Exechia adenaparva Chandler, 2000: 282 ♂ (Chandler 2000)

Afrotropical, Yemen (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.  

Distribution map of species in the E. parva group occurring in the Afrotropical Region, based on localities from studied material, type material and DNA barcoded material. Different species are represented by individual colours. Altitudes are indicated in shades from grey (lowland) to white (mountains).

We did not have the opportunity to re-describe this species, but the male terminalia are well illustrated in Chandler (2000) (Fig. 5a, b). Dr. Erica McAlister, NHM, provided us with images of the holotype (Fig. 5c, d), which seems to be in good condition. The holotype is pinned with the abdomen and terminalia dissected and slide-mounted, with five labels: "W. ADEN. PROT. / Wadi Dareija, / S.W of Dahla, / ea. 4500 ft. / 6-9.xi.1937", "B.M. Exp. to / S.W. Arabia. / H. Scott & / E.B. Britton. / B.M. 1938-246", "Exechia / ♂ adenaparva spn / det. P. J. Chandler / Holotype", "BMNH(E) # / 254408", "NHMUK 012804625".

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Figure 5.

Exechia adenaparva Chandler, 2000. Abbreviations: db = dorsal gonostylus branch, gl = gonocoxal lobe, ib = internal gonostylus branch, mb = medial gonostylus branch, vb = ventral gonostylus branch.

a: Male terminalia, ventral view. Reprinted with permission from Chandler (2000).  
b: Male terminalia, lateral view. Reprinted with permission from Chandler (2000).  
c: Holotype excluding abdomen. Photo by courtesy of Erica McAlister, NHM.  
d: Holotype abdomen and terminalia. Photo by courtesy of Erica McAlister, NHM.  

Male: Body length 5.2 mm. Wing length 4.0 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head dark brown; eye margin, face and clypeus yellow; labellum yellow; palpus yellow-brown, segments 4-5 dark brown. Antennae with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown, first flagellomere with yellow base. Thorax with scutum brown, pale mesonotal stripes present and anterior and lateral margins broadly yellow; lateral sclerites pale brown to dark brown; propleura brown; halteres whitish-yellow, apically slightly darker. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergites I-III with yellow lateral area. Terminalia pale brown. Head. Frons and vertex covered with short black setae. Clypeus covered with short black setae, evenly distributed; flagellomeres longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere 1.2 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with short black setae. Legs. Mid-tibia with 23 anterior, 9 posterodorsal, 10 posterior and 6 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 14 anterodorsal, 8 posterodorsal and 8 posterior bristles. Abdomen. Tergites covered with black setae. Terminalia (Fig. 6). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with about 7 setae, apical seta stout. Gonocoxites evenly covered with setae, except on basoventral third (Fig. 6a, b). Each GL evenly tapered towards apex, entirely covered with setae, apex with 2 setae (Fig. 6a, b). Aedaegal guides short, evenly tapered towards rounded apex (Fig. 6a, b). Hypandrium covered with about 11 setae, apical pair of setae reaching about level of GL apex (Fig. 6a, b). Hypandrial lobe elongate, each branch basally with large hyaline flap, apical part tapering towards narrow rounded apex (Fig. 6a). Gonostylus (Fig. 6c) with DB elongate, apically spathulate with apicoexternal margin slightly expanded, dorsally evenly covered with setae, except on apical third. VB with apical half acuminate, apex acute; with 3 setae, apical seta on apex. IB elongate, expanded area one-third from apex, apically capitate, apex acute, row of 4 setae close to apex. MB elongate, apex rounded, apically with 2 small setae, basal seta close to centre.

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Figure 6.

Exechia afroparva sp. n., male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female unknown.

Distinguished from all species in the E. parva group in having the gonocoxal lobes entirely covered with setae and entire length tapering (Fig. 6a), in combination with the internal gonostylus branch with 4 setae close to the apex (Fig. 6c).

From afro, relating to the Afrotropical Region and parva, relating to the resemblance to E. parva.

Afrotropical, Burundi (Fig. 4).

Adult collected in afromontane forest (2237 m a.s.l.).

Male: Wing length 3.2 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head dark brown; face and clypeus brown; labellum and palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown, first flagellomere with yellow base. Thorax with scutum brown, lateral margin broadly yellow; lateral sclerites pale brown; propleura yellow; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergites II-III with lateral yellow area. Terminalia. Head. Frons and vertex covered with pale setae. Clypeus covered with pale brown setae. Antenna long, 2.3 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere 1.4 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 0.93 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 20 anterior, 4 posterodorsal, 8 posterior and 4 posteroventral bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 3 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 7). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with about 7 setae, apical seta stout. Gonocoxites evenly covered with setae on apicoventral half (Fig. 7a, b). Gonocoxal apicoventral margin, between GL and hypandrium, forming distinct protrusion with 2-3 elongate setae reaching far beyond GL apex (Fig. 7a, b). Each GL small and distinctly curved interiorly, apex with row of 4 short setae somewhat extended down exterior margin (Fig. 7a, b). Aedaegal guides indistinct or reduced. Hypandrium covered with about 6 setae, apical pair elongate, reaching far beyond GL apex (Fig. 7a, b). Hypandrial lobe broad, apically tapering towards rounded apex (Fig. 7a). Gonostylus (Fig. 7c) with DB elongate, about 4 times longer than broad, apex distinctly spathulate; evenly covered with setae on dorsal side, except on apical fourth. VB ovate, apically acute, with 2 setae, apical seta on apex. IB with apex membranous rounded, apical part with row of 3 setae, apical seta close to apex. MB forming small apicointernal extension bearing 2 small setae, 1 basal seta located about the middle.

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Figure 7.

Exechia arcuata sp. n., male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from all species in the E. parva group in having the gonocoxal lobes distinctly curved interiorly (Fig. 7a, b).

From Latin arcus, bow, relating to the shape of the gonocoxal lobe.

Afrotropical, Kenya (Fig. 4).

Adult collected in bamboo forest (3050 m a.s.l.).

Male: Body length 3.2 mm. Wing length 2.5 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head face and clypeus dark brown, almost black; labellum brown; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown, basal half of first flagellomere yellow. Thorax with scutum dark brown, lateral margin pale brown; lateral sclerites and propleura brown; halteres whitish-yellow, apically slightly darker. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergites II-III with slightly paler lateral area. Terminalia yellow. Head. Frons and vertex covered with long pale brown setae. Clypeus covered with pale setae, evenly distributed; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere as long as broad. Thorax. Scutum covered with long, pale brown setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 0.76 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 17 anterior, 4 posterodorsal, 9 posterior and no posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 7-8 anterodorsal, 5 posterodorsal and 5 posterior bristles. Abdomen. Tergites covered with long, dark brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 8). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with about 9 setae, apical stout. Gonocoxites (Fig. 8a, b) evenly covered with setae, except on basoventral third; setae on apicoventral margin reaching as far as GL apex. Each GL apex with 3 setae (Fig. 8a, b). Aedaegal guides short, evenly tapered towards acute apex (Fig. 8a). Hypandrium covered with about 12 setae, apical pair elongate, reaching beyond the GL apex (Fig. 8a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch abruptly curved interiorly, apically narrow, apex rounded (Fig. 8a). Gonostylus (Fig. 8c) with DB short, squared, about 2 times longer than broad, apically truncate with apical corners virtually right-angled, apical margin emarginate, dorsal side evenly covered with setae. VB lanceolate, apex with 2 setae, apical seta on apex. IB with apex membranous, acute, apical part with row of 3 setae close to apex. MB short, slender, apex rounded, apically with row of 3 small setae.

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Figure 8.

Exechia ashleyi sp. n. male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from E. penicillata and E. sambai in having the dorsal gonostylus branch short and squared with apico-internal corner right-angled (Fig. 8c), in combination with setae on apicoventral margin of gonocoxites not reaching beyond the gonocoxal lobe apex (Fig. 8a) and by the shape of the hypandrial lobe (Fig. 8a); from E. burundiensis in having the dorsal gonostylus branch apically emarginate (Fig. 8c) and the gonocoxal lobe with apical setae parallel, not splaying (Fig. 8a); from E. afrorepanda in having the gonocoxal lobe mostly bare, with parallel ventral margins (Fig. 8a); from other species in the E. parva group in having the internal gonostylus branch with 3 setae close to the apex (Fig. 8c).

Named in honour of Dr. Ashley Kirk-Spriggs, the collector of the holotype, who also collected other invaluable material of several species described in this revision.

Afrotropical, Burundi (Fig. 4).

Adult collected in afromontane forest (2237 m a.s.l.).

Male: Body length 3.7 mm. Wing length 3.2 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum brown; palpus dark brown. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum dark brown, basal half of first flagellomere pale. Scutum and lateral sclerites dark brown; propleura brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Wings hyaline with two weak dark marks, one reaching from apical part of costal cell to middle of cell r4+5 and the other covering area posterior to cubital fork (Fig. 9e). Legs yellow. Abdomen dark brown. Terminalia pale brown. Head. Frons and vertex covered with pale setae. Clypeus densely covered with pale setae; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere as long as broad. Thorax. Scutum covered with short pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia length 0.93 times length of first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 21 anterior, 5 posterodorsal, 8 posterior and 6 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 11 anterodorsal, 4 posterodorsal and 5 posterior bristles. Wings (Fig. 9e). Vein r-m 2 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with short, pale setae. Terminalia (Fig. 9). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with about 20 setae, most apical setae stout. Each cercus triangular with apex truncate and base acute (Fig. 9d). Gonocoxites evenly covered with setae on apicoventral half (Fig. 9a, b). GL very short, length about 0.17 of gonocoxite width, entirely covered with setae, apex with 3 short setae (Fig. 9a, b). Aedaegal guides elongate, curved interiorly, basal part wide, abruptly tapered, apical two-thirds slender, apex rounded (Fig. 9a, b). Hypandrium covered with about 13 setae with apical pair reaching slightly beyond level of GL apex (Fig. 9a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch lanceolate, apically rounded (Fig. 9a). Gonostylus (Fig. 9c) with DB large, wide, spathulate, apical half almost as broad as basal half, dorsal side with baso-internal part densly covered with setae, baso-external margin with three small setae. VB ovate, apex rounded, 2 setae close to apex. IB with apex expanded into round membranous area, apically with 1 seta located slightly below apex, pair of setae located one-third from apex. MB large, wide, almost as long as DB, geniculate, apically with 2 very small setae close to apex, medio-internally with 1 seta.

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Figure 9.

Exechia bifasciata sp. n.

a: Male terminalia ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Male terminalia ventral view. Photo.  
c: Male right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  
d: Male terminalia dorsal view. Photo.  
e: Right wing. Photo.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from all species in the E. parva group in having the wings with dark marks (Fig. 9e), the gonocoxal lobes very short with length only about 0.17 of gonocoxite width (Fig. 9a), each cercus triangular and apically truncate (Fig. 9d), the aedaegal guides very distinctive (Fig. 9a, b) and by the shape of the dorsal and medial branch of the gonostylus (Fig. 9c).

From Latin fascia, band, with the Latin prefix bi-, two, relating to the specific wing pattern, forming two dark bands.

East Palaearctic, Japan (Fig. 10).

Figure 10.  

Distribution map of species in the E. parva group occurring in the East Palaearctic Region, based on localities from studied material, type material and DNA-barcoded material. Different species are represented by individual colours. Altitudes are indicated in shades from grey (lowland) to white (mountains).

Unknown.

Male: Body length 3.2 mm. Wing length 2.5 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head and face dark brown; clypeus brown; labellum and palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown with first flagellomere pale brown. Thorax with scutum and lateral sclerites brown; propleura pale brown; halteres whitish-yellow, apically slightly darker. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergites II-III with lateral yellow area. Terminalia pale brown. Head. Frons and vertex covered with long dark brown setae. Clypeus covered with brown setae, more dense towards ventral side; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere as long as broad. Thorax. Scutum covered with long dark brown setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 0.87 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 20 anterior, 5 posterodorsal, 8 posterior and no posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 7-8 anterodorsal, 8-9 posterodorsal and 4 posterior bristles. Abdomen. Tergites covered with long dark brown to black setae. Terminalia (Fig. 11). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with about 6 setae, most apical seta stout. Gonocoxites evenly covered with setae, except on basoventral three-fourths (Fig. 11a, b). Each GL entirely covered with setae, apically with 2 short stout setae (Fig. 11a, b). Aedaegal guides elongate, basal part wide, evenly tapered, apex acute (Fig. 11a, b). Hypandrium with row of 4 large setae reaching about half of GL, otherwise bare (Fig. 11a, b). Hypandrial lobe with basal part large, medial area hyaline or hollow, each branch relatively short, apex rounded (Fig. 11a, b). Gonostylus (Fig. 11c) with DB medially broad, tapered towards narrow apical part, apex rounded, base acuminate, baso-internally forming elongated narrow branch about as long as half DB length, extending in almost straight angle and curving distally; apex with three short stout setae, dorsal side evenly covered with setae, except on apical fourth, on baso-internal branch and on baso-external corner. VB ovate, apically as broad as basally, apex rounded, with 2 setae on apical half. IB short; apex trifurcated with middle branch broad and truncated and lateral branches short and acute; apical part with 2 small setae, one seta located on apical side of each furcation and with 1 seta located further down. MB large, curved interiorly, at about half length bifurcated with each branch apically acute; the internal branch straight and about as long as stem, with two small setae located adjacent to apex; external branch shorter, bent interiorly at a right angle.

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Figure 11.

Exechia brachiata sp. n., male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from all species in the E. parva group in having the dorsal branch of the gonostylus with an elongated and narrow baso-internal lobe extending in an almost straight angle and curving distally (Fig. 11c), the internal branch of the gonostylus apically trilobed (Fig. 11c), the medial branches of the gonostylus bilobed (Fig. 11c) and the hypandrium with a row of 4 large setae (Fig. 11a, b).

From Latin, brachiatus, branched, relating to the shape of the gonostylus with bilobed dorsal and medial branches and trilobed internal branch.

Afrotropical, Madagascar (Fig. 4)

Unknown.

Male (n = 2): Body length 2.9-3.2 mm. Wing length 2.3-2.5 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head dark brown; face and clypeus brown; labellum pale brown; palpus whitish-yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel brown; flagellum brown. Scutum, lateral sclerites and propleura brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen brown. Terminalia yellow. Head. Frons and vertex covered with pale setae. Clypeus covered with few (15-17) pale setae, evenly distributed. Antenna short, 1.45-1.5 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere 0.8-0.9 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with short pale brown setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 0.96-1.0 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 20-21 anterior, 3-4 posterodorsal, 7-9 posterior and (n = 1) 2 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 5 anterodorsal, 4-5 posterodorsal and 4-5 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.46-2.6 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 12a, b, c). Each part of divided tergite IX with about 4-5 setae, apical seta stout. Gonocoxites evenly covered with setae, except on basoventral third (Fig. 12a, b). GL with length 0.55-0.61 of gonocoxite width, apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly, basal third or fourth covered with setae, apex with 3-4 setae (Fig. 12a, b). Aedaegal guides short with acute apex (Fig. 12a, b). Hypandrium covered with 16-19 setae, apical pair reaching about half of the GL (Fig. 12a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch slender, evenly tapering. Gonostylus (Fig. 12c) with DB 1.37-1.42 times longer than broad, short and round; apical lobe well defined, short and broad, 0.18-0.2 times as long as the total DB length, apex rounded; evenly covered with setae on dorsal side, except on most apical part; external margin evenly rounded, with row of 4-5 elongate setae. VB round, with 2 small setae. IB apically with 1 seta close to apex and pair of setae one-third from apex. MB with apex acute, 1 seta close to base.

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Figure 12.

Exechia breviflagellata sp. n.

a: Male terminalia ventral view. Left gonocoxal setae and right gonostylus not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Male terminalia ventral view. Photo.  
c: Male right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  
d: Female terminalia, lateral view. Photo.  
e: Female sternite VIII ventral view. Setae on left half not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female (n = 1): Body length 3.1 mm. Wing length 2.7 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum pale brown; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum pale brown. Scutum, lateral sclerites and propleura brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen brown, tergites II-VI with paler lateral areas, not extending notably dorsally. Terminalia yellow. Head. Frons and vertex and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna short, 1.4 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres broader than long, with sixth flagellomere 0.7 as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale brown setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia as long as first tarsomere. Hind tibia with 6 anterodorsal and 6 posterodorsal bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.8 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 12d, e). Cerci with apical segment 0.7 as long as basal segment. Tergite VIII with apicolateral margin virtually straight (Fig. 12d). Sternite VII with apicoventral margin acuminate. Sternite VIII (Fig. 12e) with hypogynal valves separated by wide v-shaped cleft with depth about one-sixth of sternite VIII and hypogynium length; apical seta about 0.54 times as long as sternite VIII length. Gonapophysis IX with basolateral part expanding in relatively obtuse angle; spermathecal eminence in ventral view appears cross-shaped, but with lateral branches slightly curved distally; gonapophysis IX apically with about 4 small setae.

Distinguished from E. brevilobata in having the gonostylus with the dorsal branch only 1.37-1.42 times longer than broad, with its apical lobe broader and shorter, 0.18-0.2 of the total dorsal branch length (Fig. 12c); from E. sphaerata and E. repandoides in having shorter antennae, only 1.4-1.5 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus, in combination with the gonostylus with the apical lobe of the dorsal branch well defined (Fig. 12c); from other species in the E. parva group in having shorter antennae, in combination with the apico-internal margin of the gonocoxal lobe slightly angled exteriorly (Fig. 12a, b).

From Latin brevis, short and flagellum, whip, relating to the short antennae of the species.

Nearctic, Canada (Fig. 13).

Figure 13.  

Distribution map of species in the E. parva group occurring in the Nearctic Region, based on localities from studied material, type material and DNA-barcoded material. Different species are represented by individual colours. Altitudes are indicated in shades from grey (lowland) to white (mountains).

Adults collected in wetland habitats.

Male (n = 9): Body length (n = 8) 3.5-3.8 mm. Wing length 2.7-3.2 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen; n = 2). Head brown to dark brown, face and clypeus pale brown to dark brown; labellum yellow to brown; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum yellow to brown with basal part of first segment pale. Scutum brown to dark brown, anterolateral areas distinctly paler; lateral sclerites pale brown to dark brown, propleura yellow to dark brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs yellow. Abdomen brown to dark brown. Terminalia yellow. Head. Frons and vertex covered with whitish to pale brown setae. Clypeus covered with thin pale setae, evenly distributed. Antenna short, 1.5-1.65 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere as long as broad. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale brown setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 1.0 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 20-22 anterior, (n = 3) 4 posterodorsal, 8 posterior and 1-2 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia (n = 3) with 7-8 anterodorsal, 4 posterodorsal and 4-5 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.3-2.5 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 14). Each part of divided tergite IX with 5-6 setae, 1-2 most apical stout. Gonocoxites with GL length 0.58-0.63 of gonocoxite width, apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly, basal fifth covered with setae, apex with 3-4 setae (Fig. 14a, b). Aedaegal guides short with acute apex. Hypandrium covered with 10-13 setae, apical pair reaching about half of GL (Fig. 14a). Hypandrial lobe with each branch slender, evenly tapering. Gonostylus (Fig. 14c) with DB short, round, 1.8-2.0 times longer than broad, slightly curved interiorly; apical lobe well defined, short and narrow, 0.21-0.25 times as long as the total DB length, apex rounded; evenly covered with setae on dorsal side, except on most apical part; external margin evenly rounded, with row of 4-5 elongate setae. VB round, with 2 small setae. IB apically with 1 seta close to apex and pair of setae one-third from apex. MB apex acute, with 1 seta close to the base.

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Figure 14.

Exechia brevilobata sp. n. male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Terminalia ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from E. breviflagellata in having the gonostylus with the dorsal branch 1.8-2 times longer than broad, with its apical lobe narrower and longer, 0.21-0.25 of the total dorsal branch length (Fig. 14c); from E. sphaerata and E. repandoides in having the antennae only 1.5-1.65 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus, in combination with the apical lobe of the dorsal gonostylus branch well defined (Fig. 14c); from other species in the E. parva group in having shorter antennae, in combination with apico-internal margin of gonocoxal lobe slightly angled exteriorly.

From Latin brevis, short and lobatus, with lobes, relating to the short apical lobe of the dorsal branch of the gonostylus.

East Palaearctic, Norway, Sweden (Fig. 15).

Figure 15.  

Distribution map of species in the E. parva group occurring in the West Palaearctic Region, based on localities from studied material, type material and DNA-barcoded material. Different species are represented by individual colours. Altitudes are indicated in shades from grey (lowland) to white (mountains).

Unknown.

Material of this species from Jokkmokk, Sweden, have earlier been identified as E. repandoides (Kjærandsen et al. 2007). The two species may have non-overlapping distributions, with E. brevilobata only recorded from boreal areas and E repandoides only recorded from nemoral areas.

Adult male: Body length 2.6 mm. Wing length 2.1 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head dark brown; face and clypeus yellow; labellum yellow; palpus yellow, with segments 4-5 yellow to brown. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown. Thorax with scutum brown; lateral sclerites pale brown; propleura yellow; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergites I-III with slightly paler lateroventral area. Terminalia pale brown. Head. Frons and vertex covered with short pale brown setae. Clypeus covered with only a few (about 11) black setae, mostly on ventral side; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere as long as broad. Thorax. Scutum covered with short pale brown setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 0.95 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 16 anterior, 4 posterodorsal, 7 posterior and 2 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 11 anterodorsal, 4 posterodorsal and 3 posterior bristles. Abdomen. Tergites covered with long pale brown to yellow setae. Terminalia (Fig. 16). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with about 6 setae, most apical seta elongate. Gonocoxites with apicoventral margin with 2 setae reaching beyond GL apex (Fig. 16a, b). GL apex with 3 setae distinctly splaying (Fig. 16a, b). Aedaegal guides short and acuminate (Fig. 16a). Hypandrium covered with about 10 setae, apical pair elongate, reaching beyond GL apex (Fig. 16a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch relatively wide, widening somewhat towards the middle, apex narrow, acute (Fig. 16a, b). Gonostylus with DB (Fig. 16c) elongate, spathulate, apico-external corner virtually right-angled, apex rounded, forming acute angle pointing apico-interiorly; dorsal side evenly covered with setae, except on apical fourth. VB ovate, apex acute, with 2 setae, most apical seta on apex. IB apically rounded; distal part with 4 apical setae, otherwise bare. MB short, slightly curved interiorly towards rounded apex, with 3 setae, 2 most apical setae very small, close to apex, basal seta one third from apex.

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c

Figure 16.

Exechia burundiensis sp. n., male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from all species in the E. parva group in having the gonocoxal lobe with apical setae distinctly splaying (Fig. 16a, b), the internal gonostylus branch with 4 setae close to the apex (Fig. 16c), by the shape of the hypandrial lobe (Fig. 16a) and the dorsal gonostylus branch (Fig. 16c).

From Burundi, the country where the holotype was collected, with Latin ending -ensis, belonging to.

Afrotropical, Burundi (Fig. 4).

Adult collected in afromontane forest (2237 m a.s.l.).

Exechia capillata Johannsen, 1912:73 ♂♀ (Johannsen 1912)

Male (n = 4): Body length 2.7-3.5 mm. Wing length 2.4-3.0 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head dark brown; face and clypeus brown to dark brown; labellum brown; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown to dark brown, basal part of first segment pale. Scutum and lateral sclerites brown to dark brown; propleura yellow to dark brown; halteres whitish-yellow; wings hyaline tinged brown. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergites I-III slightly paler, sometimes tergite II with distinct pale lateral area covering ventral half. Terminalia yellow. Head. Frons and vertex covered with pale short setae. Clypeus covered with pale setae, evenly distributed. Antenna (n = 2) 2.0-2.1 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres quadrate or slightly longer than broad, sixth flagellomere 1.0-1.15 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia (n = 2) 0.9-0.94 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 15-19 anterior, 4-5 posterodorsal, 5-7 posterior and 2-4 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with (n = 3) 5-7 anterodorsal, (n = 3) 3-5 posterodorsal and (n = 3) 4 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.5-2.9 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale setae. Terminalia (n =2, Fig. 17a, b, c). Each part of divided tergite IX with about 3-4 setae, most apical seta stout. Gonocoxites with GL length 0.46-0.48 of gonocoxite width, apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly, basal half or basal two thirds covered with setae, apex with 3-4 setae (Fig. 17a, b). Aedaegal guides short and round (Fig. 17a, b). Hypandrium covered with 12-13 setae, apical pair reaching about half of GL (Fig. 17a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch slender, evenly tapering. Gonostylus (Fig. 17c) with DB 2.3-2.45 times longer than broad, basal part square-shaped; apical lobe well defined, elongate, curving ventrally, apex rounded; evenly covered with setae on dorsal side, except on apical lobe; medio-external margin expanded distally, forming short process with row of 4-5 setae. VB with 2 small setae. IB apically with 1 seta close to apex and row of 2-3 setae one-third from apex. MB apex acute, with 1 seta close to base.

a

b

c

d

e

f

Figure 17.

Exechia capillata Johannsen, 1912

a: Male terminalia ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Red arrow indicates angled apico-internal margin of the gonocoxal lobe. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Male terminalia ventral view. Photo.  
c: Male right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  
d: Female terminalia lateral view. Photo.  
e: Female sternite VIII ventral view. Setae on left half not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
f: Female gonapophysis IX and spermathecal eminence in ventral view.  

Female (n = 4): Body length 2.6-2.7 mm. Wing length 2.2-2.3 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head dark brown; face and clypeus brown to dark brown; labellum brown; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown, basal part of first flagellomere pale. Thorax with scutum brown to dark brown; lateral sclerites brown; propleura pale brown; halteres whitish-yellow; wings hyaline tinged with brown. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen pale brown to dark brown, tergites II-VI with lateral pale areas extending somewhat dorsally along anterior margin of tergites III and VI, but not forming any complete band. Terminalia pale brown. Head. Vertex, frons and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna (n = 3) 1.8-1.9 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere as long as broad. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia (n = 3) 0.95-1.0 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with (n = 3) 17-19 anterior, 3-4 posterodorsal, (n = 3) 5-6 posterior and (n = 3) 2-3 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 4-5 anterodorsal, 5-6 posterodorsal and 4 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m (n = 1) 2.4-2.6 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 17d, e, f). Cerci with apical segment half as long as basal segment. Tergite VIII with apicolateral margin slightly angular or virtually straight (Fig. 17d). Sternite VII apicoventral margin evenly rounded. Sternite VIII (Fig. 17e) with hypogynal valves separated by narrow cleft with depth about one-fourth of sternite VIII length; apical seta length 0.6-0.65 of sternite VIII medial length. Gonapophysis IX (Fig. 17f) with basolateral part expanding in relatively obtuse angle; spermathecal eminence in ventral view appearing simple, unbranched; apically with about 8 small setae.

Distinguished from all species in the E. parva group in having the dorsal gonostylus branch with the medio-external margin forming a short distally projected process (Fig. 17c), in combination with the gonocoxal lobe with apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly (Fig. 17a).

Nearctic, Canada, USA (Fig. 13).

Reared from fruitbody of Collybia dryophila (Bull. : Fr.) P. Kumm. = Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull. : Fr.) Murrill (Johannsen 1912). Adults collected in different types of forest, grassland and wetland habitats.

Holotype with whole specimen, except terminalia mounted on slide in Canada balsam with one wing detached. Terminalia in alcohol, transferred to glycerine and associated with empty pin with labels in type collection. A second tube with terminalia of E. cf. dorsalis misplaced in same vial - this was also transferred to glycerine in a microvial and pinned separately.

Male: Body length 3.3 mm. Wing length 2.8 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face dark and clypeus dark brown; labellum pale brown; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown, basal half of first flagellomere pale. Scutum, lateral sclerites and propleura brown; halteres yellow. Legs yellow. Abdomen dark brown. Terminalia yellow. Head. Frons and vertex covered with pale setae. Clypeus covered with pale setae, evenly distributed. Antenna long, 2.2 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere 1.5 as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 0.83 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 21 anterior, 3 posterodorsal, 10 posterior and 3 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 9 anterodorsal, 4 posterodorsal and 6 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.9 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with short, pale setae. Terminalia (Fig. 18). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with about 6 setae, the 2-3 most apical setae stout. Gonocoxites evenly covered with setae, except on basoventral half (Fig. 18a, b); GL apex with 3 stout short setae (Fig. 18a, b). Aedaegal guides elongate with parallel margins, apex acute (Fig. 18a, b). Hypandrium with about 6 setae, apical pair relatively short, reaching about the GL basal fourth (Fig. 18a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch basally wide, apically narrow, evenly tapered (Fig. 18a). Gonostylus (Fig. 18c) with DB large, elongate, apex rounded, apicoexternal margin forming a short rounded lobe extending distally; dorsal side evenly covered with setae. VB apically acuminate, apex acute, with 2 setae, most apical seta on apex. IB apically with 1 seta on apex and pair of setae on elevated area one-third from apex. MB short, slightly curved interiorly towards acute apex; apically forming a small finger-like process, with 2 setae on the apex.

a

b

c

Figure 18.

Exechia chirothecae sp. n., male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Distinguished from all species in the E. parva group in having the medial gonostylus branch with an apical finger-like process with 2 setae at the apex (Fig. 18c), the gonocoxal lobe apex with relatively short and stout setae (Fig. 18a, b) and by the shape of the dorsal gonostylus branch (Fig. 18c).

From Latin chirotheca, mitten, relating to the shape of the dorsal and medial lobes of the gonostylus, resembling mittens.

Oriental, Nepal (Fig. 19).

Figure 19.  

Distribution map of species in the E. parva group occurring in the eastern Himalayas (Oriental Region), based on localities from studied material, type material and DNA-barcoded material. Different species are represented by individual colours. Altitudes are indicated in shades from grey (lowland) to white (mountains).

Adult collected in the eastern Himalayas (2300 m a.s.l.).

Exechia cinctiformis Storå, 1941: 2 ♂♀ (Storå 1941)

Exechia sp. Storå, 1941:3 ♀ (Storå 1941)

Exechia dahli Nielsen, 1966: 8 ♂♀ (Nielsen 1966)

West Palaearctic, Madeira (Fig. 15)

We did not have the opportunity to re-describe this species, but the male terminalia are well illustrated in Chandler and Ribeiro (1995) who also noted that the male terminalia resemble E. parva on the apicolateral margin and E. repanda on the gonostylus.

Male: Fig. 20. Map: Fig. 15.

a

b

c

d

Figure 20.

Exechia cinctiformis Storå, 1941, male terminalia. Abbreviations: ce = cercus, db = dorsal gonostylus branch, gl = gonocoxal lobe, ib = internal gonostylus branch, mb = medial gonostylus branch, tg = tergite, vb = ventral gonostylus branch.

a: Ventral view. Reprinted with permission from Chandler and Ribeiro (1995)  
b: Left gonostylus in lateral view. Reprinted with permission from Chandler and Ribeiro (1995)  
c: Tergite IX and cerci. Reprinted with permission from Chandler and Ribeiro (1995)  
d: Lateral view. Reprinted from Storå (1941)  

Male: Body length 3.9 mm. Wing length 3.2 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum dark brown; palpus whitish-yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum pale brown, basal half of first flagellomere pale. Thorax with scutum pale brown, lateral margin paler; lateral sclerites brown; propleura brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergites II-III with a lateral pale area. Terminalia brown. Head. Frons and vertex covered with pale setae. Clypeus covered with only few (about 17) pale setae. Antenna long, 2.1 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres longer than broad, sixth flagellomere 1.5 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 0.91 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 19 anterior, 4 posterodorsal, 7 posterior and 3 posteroventral bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.14 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 21). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with about 4 setae, most apical seta stout. Gonocoxites with GL elongate, entirely covered with setae, apex with 2 short setae (Fig. 21a, b). Aedaegal guides elongate and spathulate (Fig. 21a). Hypandrium strongly extended distally, forming a large lobe that reaches far beyond apicoventral gonocoxal margin, covered with about 10 setae, with apical pair stout, reaching almost level of GL apex (Fig. 21a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch elongate, narrow, apically rounded (Fig. 21a). Gonostylus (Fig. 21c) with DB forming a large distally projecting baso-external lobe; basal part rounded, abruptly tapered, apical part slender elongate, apex rounded; basodorsal part evenly covered with setae; baso-external lobe with 2 short stout setae on apex. VB small and apically rounded, with 2 setae, most apical seta on apex. IB with apical part slender and elongate; 1 seta on apex and row of 4 setae on elevated area close to middle. MB elongate; internal margin smooth; apically somewhat hollowed with small seta within hollow area close to apex.

a

b

c

Figure 21.

Exechia columna sp. n., male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Left gonocoxal setae and right gonostylus not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from E. serrae in having the gonocoxal lobe extended beyond the apex of the apical hypandrial setae (Fig. 21a, b) and the medial gonostylus branch with internal margin smooth (Fig. 21c); from other species in the E. parva group in having the hypandrium forming a distally-extended lobe reaching far beyond the apicoventral gonocoxal margin (Fig. 21a, b) and the dorsal gonostylus branch with a large baso-external lobe with two apical setae (Fig. 21c).

From Latin columna, column, relating to the shape of the hypandrium forming a large distally-extended lobe.

Oriental, Nepal (Fig. 19)

Adult collected in the eastern Himalayas (3500 m a.s.l.).

Male: Body length 3.6 mm. Wing length 3.2 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum pale brown; palpus yellow to pale brown. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum dark brown, basal half of first flagellomere yellow. Thorax with scutum dark brown, except narrow yellow anterolateral margin; lateral sclerites dark brown; propleura brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergites II-III with yellow laterodorsal area. Terminalia pale brown with MB dark brown. Head. Frons and vertex covered with brown setae. Clypeus covered with pale setae, most dense towards ventral side; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere as long as broad. Thorax. Scutum covered with brown setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 0.7 times length of first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 23 anterior, 5 posterodorsal, 10 posterior and 5 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 10 anterodorsal, 6 posterodorsal and 4 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 3.3 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with long brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 22). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with about 4 setae, most apical seta stout. Gonocoxites with apicoventral margin between GL and hypandrium forming short protrusion, each with 2 very stout and apically truncated setae (Fig. 22a, b); GL apex with 2-3 relatively short and stout setae (Fig. 22a, b). Aedaegal guides elongate, converging, apically acute (Fig. 22a). Hypandrium with about 8 setae, apical pair not reaching longer than half the GL length (Fig. 22a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch narrow, evenly tapering, apex acute. Gonostylus (Fig. 22c) with DB elongate, apex rounded, baso-internally forming small lobe, extending interiorly; dorsal side evenly covered with relatively stout setae, except on most basal part and internal lobe; apically with about 4 very stout and apically truncated setae. VB ovate, apex acute, with 1 elongate seta on apex and 3 smaller setae further down, one distinctly wider than others. Apical part of IB with 1 seta on apex and row of 4 setae on elevation one-fifth from the apex. MB short, apex acute, internal margin forming curved acute process, external margin forming short acute process, apex with row of 4 elongate setae, all longer than MB length.

a

b

c

Figure 22.

Exechia crassiseta sp. n., male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Left gonocoxal setae and right gonostylus not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from E. trunciseta by the shape of the medial gonostylus branch (Fig. 22c); from other species in the E. parva group in having the dorsal gonostylus branch apically with a row of 4 stout truncate setae, baso-internally with a short lobe (Fig. 22c) and in having the medial gonostylus branch darkened, apically with a row of 4 setae, all of which are longer than the medial gonostylus branch length (Fig. 22c).

From Latin crassus, stout and seta, bristle, relating to the shape of the seta on apicoventral margin of the gonocoxites and apically on the dorsal branch of the gonostylus.

Oriental, Nepal (2900-3000 m a.s.l., Fig. 19).

Unknown

Male (n = 1): Body length 3.2 mm. Wing length 2.8 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum dark brown; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum pale brown, basal half of first flagellomere pale. Thorax with scutum dark brown, anterior and lateral margin paler; lateral sclerites and propleura brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown with pale lateral area confined to ventral margin of tergite II and basolateral part of tergite III. Terminalia yellow. Head. Vertex, frons and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna 1.9 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere 1.2 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 1.05 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 20 anterior, 4 posterodorsal, 10 posterior and 3 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 6 anterodorsal, 5 posterodorsal and 3 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.22 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale setae. Terminalia (n = 2, Fig. 23a, b, c). Each part of divided tergite IX with about 7-8 setae, most apical seta stout. GL with length 0.42-0.48 gonocoxite width, apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly, basal third covered with setae, apex with 3 setae (Fig. 23a, b). Aedaegal guides short with acute apex. Hypandrium covered with about 12 setae, with the apical pair reaching about half of the GL (Fig. 23a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each part apically slightly widened. Gonostylus (Fig. 23c) with DB about 2.4 times longer than broad, distinctly curved interiorly, apical lobe well defined, apex rounded; evenly covered with setae on dorsal side, except on the most apical part; external margin forming a distinct and slightly protruding angle, with row of 4 elongate setae. VB round, with 2 small setae. IB apically with 1 seta close to apex and pair of setae one-third from apex. MB apex acute, with 1 seta close to the base.

a

b

c

d

e

Figure 23.

Exechia curvata sp. n.

a: Male terminalia, ventral view.  
b: Male terminalia, ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
c: Male gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Red arrow indicates angled external margin of the dorsal branch. Scale = 50 μm.  
d: Female terminalia, lateral view. Photo.  
e: Female sternite VIII ventral view. Setae on left half not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female (n = 4): Body length 2.6-2.8 mm. Wing length 2.4-2.5 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum and palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum pale brown, basal half of first flagellomere pale. Thorax with scutum brown to dark brown; lateral sclerites brown; propleura brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen brown to dark brown, tergites II-VI with pale lateral areas extending dorsally at anterior fourth to third of tergite III and anterior third to half of tergite IV, forming two distinct pale bands. Terminalia pale brown. Head. Vertex, frons and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna 1.75-1.9 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres slightly longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere (n = 2) 1.0-1.1 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 20-24 anterior, (n = 3) 3 posterodorsal, (n = 3) 6-8 posterior and 1-3 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with (n = 3) 6-7 anterodorsal, 4 posterodorsal and 3-4 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.0-2.2 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with brown setae on dark areas and pale setae on pale areas. Terminalia (Fig. 23d, e). Cerci with basal segment 0.6 times as long as basal segment. Tergite VIII with apicolateral margin forming distinctly protruding angle (Fig. 23d). Sternite VIII (Fig. 23e) with hypogynal valves separated by narrow cleft with depth about one-sixth of sternite VIII length; apical seta 0.6-0.67 of sternite VIII length. Gonapophysis IX with basolateral part expanding in relatively obtuse angle; spermathecal eminence trilobed, in ventral view appearing cross-shaped; apically with about 8 small setae.

Distinguished from E. repanda, E. subrepanda and E. neorepanda in having the dorsal gonostylus branch more curved and with external margin forming a distinct protruding angle, with the external row of setae covering only about one sixth of the total dorsal gonostylus branch length (Fig. 23c), in combination with the gonocoxal lobe length only 0.42-0.48 times the gonocoxite width (Fig. 23a, b); from other species in the E. parva group in having the dorsal branch about 2.4 times longer than broad (Fig. 23c), in combination with the gonocoxal lobe covered with setae on about the basal third, with the apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly (Fig. 23a, b).

From Latin curvus, curved, relating to the shape of the dorsal branch of the gonostylus.

Nearctic, Canada, USA (Fig. 13).

Adult collected in temperate mixed forest.

Exechia longichaeta Wu, Xu & Yu, 2004: 555 ♂ (Wu et al. 2004)

Palaearctic, Oriental, China

Wu et al. (2004) suggested that the species was similar to E. pollex Shaw, 1935, which is closely related to E. spinigera Winnertz, 1863 in the E. fusca group. However, based on the shape of the deeply biforked hypandrial lobe, as well as the elongate GLs with apical setae (Fig. 24a), we consider it more appopriate to place the species within the E. parva group. Comparison of illustrations of male terminalia in ventral view indicates that E. longichaeta is likely a close ally of, or possibly even a junior synonym of E. pararepanda. This is evident when considering that, in both species, the apical part of the hypandrium is not distinctly fused with the gonocoxites, as well as the shape and apical setae of the GLs and the profile of the DB of the gonostylus. It is possible that the two species are sympatric, as E. longichaeta is distributed as far south-west as Kunming, Yunnan (Wu et al. 2004).

a

b

Figure 24.

E. longichaeta Wu, Xu & Yu, 2004, male terminalia, reprinted from Wu et al. (2004). Abbreviations: ce = cercus, db = dorsal gonostylus branch, gl = gonocoxal lobe, hl = hypandrial lobe, hy = hypandrium, mb = medial gonostylus branch, tg = tergite.

a: Ventral view.  
b: Tergite IX and cerci.  

We did not have the opportunity to re-describe this species; however, the male terminalia are well illustrated in Wu et al. (2004).

Male (n = 4): Body length 3.0-3.1 mm. Wing length 2.5 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum yellow; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum yellow. Thorax with scutum and lateral sclerites brown; propleura pale brown; halteres whitish-yellow, apically slightly darker. Legs yellow. Abdomen brown with tergite II slightly paler or with pale area covering its ventral half. Terminalia yellow. Head. Frons, vertex and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna short, 1.53-1.64 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere 0.9-0.95 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 0.96-1.1 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia (n = 1) with 19 anterior, 4 posterodorsal, 7 posterior and 2 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia (n = 1) with 7 anterodorsal and 2 posterodorsal bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.5-3.1 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale setae. Terminalia (Fig. 25). Each part of divided tergite IX with about 7-9 setae, most apical seta stout. GL with length 0.4-0.54 of gonocoxite width, apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly, basal third covered with setae, apex with 3 setae (Fig. 25a, b). Aedaegal guides somewhat elongated, evenly tapered, acute apex (Fig. 25a, b). Hypandrium covered with 25-31 setae, with the apical pair reaching about two-thirds of GL (Fig. 25a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch with apical half distinctly widened with apex somewhat acute (Fig. 25a, b). Gonostylus with DB (Fig. 25c) 3.0-3.2 times longer than broad, slightly curved interiorly; apical lobe well defined, elongated, narrow, apex rounded; evenly covered with setae on dorsal side, except on most apical part; medio-external margin forming distinct angle, with row of 4 elongate setae. VB apically rounded with 2 small setae. IB apically with 1 seta close to apex and pair of setae one-third from apex. MB apex acute with 1 seta close to the base.

a

b

c

Figure 25.

E. longilobata sp. n., male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from E. spatulata in having the dorsal gonostylus branch more narrow, not spathulate, only 3-3.2 times longer than broad (Fig. 25c), the hypandrium more setose with 25-31 setae (Fig. 25a), each part of the hypandrial lobe with apical half expanded to a wide disc (Fig. 25a), the aedaegal guides evenly tapered (Fig. 25a) and the gonocoxal lobe length only 0.4-0.52 times the gonocoxite width (Fig. 25a, b); from other species in the E. parva group in having the dorsal gonostylus branch more elongate (Fig. 25c), the hypandrial lobe with apical half of each branch widened (Fig. 25a) and the gonocoxal lobes with apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly (Fig. 25a).

From Latin longus, long and lobatus, with lobes, relating to the long apical part of the dorsal branch of the gonostylus.

West Palaearctic, Sweden (Fig. 15)

Adults collected in limestone quarry.

Male (n = 11, Fig. 1): Body length (n = 7) 3.2-3.6 mm. Wing length 2.7-3.0 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum yellow to brown; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum pale brown to dark brown, basal half of first flagellomere pale. Thorax and lateral sclerites dark brown; propleura brown to dark brown; halteres yellow to whitish-yellow. Legs yellow. Abdomen dark brown. Terminalia yellow to brown. Head. Vertex, frons and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna (n = 6) 1.7-1.95 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres quadrate or longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere 1.0-1.3 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia (n = 6) 0.9-1.0 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 18-22 anterior, 3-4 posterodorsal, (n = 6) 4-6 posterior and (n = 6) 2-3 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with (n = 5) 6-7 anterodorsal, (n = 5) 4-5 posterodorsal and 2-4 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m (n = 6) 1.83-2.8 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale setae. Terminalia (n = 7, Fig. 26). Each part of divided tergite IX with 3-4 setae, most apical seta stout. GL with length 0.53-0.63 of gonocoxite width, apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly, basal third covered with setae, apex with 4-5 setae (Fig. 26a, b). Aedaegal guides short with acute apex (Fig. 26a, b). Hypandrium covered with 11-13 setae, with the apical pair reaching about two-thirds of the GL (Fig. 26a, b). Each part of hypandrial lobe with apical half slightly widened. Gonostylus (Fig. 26c) with DB 2.3-2.5 times longer than broad, slightly curved interiorly, apical lobe well defined, apex rounded; dorsal side evenly covered with setae, except on most apical part; external margin evenly rounded, with row of 4-5 elongate setae. VB apically acute, with 2 small setae. IB apically with 1 seta close to apex and pair of setae one-third from apex. MB apex acute, with 1 seta close to the base.

a

b

c

Figure 26.

Exechia neorepanda sp. n. male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from E. curvata, E. repanda and E. subrepanda in having the dorsal gonostylus branch only slightly curved, the external margin without a distinct angle and with the external row of setae covering one-third to half of the total dorsal gonostylus branch length (Fig. 26c); from other species in the E. parva group in having the dorsal branch 2.3-2.5 times longer than broad (Fig. 26c), in combination with the gonocoxal lobe covered with setae on basal half or less (Fig. 26a, b), with the apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly (Fig. 26a, b).

From Greek neos, new and repanda, relating to the resemblance of the species to E. repanda. The name indicates that the species has commonly been identified as E. repanda.

West Palaearctic, Austria, Belgium, Britain, Corsica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands (Fig. 15, Chandler 2005)

Reared from fruitbody of Lyophyllum loricatum (Fr.) Kühner, Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Gray, Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A.H.Sm., Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fr., Inocybe goodeyi Gillet, and Calocybe gambosa (Fr. : Fr.) Donk (Dely-Draskovits 1974, Ševčík 2006, Chandler 2010, Jakovlev 1994).

Adults have been reported hibernating in hollow, usually broken umbelliferous stems (Väisänen 1981, Kurina 1997) and we have also collected adults from broken stems of Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch. in Tromsø, Norway during the winter season (Fig. 1c, d).

This Palaearctic species is morphologically very close to the two Nearctic species, E. repanda and E. subrepanda and species determination should be conducted with care or confirmed by their distinctly-separated DNA barcodes and BINs. We assume that previous records of E. repanda in the West-Palaearctic Region constitute what we define as E. neorepanda sp. n.

Exechia pararepanda Kallweit in Kallweit & Martens, 1995: 243 ♂ (Kallweit and Martens 1995)

Male (n = 6): Body length (n = 3) 2.5-3.2 mm. Wing length (n = 3) 2.1-2.7 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum and palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown to dark brown, basal half of first flagellomere yellow. Scutum brown to dark brown, with anterolateral margin yellow; lateral sclerites brown to dark brown; propleura pale brown to brown; halteres whitish-yellow to yellow. Legs whitish-yellow to yellow. Abdomen brown to dark brown. Terminalia yellow to pale brown. Head. Frons and vertex covered with short, pale setae. Clypeus covered with few (7-15) thin pale setae, mainly on ventral half. Antenna long, (n = 2) 2.0-2.1 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus ; flagellomeres longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere (n = 5) 1.2-1.4 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with short pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia (n = 3) 0.88-0.91 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with (n = 5) 15-19 anterior, (n = 5) 2-4 posterodorsal, (n = 5) 6-8 posterior and (n = 5) 1-4 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 4-8 anterodorsal, 4 posterodorsal and 2-3 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m (n = 3) 1.81-2.2 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 27). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with 4-7 setae, most apical seta stout. Gonocoxal apicoventral margin, between hypandrium and GL with 2-3 long and stout setae, usually reaching beyond GL apex (Fig. 27a, b). Each GL apically with row of 5 setae, extending from apex along apical third or fourth of the external margin (Fig. 27a, b). Aedaegal guides short, evenly tapering towards acute apex (Fig. 27a). Hypandrium with apical part not distinctly fused with gonocoxites (Fig. 27b), sometimes slightly protruding, covered with 7-12 setae, with apical pair stout and elongate, reaching beyond GL apex (Fig. 27a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch elongated, narrow, evenly tapering. Gonostylus (Fig. 27c) with DB slightly curved interiorly; apical lobe well defined, elongated, apex rounded; baso-internal and basodorsal part covered with several setae; apicodorsally with row of 2-3 elongate setae. VB round, with 2 setae, most apical seta on apex. IB apically rounded, apically with 1 seta on apex and pair of setae one-third from apex. MB short, curved interiorly towards acute, sometimes somewhat bifurcated apex; apically with 2 small setae.

a

b

c

Figure 27.

Exechia pararepanda Kallweit, 1995, male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Left gonocoxal setae and right gonostylus not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from all species in the E. parva group in having the gonocoxal lobe apex with a row of 5 setae extending down apico-exterior margin (Fig. 27a, b), the hypandrium with apical part not distinctly fused with gonocoxites (Fig. 27b) and the apicoventral gonocoxal setae and apical hypandrial setae stout reaching beyond apex of the gonocoxal lobes (Fig. 27a, b).

Oriental, Bhutan, Nepal (Fig. 19)

Adults collected in the eastern Himalayas (2400-3400 m a.s.l.). Kallweit and Martens (1995) collected adults in a forest of Lithocarpus, Quercus, Magnolia, and Rhododendron species, trapped in inflorescences of the pitcher plant Arisaema griffithii.

Exechia parva Lundström, 1909: 50 ♂ (Lundström 1909)

Male (n = 4): Body length 3.0-3.8 mm. Wing length 2.5-3.2 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum and palpus yellow to pale brown. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum dark brown to pale brown, basal half of first flagellomere pale. Scutum dark brown; lateral sclerites and propleura brown to dark brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs yellow to whitish-yellow. Abdomen brown to dark brown, tergites I-III slightly paler, sometimes tergite II with pale area confined to a narrow stripe along ventral margin. Terminalia yellow. Head. Vertex, frons and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna (n = 2) 1.8-2 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus ; flagellomeres longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere 1.1-1.3 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale to pale brown setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia (n = 1) 0.95 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 18-22 anterior, 3-4 posterodorsal, 4-8 posterior and (n = 2) 2-3 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with (n = 3) 6-8 anterodorsal, (n = 2) 5 posterodorsal and (n = 2) 4 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m (n = 2) 2.45-2.5 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale to pale brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 28a, b, c). Each part of divided tergite IX with 6-8 setae, 2 most apical setae stout. GL with length 0.33-0.4 of gonocoxite width, evenly tapered, apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly, entire length covered with setae, apex with 3-4 setae (Fig. 28a, b). Aedaegal guides short and round (Fig. 28a). Hypandrium covered with 10-12 setae, with apical pair reaching about half of the GL (Fig. 28a). Hypandrial lobe with each branch basally wide, apical half narrow, apex rounded. Gonostylus (Fig. 28c) with DB 1.4-1.6 times longer than borad, short and round, slightly curved interiorly; apical lobe well defined, short and narrow, apex rounded; dorsal side evenly covered with setae, except on most apical part; medio-external margin angled, with row of 4-5 short setae. VB with 2 small setae. IB apically with 1 seta close to the apex and pair of setae one-fourth from apex. MB short, curved interiorly, apex acute, with 1 seta close to the base.

a

b

c

d

e

Figure 28.

Exechia parva Lundström, 1909

a: Male terminalia ventral view. Left gonocoxal setae and right gonostylus not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Male terminalia ventral view. Photo.  
c: Male right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  
d: Female sternite VIII ventral view. Setae on left half not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
e: Female gonapophysis IX and spermathecal eminence in ventral view.  

Female (n = 4): Body length 3.3-3.9 mm. Wing length 2.9-3.2 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus brown to dark brown; labellum and palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum pale brown to brown, basal part of first flagellomere pale. Thorax with scutum brown to dark brown; lateral sclerites pale brown to brown; halteres whitish-yellow; wings hyaline tinged with brown. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen brown to dark brown, tergites III-VI with lateral pale areas, extending from lateral margin to about half tergal height. Terminalia pale brown. Head. Vertex, frons and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna (n = 2) 1.7-1.8 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere as long as broad. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale brown setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 0.93-1.0 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 23-26 anterior, 3-4 posterodorsal, 6-8 posterior and 2-3 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 5-6 anterodorsal, 5 posterodorsal and 3-5 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m (n = 2) 2.7-2.8 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale brown setae. Terminalia (n = 3, Fig. 28d, e). Cerci with apical segment 0.57-0.65 times as long as basal segment. Tergite VIII with apicolateral margin slightly angular or virtually straight. Sternite VII with apicoventral margin angular or slightly acuminate, apex truncate. Sternite VIII (Fig. 28d) with hypogynal valves separated by a wide cleft with depth about one-seventh of sternite VIII length; apical lobes almost as long as breadth of hypogynial valve in ventral view; apical seta length 0.67-0.73 of sternite VIII medial length. Gonapophysis IX (Fig. 28e) with basolateral part expanding in a relatively obtuse angle; spermathecal eminence in ventral view trifurcate with middle branch large and round and lateral branches short.

Distinguished from all species in the E. parva group in having the gonocoxal lobe evenly tapered and entirely covered with setae (Fig. 28a, b), in combination with the gonocoxal lobes with apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly (Fig. 28a, b) and the internal branch of the gonostylus with only one seta close to the apex (Fig. 28c).

East Palaearctic, West Palaearctic, Austria, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands (Polevoi and Barkalov 2017, Chandler 2005, Fig. 15).

Reared from fruitbody of Nematoloma sp. [? udum (Pers. : Fr.) Karst.] = Hypholoma sp. [? udum (Pers. : Fr.) Kühner], Ptychoverpa bohemica (Krombh.) Boud. = Verpa bohemica (Krombh.) J. Schröt, and Russula ochroleuca (Pers.) Fr. (Plassmann 1971, Jakovlev 1994, Hackman and Meinander 1979). Larvae, determined with DNA barcodes, have been collected from fruitbody of Cortinarius sp.

Adults have frequently been reported hibernating in hollow, usually broken, umbelliferous stems (Plassmann 1971, Väisänen 1981, Kurina 1997) and we have also collected adults from broken stems of Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. and Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch. at different localities in Norway during the winter season.

Chandler (1977) noticed two types of abdominal pattern in females matching the illustration of female terminalia of E. parva in Plassmann (1970). In our material, all female specimens of E. parva match the first type mentioned by Chandler (1977), with "[...] small yellow patches on tergites 3-6 not more than half tergal height in lateral view".

Male: Body length 3.5 mm. Wing length 2.7 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head and face dark brown; clypeus, labellum and palpus brown. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown. Thorax with scutum brown; lateral sclerites pale brown; propleura yellow; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergites II-IV with a lateroventral yellow area. Terminalia pale brown. Head. Frons and vertex covered with short, brown setae. Clypeus covered with dense thin pale setae. Antennae elongate, 2.3 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus ; flagellomeres slightly longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere 1.1 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with short, brown setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia and first tarsomere equally long. Mid-tibia with 20 anterior, 4 posterodorsal, 7 posterior and 3 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 8 anterodorsal, 6 posterodorsal and 4 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.1 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 29a, b, c). Each part of divided tergite IX apically with about 3 setae, most apical seta stout. Gonocoxites with setae on apicoventral margin elongate, reaching as far as, or beyond GL apex (Fig. 29a, b). GL apex with 2 setae (Fig. 29a). Aedaegal guides round (Fig. 29a). Hypandrium covered with about 9 setae, with apical pair elongate, reaching beyond GL apex (Fig. 29a). Hypandrial lobe with each branch wide medially, with narrow rounded apex (Fig. 29a). Gonostylus (Fig. 29c) with DB about 2.8 times longer than broad; apico-internal corner forming tapering acute apex extended apico-interiorly; apico-exterior corner right-angled, rounded; apical margin emarginate; dorsal side evenly covered with setae, except on most apical parts; VB oblong, with 2 small setae. IB apically rounded, apical part with 3 setae close to the apex. MB evenly tapered towards acute apex; bare.

a

b

c

d

e

Figure 29.

Exechia penicillata sp. n.

a: Male terminalia ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Male terminalia ventral view. Photo.  
c: Male right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  
d: Female sternite VIII ventral view. Setae on left half not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
e: Female gonapophysis IX and spermathecal eminence in ventral view.  

Female: Body length 3 mm. Wing length 2.5 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head with vertex dark brown; face and clypeus brown; labellum and palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown, basal part of first segment yellow. Thorax with scutum brown; lateral sclerites brown to pale brown; propleura yellow; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergites II-VI with lateral yellow areas. Terminalia brown. Head. Frons and vertex and clypeus covered with brown setae. Antenna 1.7 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus ; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere as long as broad. Thorax. Scutum covered with short dark brown setae. Legs. Mid-tibia with 22 anterior, 5 posterodorsal, 5 posterior and 2 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 8 anterodorsal, 5 posterodorsal and 4 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.5 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 29d, e). Cerci with apical segment length about 0.5 of basal segment length. Tergite VIII with apicolateral margin slightly angular. Sternite VII with apicoventral margin evenly rounded. Sternite VIII (Fig. 29d) with hypogynal valves separated by a cleft with depth about one-fifth of Sternite VIII length; apical setae about 0.7 of sternite VIII length. Gonapophysis IX (Fig. 29e) basolaterally expanding in abrupt almost right angle; spermathecal eminence distinctly trilobed with lateral branches curved distally.

Distinguished from E. sambai and E. ashleyi in having the dorsal gonostylus branch 2.8 times longer than broad, with apico-internal corner acuminate and apico-external corner right-angled (Fig. 29c); from E. burundiensis in having the dorsal gonostylus branch apically emarginate (Fig. 29c) and the gonocoxal lobes with apical setae not splaying (Fig. 29a); from E. afroparva in having the gonocoxal lobes with parallel ventral margins (Fig. 29a); from other species in the E. parva group in having the internal branch with 3 setae close to the apex (Fig. 29c).

From Latin penicillus, paint brush, relating to the shape and placement of setae on the internal lobe of the gonostylus, resembling a brush.

Afrotropical, South Africa (Fig. 4)

Collected in mist-belt forest (1325 m a.s.l.).

Male: Body length 3.2 mm. Wing length 2.8 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus brown; labellum and palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum pale brown, basal half of first flagellomere pale. Thorax with scutum brown, anterior and lateral margin paler; lateral sclerites and propleura brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen brown with a pale area covering ventral and apicolateral margins of tergite II and ventral and basolateral margins of tergite III, in dorsal view appearing as a pale band narrowly broken medially. Terminalia yellow. Head. Frons, vertex and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna 1.8 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres quadrate, with sixth flagellomere as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia 1.05 times as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 26 anterior, 3 posterodorsal, 7 posterior and 2 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 7 anterodorsal, 4 posterodorsal and 6 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.7 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with long, pale setae. Terminalia (Fig. 30). Each part of divided tergite IX with about 6-8 setae, most apical seta stout. GL (Fig. 30a, b) with length about 0.52 of gonocoxite width; apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly; basal tenth covered with setae; apex with 3 setae. Aedaegal guides short with acute apex. Hypandrium covered with about 13 setae, with apical pair reaching about half of the GL (Fig. 30a, b). Hypandrial lobe with each branch slender, apical half somewhat widened. Gonostylus (Fig. 30c) with DB about 2.2 times longer than broad, slightly curved interiorly; apical lobe well defined, about 0.22 of total DB length, apex acute; evenly covered with setae on dorsal side, except on the most apical part; external margin forming indistinct angle with row of 4 elongated setae. VB with 2 small setae. IB apically with 1 seta close to apex and pair of setae one-third from apex. MB apex acute, with 1 seta close to the base.

a

b

c

Figure 30.

Exechia rectiloba sp. n., male terminalia.

a: Ventral view. Right gonostylus and setae on left gonocoxite not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Ventral view. Photo.  
c: Right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female: Unknown.

Distinguished from other species in the E. parva group in having the gonocoxal lobes extending almost without tapering, with only the basal tenth covered with setae (Fig. 30a, b), in combination with the dorsal gonostylus branch only about 2.2 times longer than broad (Fig. 30c) and the gonocoxal lobes with apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly (Fig. 30a, b).

From Latin rectus, straight and loba, lobe, relating to the shape of the gonocoxal lobes.

East Palaearctic, Japan (Fig. 10)

Unknown.

Exechia repanda Johannsen, 1912: 73 ♂♀ (Johannsen 1912)

Male (n = 3): Body length 3.0-3.2 mm. Wing length 2.4-2.6 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum pale brown to yellow; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum pale brown, basal half of first flagellomere pale. Thorax with scutum brown, sometimes anterior and lateral margin paler; lateral sclerites pale brown to brown; propleura yellow to pale brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen brown, tergites II-III slightly paler than the rest or sometimes a distinct pale area covering lateral part of tergite II and anterolateral part of tergite III. Terminalia yellow to pale brown. Head. Frons, vertex and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna 1.83-1.93 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres slightly longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere 1.0-1.1 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with 20-22 anterior, 2-3 posterodorsal, 7 posterior and (n = 1) 1 posteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with 8-7 anterodorsal, 5 posterodorsal and 4 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 2.7-3 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale setae. Terminalia (Figs 2b, 31a, b, c). Each part of divided tergite IX with about 7-9 setae, most apical seta stout. GL (Fig. 31a, b) with length 0.5-0.54 of gonocoxite width; apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly; basal half or third covered with setae; apex with 3-4 setae. Aedaegal guides short with acute apex. Hypandrium covered with 9-13 setae, with apical pair reaching about half of GL (Fig. 31a). Each part of hypandrial lobe narrow, apical half somewhat widened. Gonostylus (Fig. 31c) with DB 2.3-2.4 times longer than broad, curved interiorly; apical lobe well defined, apex rounded; evenly covered with setae on dorsal side, except on the most apical part; external margin forming a distinct angle, with row of 4-5 elongate setae. VB round, with 2 small setae. IB apically with 1 seta close to apex and pair of setae one-third from apex. MB apex acute, with 1 seta close to the base.

a

b

c

d

e

Figure 31.

Exechia repanda Johannsen, 1912

a: Male terminalia ventral view. Left gonocoxal setae and right gonostylus not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  
b: Male terminalia ventral view. Photo.  
c: Male right gonostylus with: i dorsal branch, ii internal branch, iii medial branch and iv ventral branch separated. Scale = 50 μm.  
d: Female terminalia, lateral view. Photo.  
e: Female sternite VIII ventral view. Setae on left half not drawn. Scale = 50 μm.  

Female (n = 3): Body length 3.1-3.3 mm. Wing length 2.4-2.8 mm. Colouration (Dry specimen). Head, face and clypeus dark brown; labellum yellow to pale brown; palpus yellow. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; flagellum brown, basal part of first segment pale. Thorax with scutum dark brown, sometimes anterior and lateral margin paler; lateral sclerites brown; propleura yellow to brown; halteres whitish-yellow. Legs whitish-yellow. Abdomen brown to dark brown, tergites II-VI with pale lateral areas extending dorsally at anterior fifth to third of tergites III and IV, forming two more or less distinct pale bands. Terminalia pale brown. Head. Frons, vertex and clypeus covered with pale setae. Antenna 1.7-1.8 times as long as length from vertex to ventral margin of clypeus; flagellomeres quadrate or longer than broad, with sixth flagellomere 1.0-1.2 times as long as wide. Thorax. Scutum covered with pale setae. Legs. Fore leg with tibia (n = 2) 1.1-1.13 as long as first tarsomere. Mid-tibia with (n = 1) 20 anterior, (n = 1) 3 posterodorsal and (n = 1) 5 posterior bristles. Hind tibia with (n = 1) 6 anterodorsal, (n = 1) 4 posterodorsal and (n = 1) 4 posterior bristles. Wings. Vein r-m 1.5-2.8 times longer than stem of M-fork. Abdomen. Tergites covered with pale to pale brown setae. Terminalia (Fig. 31d, e). Cerci with apical segment half as long as basal segment. Tergite VIII with apicolateral margin slightly angular, not distinctly protruding (Fig. 31d). Sternite VII with apicoventral margin evenly rounded, sometimes with medial part very slightly protruding. Sternite VIII (Fig. 31e) with hypogynal valves separated by narrow cleft with depth about one-fifth of sternite VIII length; apical seta about 0.6-0.65 of sternite VIII length. Gonapophysis IX with basolateral part expanding in a relatively obtuse angle; spermathecal eminence trilobed, in ventral view appearing cross-shaped; apex with 8 small setae.

Distinguished from E. subrepanda in having the dorsal gonostylus branch only 2.3-2.4 times longer than broad and with the external row of setae covering one-third to half of the total dorsal gonostylus branch length (Fig. 31c); from E. neorepanda in having the dorsal gonostylus branch more curved interiorly and with the external margin forming a more distinct angle (Fig. 31c); from E. curvata in having the dorsal gonostylus branch with exterior margin forming a less protruding angle, with external row of setae covering one-third to half of the total dorsal gonostylus branch length (Fig. 31c), in combination with the gonocoxal lobes more elongate; from other species in the E. parva group by the dorsal gonostylus branch 2.3-2.4 times longer than broad (Fig. 31c), in combination with the gonocoxal lobes covered with setae on basal half or less and with the apico-internal margin slightly angled exteriorly (Fig. 31a).

Nearctic, Canada, USA (Fig. 13)

Adults collected in grassland, savannah and wetland habitats.

The species is very close to E. neorepanda and E. subrepanda and species determination should be conducted with care or by use of DNA barcoding. It has also been reported from Chokotka, East Russia (Polevoi and Barkalov 2017), but we have not considered these occurrences due to the risk of confusion with E. neorepanda or E. subrepanda. We assume that previous records of E. repanda in the West-Palaearctic Region constitute records of E. neorepanda.

Holotype in rather poor condition - both wings and left legs mounted on slide. Antennae almost intact (one tip lost). Terminalia in fairly good condition - transferred to glycerine in microvial and associated with pinned specimen.