Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomic Paper
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Corresponding author: Guo Zheng (zhengguo@synu.edu.cn)
Academic editor: Angelo Bolzern
Received: 07 Apr 2021 | Accepted: 03 May 2021 | Published: 21 May 2021
© 2021 Jiaxin Tang, Wei Liang, Haitao Shi, Caixia Gao, Shuqiang Li, Guo Zheng
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Tang J, Liang W, Shi H, Gao C, Li S, Zheng G (2021) A checklist of spiders from Yongxing Island, South China Sea, with taxonomic notes on four species of goblin spiders. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e67087. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e67087
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Yongxing Island (about 1.85 km2) is the largest island of the Xisha Islands. It is located in the Western South China Sea and belongs to the tropical ocean monsoon climate zone. Yongxing Island is quite rich in biological resources, for example, plants and birds which have been well documented. However, there are limited reports on spider resources in Yongxing Island.
A preliminary checklist of spiders of the Yongxing Island is provided, based on a short-term study undertaken in January 2008. A total of 23 species, belonging to 21 genera and 11 families, were recorded from the area, which forms baseline information of spiders of the Yongxing Island. Amongst these, Oonopidae, Pholcidae, Araneidae and Salticidae were found to have more species in the area. Brignolia parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Opopaea apicalis (Simon, 1893), Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891 and Xyphinus baehrae Kranz-Baltensperger, 2014 were firstly reported from China, for which we provide taxonomic description in this paper.
Araneae, checklist, Oonopidae, new records, Yongxing Islands
Yongxing Island (Fig.
Oonopids are tiny haplogyne spiders with usually six eyes often gathered together (
Specimens were collected through intensive hand searching and afterwards stored in 75% alcohol and examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Further details were studied under a Leica DM2500 compound microscope. All illustrations were made using a drawing tube and inked on ink jet plotter paper. Vulvae of females were cleared in lactic acid.
The following abbreviations are used in the text: ALE-anterior lateral eyes; PLE-posterior lateral eyes; IZCAS-Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.
Male. Measurements (in mm): Body length 1.28; carapace 0.70 length, 0.55 width; abdomen 0.85 length, 0.60 width. Leg measurements: I 2.03 (0.61, 0.29, 0.48, 0.40, 0.25), II 1.76 (0.60, 0.16, 0.55, 0.25, 0.20), III 1.65 (0.55, 0.22, 0.36, 0.34, 0.18), IV 1.69 (0.59, 0.25, 0.34, 0.30, 0.21). Leg formula: 1 > 2 > 4 > 3.
Cephalothorax. Carapace and sternum yellow; legs and abdomen pale yellow; chelicerae brownish-yellow. Sides of carapace with finely longitudinal striae; dorsal area smooth with some mesially pointing hairs at lateral edges. Eyes six in two rows, rather large, nearly equally-sized; posterior eyes in a straight row, touching each other (Fig.
Brignolia parumpunctata (Simon, 1893). A. Carapace of male, dorsal view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, lateral view, arrow ① points at membranous tips; D. Ventral scutum of female, ventral view, arrow ② points at V-shaped ridge; E. Genital area of female, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Legs. Leg with distinct hairs: femur with a row of short ventral setae, 2 prolateral setae; patella without setae; tibia with 2 prolateral setae, 1 retrolateral seta and 1–2 trichobothria; metatarsus with 2 long dorsal setae.
Abdomen. Dorsal scutum oval-shaped, covering nearly whole abdomen. Lobes on anterolateral corners of petiolar tube distinct, ridges developed, but without forming a scutal cove.
Male palp. Palp (Fig.
Female. As in male, except as noted. Slightly larger than male. Measurements (in mm): Body length 1.34; carapace 0.65 length, 0.50 width; abdomen 1.00 length, 0.70 width. Leg measurements: I 1.61 (0.55, 0.20, 0.36, 0.28, 0.22), II 1.61 (0.50, 0.26, 0.34, 0.31, 0.20), III 1.43 (0.45, 0.18, 0.33, 0.30, 0.17), IV 1.91 (0.55, 0.28, 0.44, 0.39, 0.25).
Epigynum. Genital area with a small knoblike projection, most of which showing inverted V-shaped ridges (Fig.
America, Australia, China (new record), Gambia, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Pacific Is., Philippines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Yemen.
Male. Measurements (in mm): Body length 1.35; carapace 0.60 length, 0.40 width; abdomen 0.70 length, 0.35 width. Leg measurements: I 2.15 (0.55, 0.25, 0.40, 0.50, 0.45), II 1.70 (0.55, 0.25, 0.35, 0.30, 0.25), III 1.01 (0.40, 0.18, 0.25, 0.18), IV 1.75 (0.50, 0.25, 0.40, 0.35, 0.25). Leg formula: 1 > 4> 2 > 3.
Cephalothorax. Sides of carapace yellowish-brown; dorsally yellow; chelicerae, sternum yellow; legs and abdomen light yellow. Carapace with a dark brown patch behind eyes, dorsally with a few rows of short hairs. Sides of carapace with finely longitudinal striae. Eyes six in two rows, rather large, nearly equally-sized, ALE slightly separated, touching posterior lateral eyes; posterior eyes in procurved row, touching each other (Fig.
Legs. Leg I: femur with a row of dorsal setae, 3 retrolateral setae; patella without setae; tibia with a ventral seta; tarsus with distinct strong setae. Leg II, III and IV similar to leg I.
Abdomen. Dorsal scutum oval-shaped, covering nearly entire abdominal length. Lobes on anterolateral corners of petiolar tube distinct, ridges developed, but without forming a scutal cove; opercula small, oval-shaped. Sperm pore clearly discernible, transverse.
Male palp. Patella of palp (Fig.
Female. As in male, except as noted. Slightly larger than male. Measurements (in mm): Body length 1.35–1.45; carapace 0.40–0.60 length, 0.35–0.40 width; abdomen 0.50–0.65 length, 0.40–0.45 width. Leg measurements: I 1.88 (0.55, 0.25, 0.40, 0.48, 0.20), II 1.50 (0.50, 0.25, 0.30, 0.25, 0.20), III 1.38 (0.40, 0.20, 0.30, 0.30, 0.18), IV 1.79 (0.54, 0.30, 0.40, 0.35, 0.20).
Epigynum. Postgynal depression of epigastric area shallow, with inverted V-shaped sclerotisation situated posterior to epigastric furrow; parmula black, small (Fig.
China (new record), Ecuador, Indonesia, Mexico, Pacific Is., Panama, Philippines, Seychelles, Thailand, USA.
Male. Measurements (in mm): Body length 1.45; carapace 0.65 length, 0.60 width; abdomen 0.90 length, 0.70 width. Leg measurements: I 2.14 (0.62, 0.37, 0.54, 0.40, 0.21), II 1.56 (0.54, 0.27, 0.33, 0.25, 0.17), III 1.98 (0.64, 0.30, 0.43, 0.35, 0.26), IV 1.84 (0.58, 0.26, 0.35, 0.40, 0.25). Leg formula: 1> 3 > 4 > 2.
Cephalothorax. Sides of carapace yellowish-brown; dorsally deep yellow; scutum yellow; chelicerae, sternum, legs and ventral scutum yellow. Sides of carapace with finely longitudinal striae; dorsal area smooth with some mesially pointing hairs at lateral edges. Eyes rather large, PLE relatively smaller; compactly arranged, ALE slightly separated, touching posterior lateral eyes; posterior eyes in slightly recurved row, touching each other Fig.
Legs. Leg I: femur smooth, with some hairs; patella with a ventral seta; tibia with distinct hairs, a row of ventral setae and 2–3 trichobothria; tarsus with distinct strong setae. Leg II, III and IV similar to leg I, except femur II with a ventral setae.
Abdomen. Dorsal scutum oval-shaped, covering nearly entirely abdominal length. Lobes on anterolateral corners of petiolar tube distinct, ridges developed, forming a scutal cove.
Male palp (Fig.
Female. As in male, except as noted. Measurements (in mm): Body length 1.65–1.70; carapace 0.70–0.74 length, 0.60–0.65 width; abdomen 1.00–1.30 length, 0.70–0.80 width. Leg measurements: I 2.00 (0.60, 0.30, 0.45, 0.40, 0.25), II 1.80 (0.60, 0.25, 0.40, 0.35, 0.20), III 1.70 (0.50, 0.25, 0.35, 0.40, 0.20), IV 2.15 (0.65, 0.30, 0.50, 0.45, 0.25).
Epigynum. Postgynal depression of epigastric area shallow; parmula black (Fig.
Brazil, Caribbean, China (new record), Germany, Japan, Middle East, Pacific Is., Philippines, Spain, USA to Panama, Venezuela.
Male. Measurements (in mm): Body length 1.30; carapace 0.70 length, 0.50 width; abdomen 1.00 length, 0.50 width. Leg measurements: I 2.73 (0.80, 0.40, 0.60, 0.61, 0.32), II 2.55 (0.70, 0.30, 0.60, 0.65, 0.30), III 2.35 (0.70, 0.30, 0.55, 0.55, 0.25), IV 3.17 (0.90, 0.50, 0.70, 0.65, 0.42). Leg formula: 4> 1 > 2 > 3.
Cephalothorax. Carapace yellow-grey; chelicerae yellow to brownish-yellow; sternum yellow; legs and abdomen light yellow. Sides of carapace with reticulate veins, dorsal area without hairs. Margin of carapace without distinct setae or denticle. Eyes six in two rows, rather large, nearly equally-sized, compactly arranged, ALE slightly separated, posterior eyes in slightly retrocurved row, touching each other (Fig.
Xyphinus baehrae Kranz-Baltensperger, 2014. A. Carapace of male, dorsal view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, lateral view; D. Left male chelicerae, posterior view; E. Left male chelicerae, frontal view; F. Genital area of female, dorsal view; G. Ventral scutum of female, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Legs. Leg I: femur with 2 rows of setae; patella without setae; tibia with 2 ventral setae, 2 dorsal setae and a dorsal trichobothrium; tarsus without setae. Leg II, III and IV similar to leg I.
Abdomen. Dorsal scutum oval-shaped, covering nearly entirely abdominal length. Lobes on anterolateral corners of petiolar tube distinct, ridges developed, but without forming a scutal cove; opercula large, oval-shaped.
Male palp. Cymbium separated from bulb, with two robust spurs. Bulb with numerous membranous outgrowths on terminal part (Fig.
Female. As in male, except as noted. Tibiae with three trichobothria. Measurements (in mm): Body length 1.75–1.90; carapace 0.78–0.90 length, 0.65–0.70 width; abdomen 1.10–1.35 length, 0.45–0.60 width. Leg measurements: I 2.33 (0.60, 0.32, 0.50, 0.48, 0.43), II 4.48 (0.60, 0.30, 0.50, 0.50, 0.25), III 2.01 (0.55, 0.27, 0.50, 0.45, 0.24), IV 2.80 (0.80, 0.31, 0.65, 0.65, 0.39).
Epigynum. Postgynal depression of epigastric area shallow. An arc process visible originating from near the middle of epigastric sulcus (Fig.
China (new record), India to Australia.
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The authors wish to express sincere thanks to Professor Yanfeng Tong (Shenyang Normal University, China) for improving the earlier drafts of this article. And we are also grateful to Tongyao Jiang (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China) and Wenhui Zhu (Shenyang Normal University, China) for their suggestions on the Introduction. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-31672315).