schoelitsz and Brooks 2014), Germany (Meineke and Menge 2014), Denmark (Thomsen et al. 2019), Poland (Aak et al. 2019), Faroe Islands (Thomsen et al. 2019), Norway (Aak et al. 2019), Sweden (Pape and Wahlstedt 2002, Shah and Coulson 2020), Finland (Ueda 2020), NW Russia (Ueda 2020), Estonia (original data), Lithuania (Ueda 2020). The asterisk indicates a suspicion of an earlier observation (Schoelitsz and Brooks 2014, Thomsen et al. 2019, Anders Aak, pers. comm.).

Acknowledgements

Our thanks are due to Allan Selin (Tallinn, Estonia), Ann Aaresild (Tallinn, Estonia), Ülle Jäe, Thea Kull, Villu Soon, Kadri Pärtel, Kaia Ivask, Mari Ivask, Ruth Tiidor, Erika Alexandra Milani, Irja Saar and Sirle Varusk (all in Tartu, Estonia) who collected specimens for the present study and Voldemārs Spuņģis (Latvia) and Vladimir Kaplin (St. Petersburg, Russia) who provided information. We would also like to thank Anders Aak, Rafael Molero and Miquel Gaju-Ricart for their helpful comments on the initial draft of the manuscript.

References

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