Afrotropical: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, ?Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa (Fig. 1), Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Figure 1.  

Fainia albitarsis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: Afromontane forests, sand forests, dry scrub forest, open savannah/grassland, coastal bush and Ficus L. forest. In Namibia, a single specimen was reported from the Arid Savannah Biome (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Additionally collected in lowland rain forest in Tanzania, dry forest in Kenya and lowland evergreen secondary forest in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Recorded elevations: 10–1750 m a.s.l. Seasonality: a common and abundant species, collected year-round, most abundant during the warmer months, peaking in December and less abundant between March and October. In Namibia, a single specimen was caught in December (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: associated with flowers in wild and rural environments. One male collected on Cassine L. flowers in the Drakensberg area (KwaZulu-Natal). Attracted to freshly-turned soil. Many males were observed and caught hovering in groups at the Amatigulu Nature Reserve (KwaZulu-Natal). Reported also in Zimbabwe as a flower-frequenting fly (as Stomatorhina albitarsis (Macquart) and as Stomorhina extensa (Walker)) (Cuthbertson 1933, Cuthbertson 1934). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: more often with Malaise traps, followed by sweeping. Some specimens labelled as reared/ex Malaise trap, but without other details. Tanzanian and Kenyan specimens were collected by sweeping and Malaise and pitfall traps. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 2 and figs. 5A–L in Thomas-Cabianca et al. (2021). Male terminalia as in fig. 8 in Peris (1952b), fig. 27 in Zumpt (1958)and figs. 6A–H in Thomas-Cabianca et al. (2021).

Figure 2.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Fainia albitarsis male SAMC DIP A015190 from South Africa. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, ?Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa (Fig. 3), Sudan (reported as Sudan Anglo-Egyptian), Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Figure 3.  

Fainia elongata occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: in Namibia, apparently restricted to the Arid and Mesic Savannah Biomes (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: A single specimen was collected in April. In Namibia, recorded in low numbers in December, February and March (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: light traps. In Namibia, it was attracted in low numbers to rotten fish in baited traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Most often collected with Malaise traps in Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 4 and figs. 8A–K in Thomas-Cabianca et al. (2021). Male terminalia as in fig. 7 in Peris (1952b), fig. 28 in Zumpt (1958) and figs. 9A–G in Thomas-Cabianca et al. (2021).

Figure 4.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Fainia elongata male BMSA DIP (BECE) 03371 from Democratic Republic of Congo, scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Aldabra Island (Seychelles), Amirante Island (Seychelles), Angola, Benin*, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cosmoledo Island (Seychelles), Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Réunion Island (France)*, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritus Island (Mauritius), Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Rodriguez Island (Mauritius), Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Socotra Island (Yemen), South Africa (Fig. 5), Tanzania, Togo*, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Zanzibar Island (Tanzania) and Zimbabwe. Australasian: Australia, French Polynesia, Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia Islands, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanatu. Palaearctic: Azores Islands (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), China, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Morocco, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Turkey. Oriental: China, Hong-Kong, India, Indian Ocean Islands, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.

Figure 5.  

Rhinia apicalis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: associated with a variety of anthropogenic and natural environments including poultry farms and gardens, dune and sand forests, dry scrub forests, Ficus forest, grassy floodplain, woodland savannah, broad-leaved deciduous woodland and Succulent Karoo. In Namibia, it occurs in all biomes, being especially abundant in the Mesic Savannah Biome (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). In Burundi, the species was collected on the shore of Lake Tanganyika and in Benin. It was associated with mature secondary forest, remnant forest, agricultural plots, lowland gallery forest and streambeds. In Cameroon, the species was associated with cultivated plots, degraded savannah forest, grasses and other vegetation environments and in Réunion Island, with lowland tropical rainforest. Recorded elevation: 15–1000 m a.s.l. Seasonality: common species collected year-round, being most abundant in November, December and April and less abundant in August. In Namibia, abundance peaked in January and February (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: considered a common flower visitor. Males and females have been observed feeding on pollen at flowers (Peris 1952a, Dear 1977) in Harare and Mutare, Zimbabwe (formerly Salisbury and Umtali, Rhodesia) during the late dry season (Cuthbertson 1933). A female was reported attending the nests of sphecoid and Pompilidae wasps (KwaZulu-Natal) and another one on the beach around a barbeque fire (Eastern Cape). Hulley (1983) reared adults from accumulated chicken manure in poultry houses from several locations in Eastern Cape. Additionally, adults have been observed at nests of Bembix Fabricius and Cerceris yngvei Cameron (as Cerceris vumbui Arn) (Hymenoptera) and larvae were obtained from nests of Bembix melanopa Handlirsh (Cuthbertson 1938). Adults were attracted to freshly-removed soil during gardening in Grahamstown (Eastern Cape) (Martin Villet, personal observation 2016). A male was caught hovering in a group of males of F. albitarsis in the Amatigulu Nature Reserve, north of Tugela Mouth, KwaZulu-Natal. In Namibia, specimens have been collected from fresh elephant dung in the Caprivi Strip (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Cuthbertson (1933) reported females laying eggs in the soil at the bottom of aardvark burrows in Mbalabala (as Balla Balla, Zimbabwe) and in rich humus soil in thickets (Umzingwane, Zimbabwe). Cuthbertson (1938) also reports that females oviposit in soft earth excavated by driver ants (Dorylus Fabricius (Hymenoptera). Life cycle and developmental stages: oviparous species. Eggs, 3^rd-instar larvae and puparia described and illustrated (Cuthbertson 1938). Collection methods: usually not reported, but Malaise traps seem to be the most common. Collected by sweeping in Burundi, Malaise traps in Benin and Réunion Island, Malaise traps and sweeping in Cameroon and UV-light, Malaise, yellow pans and pitfall traps in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 6. Wing fig. 7 in Dear (1977). Male terminalia as in fig. 35 in Zumpt (1958), figs. IV. a, b, f in Baez and Santos-Pinto 1975, figs. 9, 21, 29, 37 in Dear (1977), slide 4 in González-Mora and Peris (1988) and figs. 93–101 in Rognes (2002). Female terminalia as in figs. 102, 103 in Rognes (2002).

Figure 6.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhinia apicalis male MZSUR from Kenya; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Angola*, Burundi*, Cameroon, ?Cosmoledo Island (Seychelles), Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, South Africa (Fig. 7), Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe*.

Figure 7.  

Rhinia coxendix occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: associated with dune forest, coast scarp forest and coastal bush. In Democratic Republic of Congo, it was reported in lowland evergreen swamp forest. Recorded elevations: 50–1400 m a.s.l. Seasonality: uncommon species with highest numbers observed between January and February. No records in June, August and November; the rest of the year only one or two specimens per month. Behaviour and ecology: one specimen was collected inside the nest a Sphex tormentosus Fabricius (Hymenoptera). Collection methods: Malaise traps. In Democratic Republic of Congo, collected with Malaise traps and in Tanzania, with hand net. Life cycle and developmental stages: oviparous; immature stages and life history unknown. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 8. Male terminalia as in fig. 37 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 8.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhinia coxendix male NMSA from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Botswana*, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea*, Gambia, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Lesotho*, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa (Fig. 9), Uganda, Yemen and Zimbabwe. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia.

Figure 9.  

Rhinia nigricornis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: dry scrub forest and on the edge of a coastal forest in KwaZulu-Natal. In Namibia, apparently restricted to the Arid and Mesic Savannah Biomes (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 95 m a.s.l. Seasonality: more common in March, April and December, while absent or scarce for the rest of the year (1–3 specimens). In Namibia, most abundant in February (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: collected on flowers of Gymnosporia linearis (L.f.) Loes. (as Maytenus linearis (L.)) and “Acacia” (Senegalia Raf. or Vachellia Wight & Arn.) thickets. Females were observed attending nests of Bembecinus haemorrhoidalis (Handlirsch), Pompilidae and Sphecidae (Hymenoptera). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: most often collected with Malaise traps. In Namibia, it was reported as attracted to rotten fish and fermenting fruit in baited traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 10. Male terminalia as in fig. 36 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 10.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhinia nigricornis male NMSA from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Burundi*, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, South Africa* (Fig. 11) and Uganda.

Figure 11.  

Stomorhina apta occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: associated with different environments, including: indigenous afromontane forest, indigenous mixed afromontane forest, indigenous forest, forest at the stream edge and Fynbos. In Burundi, it was associated with indigenous Afromontane forest and cloud forest. Recorded elevations: 30–1186 m a.s.l. Seasonality: uncommon species, most abundant in January with four specimens and present in September, November, December and April. The rest of the year it was absent. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: unknown. Illustrations and photographs: female habitus as in Fig. 12. Male terminalia as in fig. 29 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 12.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Stomorhina apta female BMSA DIP 24761 from Burundi; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 2, 1.

Afrotropical: Kenya and South Africa (Fig. 13).

Figure 13.  

Stomorhina armatipes occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: 1440–1750 m a.s.l. Seasonality: most abundant in September; absent or scarce for the rest of the year. Behaviour and ecology: adults were observed visiting flowers and collected on Cassine sp., Protea caffra Meisn. and Cussonia Thunb. sp. Additionally, two males were found as prey of Oxybelus lingula Gerstaecker (Hymenoptera) in Grahamstown (Eastern Cape). During field work in September 2016 at the Kogelberg Nature Reserve, females were observed ovipositing on soil surrounding a termite nest. Gravid females and termites were collected and oviposition was achieved using a mixture of soil and live termites. Larvae were reared to adulthood and were observed preying on termites. Life cycle and developmental stages: oviparous. Immature stages (egg, larva and pupa) and adult females will be described (Thomas-Cabianca et al., unpublished). Collection methods: Malaise traps and sweeping. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 14. Male terminalia unknown.

Figure 14.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Stomorhina armatipes male CEUA from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Liberia, Namibia, South Africa (Fig. 15), Tanzania, Uganda. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia.

Figure 15.  

Stomorhina chapini occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: associated with Ficus forest, Acacia thornveld, indigenous forest and margin, sand forest and broad-leafed deciduous forest and long grass and woodland areas. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the species was associated with lowland evergreen primary forest (disturbed). In Namibia, a single record was reported from the Mesic Savannah Biome (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 50-800 m a.s.l. Seasonality: highest abundance in April and from November to January; absent in February, September and October. Uncommon the rest of the year (1-2 specimens per month). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise traps in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 16. Male terminalia as in fig. 30 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 16.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Stomorhina chapini male AMGS 100664 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Botswana, ?Burundi (plain Ruzizi), Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia*, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa (Fig. 17), Sudan (reported as Sudan Anglo-Egyptian), Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Uganda and United Arab Emirates. Palaearctic: Cisjordan, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia and Syria.

Figure 17.  

Stomorhina cribrata occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: Indigenous forests (mixed woodland, margin of a dune forest), in grassveld near a stream and thornveld camp grounds. In Namibia, it is apparently restricted to the Arid and Mesic Savannah Biome (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 10–1800 m a.s.l. Seasonality: most abundant in December, less abundant in January, March and September and absent or scarce the rest of the year. In Namibia, it was most abundant in October (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). In Zimbabwe (as Rhinia tricincta), it was recorded as abundant from March to May (Cuthbertson 1933). Behaviour and ecology: a female was collected on avocado (Persea americana Mill) (Mpumalanga) and Cassine sp. flowers (KwaZulu-Natal). It was also collected together with Oxybelus lingula (Hymenoptera). Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs (2006) indicate on labels that females and males were observed hovering syrphid-like, usually at dusk, often around the margins of isolated trees. Swarm-hovering also recorded by (Cuthbertson 1938). Life cycle and developmental stages: females were observed ovipositing in soil rich in humus at the edge of cattle dung patch under tree shades and surrounded by long grass (Cuthbertson 1933). Cuthbertson (1933) also noted that the larvae live in the soil at the bottom of aardvark burrows and amongst the dead termites. Erzinçlioglu (1984) reared larvae and described the eggs, larva and pupa from a single specimen. In Zimbabwe, eggs hatch immediately after being laid and the larvae burrow into the soil (Cuthbertson 1933). Pupation occurs 6–7 days from hatching and the adults emerge in 7–9 days. Collection methods: Malaise traps in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 18. Male terminalia as in fig. 34 in Zumpt (1958), figs. 289, 297 in Rognes (2002) and figs. 7A–G in Lehrer (2007b). Female terminalia as in figs. 298, 299 in Rognes (2002).

Figure 18.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Stomorhina cribrata male ZMUC from Tanzania; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa (Fig. 19).

Figure 19.  

Stomorhina guttata occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environments: Acacia savannah, Succulent Karoo Scrub, white dune and coastal sand dunes biomes and to river banks, plains and slopes. Recorded in all Namibian biomes (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 120–1650 m a.s.l. Seasonality: high abundance between September-October and April. Present the rest of the year in low numbers, except in May and July. Recorded in low numbers in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: recorded as flower visitor; collected on Lasiospermum bipinnatum Druce and Knersvlakte flowers. Additionally, the larva was found in a termite fungus-garden (Peris 1952a). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise traps, yellow pan traps and by sweeping. In Namibia, yellow pans and pitfall traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: female habitus as in Fig. 20. Male terminalia as in fig. 32 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 20.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Stomorhina guttata female BMSA DIP 01831 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauricio Island (Mauritius), Oman, Namibia, Réunion Island (France), Rodriguez Island (Mauritius), South Africa (Fig. 21), Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Nearctic: Bermuda. Oriental: China, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan. Palaearctic: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal (including Azores Islands), Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Spain (including Canary Islands), Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

Figure 21.  

Stomorhina lunata occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: montane grass and woodlands, montane meadows, grasslands, rocky hillside, indigenous montane forest and forest margins, slopes, ravines, streams and cascade areas. Different kind of biomes such as: Macchia vegetation and old lands, mesic mountain Fynbos, false Macchia slopes and coastal Macchia. Associated with human environments such as houses, a university campus, caravan parks and main tracks through forest. Recorded in low numbers in Namibia, where it is virtually restricted to the Brandberg Massif and occurs at high elevations on the edge of Nama-Karoo (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). In Mauritius, it was collected in a montane forest. Recorded elevations: 10–2080 m a.s.l. Seasonality: this is the most common, abundant and well-known species of Rhiniinae, present year-round. Highest abundance in September and January to February; lowest between May and July. Only four specimens recorded in Nambia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: collected on/and visiting flowers of Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Gymnosporia heterophylla (Eckl. and Zeyh.) Loes., Cassine sp., Buddleja sp. L., Cussonia sp. and Searsia crenata (Thunb.) Moffet. Additionally associated with: Searsia F. A. Barkley sp. (previously local Rhus), Diospyros L. sp. and Celtis L. sp.. In Mauritius, one specimen was collected on a flowering tree. The species seems to have a close relationship with Orthoptera. Adults lay eggs on oothecas, where the larvae developed (Bezzi 1911). Larvae are predators of locusts’ oothecas in Zimbabwe (Cuthbertson 1933, Cuthbertson 1934). Peris (1952a) recorded S. lunata on Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serville) oothecas and that it was obtained from locusts’ eggs ("Ex eggs") in Malawi (then Nyasaland) and Kenya. Additionally reported that larvae destroy oothecas of Locusta migratorioides (Reiche, L.J. and Fairmaire) in Kenya. In the material examined, S. lunata was reported as being attracted to open termite mounds (Pretoria, Gauteng) and found outside the nest of Trinervitermes Holmgren (Blattaria) (Johannesburg, Gauteng). Cuthbertson (1935) found larvae of S. lunata in the fungus beds of a termite nest and reared them on dead and dying termite workers and soldiers. Lewis (1955) reported the presence of S. lunata in carrion. Life cycle and developmental stages: Peris (1956) studied some drawings of S. lunata male terminalia made by S. Patrizi accompanied by biological notes from observations in Kenya. Patrizi indicated in his notes that females of S. lunata were observed throwing masses of eggs over ?Anomma Shuckard ants (Formicidae). Some eggs were collected and stuck strongly to the glass walls of the container. Later, the eggs were placed in an ant farm, larvae emerged after a few hours and entered into the interior of Anomma larvae completely eating them (predation). Finally, larvae migrated to the soil for pupation. Patrizi suggests that the sticky eggs are a mechanism for entering ants’ nests (Peris 1956). Cuthbertson (1934) studied the life history of S. lunata. Eggs (length: 1–1.25 mm) were deposited around soft soil close to a red locust ootheca, hatching in few minutes. First instar larvae were active (length: 1.5–1.75 mm) and quickly attacked the ootheca. In 3–4 days, larvae were fully fed (length: 2–14 mm), left the ootheca and migrated to soil to pupate (length pupae: 7.5–8 mm) for one-two days. Adults emerged in 7–10 days, but in cold weather, sometimes the pupal stage can last 14–15 days or longer. Adults' copulation occurred 4–5 days after they emerged and eggs started to be laid 1–2 days after copulation. Adults were fed with sugar solution, flower nectar and liquids from fresh cow-dung. Larvae stages fed on the yellow yolk of freshly-laid locust ootheca. Hall (1947) described eggs, 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae and puparia from Cuthbertson's material and indicated that the life cycle seems to last 30 days in optimal conditions, where egg incubation was 18–24 hours, 1st instar was 14–24 hours, 2nd instar was 36–48 hours, 3rd instar was 2–3 days and pupation lasted 10–16 days in summer conditions. Greathead (1963) illustrated the 3rd instar larva (anal area, posterior spiracles and mouth parts) from a specimen collected in a locust's ootheca. Hall (1947) described the posterior spiracle, mouthparts and anal area of the 3rd instar larva as well and mouth parts of the 2nd instar larva. Immature stages are also illustrated in Cuthbertson (1935). Collection methods: sweeping with hand net and Malaise, yellow pan, black light and pitfall traps. Malaise and yellow pan traps in Namibia and hand net in Mauritius (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: female habitus as in Fig. 22, fig. 10 in Greathead (1963) and fig. 3H in Prado e Castro et al. 2016. Male habitus as in fig. 1 in Lutovinovas and Kinduris (2018). Male terminalia as in fig. 32 (inaccurate) in Zumpt (1958), slide 3 in González-Mora and Peris (1988) and figs. 675–683 in Rognes (1991). Female terminalia as in figs. 684–685 in Rognes (1991).

Figure 22.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Stomorhina lunata female AMGS 100730 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: I. rostrata: 1 ? / Mus. / Westerm. // Type // I. rostrata / Weid. / Cape of Good Hope / Jan: 1817 // [ZMUC 00025098]. M. lunata: 1 ? // [ZMUC 00027332].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Malawi, South Africa* (Fig. 23) and Tanzania*.

Figure 23.  

Stomorhina malobana occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: 1050–1880 m a.s.l. Seasonality: the single specimen was collected in November. Behaviour and ecology: collected on avocado flowers (Gauteng). Life cycle and developmental stages: females collected in Tanzania contained a completely developed 3rd instar larva that occupied all of the abdomen (four females were dissected). This suggests an unilarviparous biology, an exclusive and new trait for the Afrotropical Stomorhina (Thomas-Cabianca et al., unpublished). Collection methods: in Tanzania, it was collected with Malaise and pitfall traps and a Malaise trap in Malawi. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 24. Male terminalia as in figs. 9A-E in Lehrer (2007b).

Figure 24.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Stomorhina malobana male SANC from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: L. malobana: 1 ? Malawi, 1500 m a.s.l., Mulanje Mt. nr. Likabula, 26-27.x.83, A. Freidberg // Holotype // Lomwerhina malobana Det. Dr. A. Z. Lehrer, 2006 // SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318991.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea (today could be Guinea, Guinea-Bissau or Equatorial Guinea), Kenya, Lesotho*, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan (reported as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan), South Africa (Fig. 25), eSwatini*, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia.

Figure 25.  

Stomorhina rugosa occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: coast scarp forest, grassland, scrub and wooded grassland area, near streams, on the margin of dune forest, sewage-seepage area, bushveld and in picnic area. In Zimbabwe, the species was collected indoors and in Namibia, it was collected at a damaged termite mound and is apparently restricted to the Mesic Savannah Biome (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 10–1480 m a.s.l. Seasonality: present year-round with greatest abundance from November to February and least in May, August and September in South Africa. In Namibia, it was recorded in January and December in low numbers (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: females were observed ovipositing in newly-excavated termite mounds. Peris (1952a) indicated that S. rugosa was caught on dung in Nigeria and seen buzzing over a termite nest in South Africa. In Ethiopia, a female of S. rugosa was seen emerging from a caterpillar of Fall Army Worm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and the pupa was found inside the caterpillar (Tadele Tefera and Robert Copeland, personal communication). Specimens were collected on flowers of Cussonia sp. and Poinsettia Graham in South Africa. Cuthbertson (1934) (as S. mitis) found adults on daisy flowers in Eastern Victoria (Zimbabwe) in June 1932. Peris (1952a) reported specimens collected on honey-bearing wild flowers and on wild flowers in Zambia. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown, but Cuthbertson (1934) indicated that eggs are large (1.5 mm) and hatch immediately after being deposited in soil. Collection methods: Malaise, blue pan and light traps. In Namibia, it was collected with Malaise traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 26. Male terminalia as in fig. 33 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 26.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Stomorhina rugosa male BMSA DIP 92522 from Malawi; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire*, Kenya*, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia*, Nigeria, South Africa (Fig. 27), Tanzania and Zimbabwe, “Ghana or Togo”*. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia.

Figure 27.  

Cosmina aenea occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: forest, open woodlands areas, woodland savannah, grasslands, coastal grassland, open mixed grassland, mixed dune woodland and bushveld near to a river (close to Nylstroom in Limpopo Province). In Namibia, the species was associated with the Kwanso River floodplain, in Kenya to Ngorowa Gorge/Stream and Lukenya cliffs/bushveld and in Malawi, to the Acacia woodland. Recorded elevations: 24–1219 m a.s.l. Seasonality: highest abundance in November and March and lowest between April and October (absent in July). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: sweeping net and Malaise trap. Hand net in Mozambique and Malaise trap in Namibia. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 28. Male terminalia as in fig. 20 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 28.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Cosmina aenea male BMSA DIP 31129 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Botswana, ?Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Oman, Seychelles, South Africa (Fig. 29), Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia.

Figure 29.  

Cosmina fuscipennis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: Indigenous dune forest; bushveld and dune vegetation forest; open woodland areas, sandy woodland savannah areas; Karoo and valley Acacia woodland, succulent Karoo garden on hot N slope, Acacia and Ziziphus Mill. veld; Worcester Macchia, coastal Macchia and sandy area; Fynbos, mesic mountain Fynbos on sandstone; rocky slopes at road cutting, stream edge or bushes; rocky hillside areas with vegetation or sandy areas below; rocky outcrops; open mixed grassland, riverine bush and grass, plains; mountain slope overlooking sea on vegetated cliff; and Caravan Park and surrounding area, dry stream bed near staff houses, orchards and grasslands. This species also was reported for Arid-Savannah and Succulent Karoo Biomes in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 10–1350 m a.s.l. Seasonality: common species with highest abundance in September and October, low numbers the rest of the year and absent in April and June. In Namibia, most abundant in September (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: many specimens were collected on yellow flowers of Leucodendron Brown sp. and Ferraria crispa Burm. A group of specimens were collected in a mango orchard, with their bodies and proboscises covered with pollen (Western Cape). A female was collected on pink flowers of Mesembryanthemaceae (Northern Cape). Additionally, the species was associated with vegetation and flowers near a riverbed and a rocky gentle N slope scrub with wild flowers. A male was collected as prey of Oxybelus lingula (Hymenoptera). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: general sweeping and with Malaise, yellow pan and white pan traps. Hilltopping also with hand net. Eight females were collected with banana traps. In Namibia, it was collected with hand net and Malaise traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006) and in Madagascar with Malaise traps. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 30. Male terminalia as in fig. 24 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 30.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Cosmina fuscipennis male BMSA DIP 05023 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: M. punctulata: 1 ? // HT Cape Good Hope (South Africa) / June 1817 // Mus. Westerm // [ZMUC 00025139]; 1 ? // Type // Mus. Westerm // [ZMUC 00025140].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa (Fig. 31) and Zimbabwe.

Figure 31.  

Cosmina gracilis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: dry scrub forest, mixed bushveld-grass, sand and broad-leafed deciduous forest and Rhus and Acacia savannah. In Namibia, associated with the Mesic Savannah, Arid Savannah, Karoo and Desert Biomes (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). We included new records in indigenous and degraded sand forest and cultivated plots for Namibia. Recorded elevations: 98–1240 m a.s.l. Seasonality: common species, highest abundance in September and November. Absent in February, June, July and August and low numbers in the remaining months. In Namibia, it was an abundant species, peaking from December to February (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: in Namibia, was frequently observed feeding on flowers (Solanaceae and other families). The success of the pitfall-traps suggests ground-dwelling habit in adults (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise traps and light trap. In Nambia, it was collected by sweeping or with UV-light, yellow and blue pan traps, hanging traps baited with fermenting fruit, Malaise and pitfall traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 32. Male terminalia as in fig. 26c in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 32.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Cosmina gracilis male SANC from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: C. gracilis: 1 ? HT 1 ? AT // Barberton / May 17 1914 / (H. K. Munro).

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: ?Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, ?Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique*, Namibia, ?Senegal, South Africa (Fig. 33), Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

Figure 33.  

Cosmina margaritae occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: Arid and Mesic Savannah Biome in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: low abundance, only present in December. Abundant in Namibia with highest numbers in April (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: yellow and blue pan traps, pitfall and Malaise traps in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006) and in Mozambique, only with Malaise traps. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 34. Male terminalia as in figs. 26a, b in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 34.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Cosmina margaritae male NHMUK 010579920 (Copyright NHMUK); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: C. margaritae: 1 ? Holotype // Nyasaland / Cholo. / R. C. Wood // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / BM. 1950-323 // Cosmina / margaritae / tipo n. sp. / Dr. S-V. Peris det. // [NHNUK 010579920]. 1 ? // Paratype // Nyasaland / Cholo. / R. C. Wood // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / BM. 1950-323 // Cosmina / margaritae / paratipo n. sp. / Dr. S-V. Peris det. // [NHNUK 010579921].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: South Africa.

No specimens examined for South Africa, based on Lehrer (2010). Illustrations and photography: male terminalia as in fig. 75 in Lehrer (2011).

Afrotropical: ?Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea*, Ethiopia*, Malawi, Namibia, ?Niger, Nigeria, South Africa* (Fig. 35) and Togo.

Figure 35.  

Cosmina undulata occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: Mesic Savannah Biome in Nambia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: uncommon species present in October, December and January (one specimen each). In Namibia, also uncommon, present in November and December (one specimen each) (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise traps in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 36. Male terminalia as in fig. 25 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 36.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Cosmina undulata male NHMUK 010579923 HT from Nigeria (Copyright NHMUK); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: C. undulata: 1 ? // Holo-type // Nigeria: / Ibadan. / 2.viii.1923. / A.W.J. Pomeroy // Pres. by / Imp. Bur. Ent. / Brit. Mus. / 192x-94 // Cosmina / undulata / Type / Det / J.R. Malloch // [NHMUK 010579923].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Mozambique, Namibia*, Somalia, South Africa (Fig. 37) and Tanzania (including Zanzibar Island).

Figure 37.  

Eurhyncomyia diversicolor occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: broad-leafed, broad-leafed deciduous, coastal and sand forest. In Namibia, it is associated with a broken veld at the base of small hill. Recorded elevations: 77 m a.s.l. Seasonality: present almost all year-round, peaking in December, lower abundance in January, May, June and August and absent in September. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise trap. In Mozambique, Malaise trap. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 38. Male terminalia as in fig. 39 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 38.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Eurhyncomyia diversicolor male BMSA DIP 16947 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. diversicolor: 1 ? // Lecto-type // Somalis // Brauer / Wien. CVIII / (No. 87) // Lectotype ? / Rhyncomyia / diversicolor / Bigot / Designated by / Dear and Pont. // BMNH (E) / #231121 // [NHMUK 010579922].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: South Africa (Fig. 39).

Figure 39.  

Eurhyncomyia metzi occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: recorded only in September. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: unknown. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 40. Male terminalia as in fig. 1 in Zumpt (1981).

Figure 40.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Eurhyncomyia metzi male NMSA DIP 74954 HT from South Africa (without terminalia); scale bar = 2 mm.

Taxonomic notes: the HT and PTs of R. metzi were examined at the NMSA and their supra-squamal ridge is setulose in the posterior half, a diagnostic character that separates Eurhyncomyia (setulose) from Rhyncomya (bare). Another characteristic of Eurhyncomyia is that the aristal hairs are long and pubescent, the longest hairs slightly exceeding half the width of the post-pedicel, just as R. metzi, whereas in Rhyncomya, it is either bare or the hairs rarely exceed the width of the basal arista (Zumpt 1958, Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Based on these morphological differences, we considered that this species belongs to Eurhyncomyia genus as E. metzi comb. nov.

Type material examined: R. metzi: 1 ? // HOLOTYPUS // SOUTH AFRICA, Natal / Zululand, Umfalozi / Game Park, 2831Bd / 21-VII-1973, ME Irwin // slide no. 30 // Rhyncomya ? / metzi Zumpt / det. Zumpt 80 // [NMSA-DIP 074954] // (N.M. Type No. 2437). 6 ?? // PARATYPE // SOUTH AFRICA, Natal / Zululand, Umfalozi / Game Park, 2831Bd / 21-VII-1973, ME Irwin // Rhyncomya ? / metzi Zumpt / det. Zumpt 80 // [NMSA-DIP [NMSA DIP 019991, 061680, 074915, 074918, 074952, 0749523] // (N.M. Type No. 2437).

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: Zimbabwe and South Africa* (Fig. 41).

Figure 41.  

Isomyia cuthbertsoni occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: woodland savannah, woodland, dune, sand and broad-leafed deciduous forest. Recorded elevations: 6–1095 m a.s.l. Seasonality: highest abundance in October and December, lower numbers or absent the rest of the year. Behaviour and ecology: specimens were swept from Asparagus L. sp. in Sileza Natural Reserve (KwaZulu-Natal). In Zimbabwe, Cuthbertson (1939) reported females (as Strongyloneura cuthbertsoni) attracted to pollen of Rosaceae. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: sweeping, hand nets and Malaise trap. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 42. Male terminalia as in fig. 17–right in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 42.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia cuthbertsoni male SANC from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material exmained: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: Botswana, ?Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, South Africa (Fig. 43) and Zimbabwe.

Figure 43.  

Isomyia darwini occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: Ficus forest. Apparently restricted to the Arid Savannah Biome in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 95 m a.s.l. Seasonality: maximum abundance in November (three specimens) and almost absent the rest of the year. In Namibia, it was present in low numbers (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: observed at flowers in Zimbabwe by Cuthbertson (1939) (as S. darwini) and also collected at flowers near Darwin (Zimbabwe) in March 1933 (Curran 1938 in Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise trap. In Namibia, with UV light and with Malaise and pitfall traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: female habitus as in Fig. 44. Male terminalia as in fig. 16 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 44.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia darwini male NMSA DIP 19840 from South Africa (without male terminalia); scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: ?Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa (Fig. 45), Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

Figure 45.  

Isomyia deserti occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: dune vegetation and beach environment. Apparently restricted to the Arid and Mesic Savannah Biome in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: present from December to March, May and June and absent in other months. Behaviour and ecology: collected on flowers in Zimbabwe. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: In Namibia, collected by hand net and Malaise and yellow pans traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 46. Male terminalia as in fig. 16 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 46.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia deserti male NMSA DIP 61581 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: T. versipellis: 1? / Marley / Kloof Natal/ 2-1915 // 359 // Thelychaeta / versipellis Ville. // Paratype // [SAMC DIP A011140]. Remarks: with head glued on a card.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Burundi Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Mozambique*, South Africa (Fig. 47), Togo*, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Figure 47.  

Isomyia distinguenda occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: sand, forest and broad-leafed deciduous forest and woodland. Vegetated stream-bed in Togo. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: highest abundance between November and January, rest of the year generally absent or only one specimen per month. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise traps. In Togo, Malaise trap. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 48. Male terminalia as in fig. 15 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 48.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia distinguenda male BMSA DIP 13696 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa (Fig. 49), Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Figure 49.  

Isomyia dubiosa occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: broad-leafed deciduous woodland. In Democratic Republic of Congo associated with bush paths and village environments; and in Togo, with remnant forest patches and vegetated stream-beds. Cuthbertson (1939) reported I. dubiosa (as Strongyloneura sheppardi) at the blossoms of a wild shrub during March and April near Balla Balla (now Mbalabala), Zimbabwe. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: low numbers between October and December. In Zimbabwe, collected during March and April (Cuthbertson 1939). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: "MV" and black light traps. In Togo and the Democratic Republic of Congo, with Malaise traps. Illustrations and photographs: female habitus as in Fig. 50. Male terminalia as in fig. 7 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 50.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia dubiosa female SAMC DIP A011143 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, South Africa (Fig. 51) and Zimbabwe.

Figure 51.  

Isomyia eos occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: broad-leafed deciduous woodland. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: low numbers during March, November and December. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise trap. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 52. Male terminalia as in fig. 10 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 52.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia eos male NMSA DIP 19909 PT from Zimbabwe (male without terminalia and partly broken tergite 5); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: I. eos: 1 ? // Grampirks / Inyamadzi River / Melsetter District / Dept. Agric. S. Rhodesia / 3/6/1939 // slide no 11 // Paratype // Isomyia / eos n.sp. / Zumpt 1956 // [NMSA DIP 019909].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: South Africa.

No specimens examined for South Africa, based on Lehrer (2009). Illustrations and photographs: male terminalia as in fig. 89 in Lehrer (2011).

Afrotropical: Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa (Fig. 53), ?Sudan (as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan), Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Figure 53.  

Isomyia longicauda occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: savannah/grassland, mist-belt mixed forest, grass and forest edges and river stream. In Malawi, in grassland and forest edges. Recorded elevations: 1100–1350 m a.s.l. In Burundi, between 1800 and 2000 m a.s.l. (Peris 1952b). Seasonality: recorded in low numbers, with highest abundance (three specimens) in January and absent in February, April, May and October. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise and pan traps. Illustrations and photographs: female habitus as in Fig. 54. Male terminalia as in fig. 18 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 54.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia longicauda female SAMC DIP A011144 PT from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: T. longicauda: 1 ? // Paratype // E. London / Lightfoot / July 1914 // S.A.M // Thelychaeta / longicauda / Det. Villeneuve // [SAMC DIP A011144].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa (Fig. 55) and Zimbabwe.

Figure 55.  

Isomyia natalensis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: forest, closed woodlands, montane forest, mist-belt forest in the margin, dune forest, forest margins, grass, grasslands, montane grasslands, Little Berg Summits Themeda grassland, riverine bush Montane slopes, riverine vegetation (Tugela River), straddling Mahai River, riverside in open road and environments with little anthropogenic intervention (Simes cottage, caravan park environments and garden areas). In Namibia, the Mesic Savannah Biome (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 30–1981 m a.s.l. Seasonality: common and abundant species present almost all year, peaking in February and March and absent from May to July. In Namibia, only one specimen was collected (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: collected in sparse and dense Leucosidea Eckl. and Zeyh. sp. dominated scrub, also on Protea L. flowers, such as Protea caffra woodland and Protea roupelliae Meisn. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: hand net, hilltopping and with yellow pans, Malaise and M/V light traps and ex a Malaise trap. In Namibia, hand net (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 56. Male terminalia as in fig. 11 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 56.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia natalensis male BMSA DIP 20283 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: Sierra Leone, South Africa (Fig. 57), Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Figure 57.  

Isomyia oculosa occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: in Zimbabwe, Cuthbertson (1933) reported Isomyia oculosa (as Strongyloneura oculosa Villeneuve) on twigs and trunks of trees in a dense forest at the Chirinda Forest, Vumba Mountains (in Cloudlands), Kadoma (as Gatooma) and Eastern Victoria. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: uncommon species with only three specimens recorded in November. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: in Zambia and Zimbabwe, collected inside houses. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 58. Male terminalia as in fig. 2 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 58.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia oculosa male NHMUK 010580055 ST from Zambia (Copyright NHMUK); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: T. oculosa: 1 ? SYN-TYPE // 24/9/13 / Chilanga R. / W. Lusaka; N.W.R. / (R.C.W.) / in house // R.C. Wood // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1956-102 // [NHMUK 010580057]. 1 ? SYN-TYPE // 25/09/13 M / Chilanga / N.W. Rhodesia / (R.C.W) / 4030 / in house // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1956-102 // Thelychaeta / oculosa Villen / Villeneuve det. // [NHMUK 010580055]. T. oculosa: 1 ? Para-Type // Bulawayo / 10.ix.1910 / E.C. Chubb / caught in house // S. Afri. Mus. // 119 // Thelychaeta / oculosa / Type Villeneuve // [SAMC DIP A011149].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, South Africa (Fig. 59), Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Figure 59.  

Isomyia pubera occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: 1450–1981 m a.s.l. Seasonality: present almost all year, peaking in September, absent in April, May, June and August with low numbers in other months. Behaviour and ecology: Villeneuve (1917) reported that the unique female used for the description of I. jactatrix was captured by a Bembex sp. at Stanleyville, Democratic Republic of Congo, collected by Bequaert, M.J. iii.1915. Another specimen of I. pubera was also recorded as "taken from Bembex" in the same region and date, but collected by Lang and Chapin. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise traps. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 60. Male terminalia as in fig. 3 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 60.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia pubera male SAMC DIP A011150 LT from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: T. pubera: 1 ? LT // Kloff / 16.xii.14 / H.W. Bell-Marley // S.A.M. // Type // Lectotype // Thelychaeta / pubera n. sp / Det. Villeneuve // Isomyia / pubera Ville. / Vid. Zumpt 56 // slide no 39 // Slide SAM: 33B10 // [SAMC DIP A011150].

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: South Africa (Fig. 61).

Figure 61.  

Isomyia transvaalensis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: only one specimen collected in December. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: unknown. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 62. Male terminalia as in fig. 4 in Zumpt (1965).

Figure 62.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia transvaalensis male NMSA DIP 19760 HT from South Africa (male without terminalia); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: I. transvaalensis: 1 ? Rustenburg / Transvaal / 3.xii.61. // HOLOTYPUS // Isomyia / transvaalensis / Z[um]pt & Stimie // [NMSA-DIP 019760].

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: Angola*, Botswana, Cameroon*, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, ?Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa (Fig. 63), Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Figure 63.  

Isomyia tristis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: montane environments (grassland and bush, meadow, Podocarpus L'Hér ex Pers sp. forest margins and slopes), savannahs (Acacia and dry open), forests (Mbhome, pine and swamp), areas associated with forests (creeks, gorges, margins, stream, slopes, trail, roads and burnt-out forests), bush (bushveld, coastal, dry bushveld, in front beach, riverine; mixed Acacia woodland and mixed woodland), grasslands, amongst others. Additionally, caravan park, grotto near farm, thornveld camp ground. In Mozambique, it was associated with gallery forest. In Namibia, associated with the Mesic Savannah and the Succulent Karoo Biomes (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 30–1981–?3500 m a.s.l. Seasonality: present year-round, peaking in March and April; lower abundance in coldest months. Uncommon species in Namibia, present only in April and September (one specimen each) (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: collected on flowers of Cussonia sp., Protea caffra and general flowers and forests of Dassiekrantz (Makhanda, Eastern Cape), grassveld flowering daisies Leucosidea dominated scrub and euphorbias out of the forest in South Africa. In the Eastern Cape, one male was dropped at nest entrance by Bembix albofasciata F. Smith and ex-nest of Dasyproctus braunsii (Kohl) (as D. ruficaudis (Arnold)). Females were observed on fresh cattle dung in Zimbabwe by Cuthbertson (1934) (as Strongyloneura tristis). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: sweeping, at bait, M/V light trap, yellow and white pans and Malaise traps. In Namibia, using yellow pan and pitfall traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 64. Male terminalia as in fig. 4–right in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 64.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Isomyia tristis male BMSA DIP 20287 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: C. tristis: 1 ? // Holo / type // Curtoneura / tristis Bigot / Port-Natal / ex. Bigot Coll: / B.M.1960-539. // Genus / Apollenia / Bezzi / det. Villen. // BMNH(E) # 231136 // [NHMUK 010832105]. 1 ? Durban / Natal // Pres. by / Com. Imp. Bur. Ent. // 1917-94 // Thelychaeta / Dr Villeneuve det. / tristis / sec type. Bigot // 861 // [NHMUK 010832122]. 1 ? // Marley / Jan. 1915 / P. Port Shepstone // Apollenia / tristis Bigot. / Lec Type // S.A. Museum. // [SAMC DIP A011159]. 1 ? / K/Kloof / Marley / 1-15 // S.A. Museum // Apollenia / tristis /sec.type Bigot / det. Villeneuve // [SAMC DIP A015196].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Namibia, South Africa (Fig. 65) and Tanzania.

Figure 65.  

Pseudorhyncomyia braunsi occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: present in low numbers, more abundant in May and absent most of the year. In Namibia, low numbers in February (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: recorded by Villeneuve (1920) and compiled by Ferrar (1987), P. braunsi larvae were found in South Africa in the rubbish heaps of harvester termites of the genus Hodotermes Hagen, which accumulate on the soil surface near the opening of subterranean nests. Larvae were noted to attack live termites that approach the heaps and were successfully reared on live termites. Pupation occurs under the heaps. The species was also recorded in wood with termites. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: in Namibia with UV-light (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Collected on dung beetle soil heap in Tanzania (as Tanganyika). Illustrations and photographs: female habitus as in figs. 14–16, 18, 20, 22, 24 in Rognes (2013). Male habitus as in Fig. 66 and figs. 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26 in Rognes (2013). Male terminalia as in fig. 40 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 66.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Pseudorhyncomyia braunsi male SAMC DIP A013585 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: P. braunsi: 1 ? // Cape Province / Willowmore / 5.V.1920 / Brauns // Lectotype // [NMSA-DIP 19835].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Namibia and South Africa (Fig. 67).

Figure 67.  

Rhyncomya bicolor occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: sand dunes. In Namibia, the Arid Savannah Biome (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 300 m a.s.l. Seasonality: low numbers between January and March and September and October, absent the rest of the year. In Namibia, a single specimen recorded between January and February (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: pitfall trap in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photography: male habitus as in Fig. 68. Male terminalia as in fig. 51 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 68.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya bicolor SAMC DIP A011180 (male without terminalia); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: I. bicolor: 1 ? // Holo-type // Idia / bicolor / n. sp. // S. Bicolor / Idia . iv. Macq / C. B. Sp. / J. Bigot // [NHMUK 010832205]. B. crinicaudata: 1 ? // Stellenbush / 9.86 // Holotypus // Beria / crinicaudata / n. sp. // crinicaudata / type Villen. // slide no. 6 // Slide / SAM: / 33B12 // [SAM-DIP A011181].

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: Botswana and South Africa* (Fig. 69).

Figure 69.  

Rhyncomya botswanae occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: Gordonia Plains Shrubland, Senegalia mellifera (M. Vahl) Seigler and Ebinger on red sand. Recorded elevations: 1035 m a.s.l. Seasonality: a single specimen collected between September and November. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise trap. Illustrations and photography: male habitus as in Fig. 70. Male terminalia as in fig. 1 in Zumpt (1974).

Figure 70.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya botswanae male NHMUK 010832200 PT from Botswana (male without terminalia) (Copyright NHMUK); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. botswanae: 1 ? // Holo-type // Botswanhoa (B11) / Moremi Reserve, / 19º23'S, 23º33'E / 18-20.iv.1972 // Southern / African Exp. / B.M.1972-1 // slide no. 38 // Rhyncomya ? / botswanae n.sp / Zumpt 1973 // Slide prep.: / 010194475 // [NHMUK 010832201]. R. botswanae: 1 ? // Para-type // Botswana (B7) / Kuke Pan, / 20º56'S, 22º25'E / 14-15.iv.1972 // Southern / African Exp. / B.M.1972-1 // slide no. 82 // Rhyncomya ? / botswanae n. sp / Zumpt 1973 // Slide prep.: / 010194473 // [NHMUK 010832200]

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania*, Uganda and Zambia*.

No specimens examined for South Africa, based on Pont (1980). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 71. Male terminalia as in fig. 44 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 71.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya buccalis male NMSA DIP 61658 from Tanzania; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. material 2.

Afrotropical: Angola*, Benin*, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa (Fig. 72), eSwatini (Swaziland)*, Tanzania, Togo*, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia.

Figure 72.  

Rhyncomya cassotis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: Acacia savannah and Acacia veld, sand forest and broad-leafed deciduous forest, mixed woodland, broad-leafed deciduous woodland and woodland near stream and camp. In Benin, to lowland gallery forest and stream-bed, remnant forest and agricultural plots; Cameroon to degraded savannah forest; Democratic Republic of Congo to bush paths and village environs; Kenya to rocks and river margins; in Namibia, to degraded sand forest, cultivated plots and Kwando River floodplain; eSwatini to Panata Ranch and Bushveld; Togo to vegetated stream-bed; and Zambia to Central Zambezian Miombo Woodlands. In Namibia, also associated with the Arid and Mesic Savannah Biome (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 120–1480 m a.s.l. Seasonality: common species present year-round, most abundant in March and December and less in January and August. In Namibia, it was collected in low numbers (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: Cuthbertson (1934) observed females and males visiting Umbelliferae flowers in Balla Balla (now Mbalabala), Gatooma and Salisbury (now Harare) in Zimbabwe. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise traps and MV light. In Benin, Cameroon, Togo, Zambia and Zimbabwe, Malaise trap; Democratic Republic of Congo and Mozambique by sweeping net. In Namibia, by hand net, yellow pans, pitfalls and Malaise traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 73. Male terminalia as in fig. 60 in Zumpt (1958) and figs. 107, 109 in Rognes (2002).

Figure 73.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya cassotis male BMSA DIP 17182 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: T. cassotis: 1? // Holo-type // Sierra Leone. / W. Africa. / Reud D.T. Morgan. // HOLOTYPE ? / Tachina / cassotis Walker / 1849, List Dipt. / Brit. Mus., 4:761 // Tachinia / Type / cassotis / Walk // ? Nomia sp / det. G.R. Else. 1974 (Hymenoptera) // [NHMUK 010832158].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropica: South Africa (Fig. 74).

Figure 74.  

Rhyncomya currani occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: uncommon, present only in September. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: unknown. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 75. Male terminalia as in fig. 45 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 75.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya currani male SANC 01901 HT from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. pollinosa: 1 ? HT // Pretoria / 21.9.15 / H.K. Munro // Rhyncomya / Type / pollinosa ? / Curran. / No. // 1901 was ST258 // TYPH01901 // Rhyncomya currani Zumpt, 1958 / nom. nov.

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi*, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa (Fig. 76), Sudan, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Figure 76.  

Rhyncomya dasyops occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: in Namibia, restricted to the Arid and Mesic Savannah Biomes (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 556 m a.s.l. Seasonality: low numbers in November, December, January, April, May and July. In Namibia, low numbers too in October and December (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: a female collected as prey of a robber fly (Asilidae) in August 1938 in the Gota Gota camp, Zimbabwe. Cuthbertson (1939) recorded specimens on flowers in Urungwe, Lomagundi District. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: in Namibia, with pitfall and Malaise traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 77. Male terminalia as in fig. 41–right in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 77.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya dasyops male NMSA DIP 84128 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: South Africa (Fig. 78).

Figure 78.  

Rhyncomya depressifrons occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: only present from December to March. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: unknown. Illustrations and photography: male habitus as in Fig. 79. Male terminalia unknown.

Figure 79.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya depressifrons male NHMUK 010832207 ST (male without terminalia) (Copyright NHMUK); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. depressifrons: 1 ? // SYN-TYPE // Natal / Estcourt / 5.ii.1913 / R.C. Wroughton // Slide no. 61 // Rhyncomya ? / depressifrons / Villeneuve // Slide prep.: / 010194477 // [NHMUK 010832207]. 1 ? // SYN-TYPE // Natal / Estcourt / 5.ii.1913 / R.C. Wroughton //Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / BM. 1955-504 // [NHMUK 010832208]. R. depressifrons: 1 ? // SYN-TYPE // Natal / Estcourt / 26.i.1913 / R.C. Wroughton // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / B.M.1955-504 // depressifrons / typ. Villen. // [NHMUK 010832209].

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: ?Cameroon and South Africa (Fig. 80).

Figure 80.  

Rhyncomya disclusa occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: only present in March, September, October and December. Behaviour and ecology: reported as collected on flowers of Acacia Mill. and visiting flowers of onions. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: unknown. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 81. Male terminalia unknown.

Figure 81.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya disclusa male USNM-SM 01457916 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. disclusa: 1 ? // SYN-TYPE // Natal / Willow Grange / Mooi River / R.C. Wroughton / 18.iii.1913 // Pres. by / Imp. Inst. Ent. / Brit. Mus. / 1933-14 // [NHMUK 010832216]. R. disclusa: 1 ? // SYN-TYPE // Natal / Willow Grange / Mooi River / R.C. Wroughton // slide no. 43 // [NHMUK 010832217]. R. disclusa: 1 ? // SYN-TYPE // Natal / Willow Grange / Mooi River / R.C. Wroughton // ?llBrook / 22.x.13 // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1955-504. // Rhyncomyia / Dr. Villeneuve det. / disclusa / Typ. Villen. // [NHMUK 010832218].

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: Namibia and South Africa (Fig. 82).

Figure 82.  

Rhyncomya discrepans occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: in Namibia, the edge of the Nama-Karoo Biome (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 1097–1158 m a.s.l. Seasonality: peaking in April with six specimens, present in September and absent the rest of the year; in Nambia, only one specimen in November (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: in Namibia, Malaise trap (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 83. Male terminalia as in fig. 50a in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 83.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya discrepans male SAMC DIP A011192 LT from Namibia; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. discrepans: 1 ? Gt.Wint-hoek Tulbagh 3600 ft // April1916 R.M.L // discrepans Typ. Villen. // semihirta Typ. Villen. // Lectotypus // slide no 52 // Slide SAM 33B13 [SAMC DIP A011192].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia*, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria*, South Africa (Fig. 84), Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Figure 84.  

Rhyncomya forcipata occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: on red sand and directly associated with Acacia sp., Boscia Lam. ex J.St.-Hil. sp. and Rhus lancea L.fil savannah. Additionally, in broad-leafed deciduous woodland and forest, dry scrub (Ficus) riverine and sand forest, mixed Bushveld-grass and Kathu Bushveld to the Olifants River near Balule riparian woodland and Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld., Gordonia Plains Schrubland and Savanah Biome to Mesinda. In Kenya, the dry Acacia savannah, rocks and river margins. In Namibia, the indigenous and degraded sand forest, Miombo and Mopane Woodlands, Kwando River and open savannah floodplain and cultivated plots. Additionally, reported as restricted to Arid and Mesic Savannah Biome in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 53–1320 m a.s.l. Seasonality: Abundant species, absent in January, July and August, highest abundance from October to December. Abundant in Namibia, peaking from December to March (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: collected in Senegalia mellifera. Cuthbertson (1934) observed males at the blossom of trees and shrubs (Gymnosporia (Wight & Arn.) Hook.fil. (Celastraceae) and in the foliage of citrus trees infested with soft scales (Hemiptera, Coccidae) in Balla Balla (now Mbalabala), Zimbabwe. Females were observed depositing eggs around cattle-dung infested by termites in late afternoon (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: sweep-net, Malaise and light traps. In Botswana and Kenya, with Malaise traps. In Zambia, ex-Malaise trap. In Namibia, using UV-light, by hand net, Malaise, yellow pans and pitfall traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 85. Male terminalia as in fig. 61 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 85.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya forcipata male SAMC DIP A011194 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. forcipata: 1 ? // SYN-TYPE // Mid' / Luangara Koller / N.E. Rhodesia / Aug. 28.1910 / S.A. Neave // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1955-504 // Rhyncomyia / forcipata / Typ. Villen. // [NHMUK 010832190].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: South Africa.

No specimens examined for South Africa, based on Pont (1980). Illustrations and photographs: unavailable.

Afrotropical: Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa (Fig. 86).

Figure 86.  

Rhyncomya hessei occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: flowers at the roadsides, rocky hillsides and sandy and rocky ridges with succulents. In Namibia, virtually restricted to the semi-arid region, Nama-Karoo and Succulent Karoo Biomes (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 90–817 m a.s.l. Seasonality: present only in March, August, September and October, peaking in September. In Namibia, most abundant in August and September (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: in Namibia, with Malaise, yellow pan and pitfall traps and at UV-light (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 87. Male terminalia as in fig. 47 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 87.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya hessei male SAMC DIP A011196 HT from South Africa (without terminalia); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. hessei: 1 ? // HOLOTYPUS // Dikbome / Merweville / Koup / C.P. // Mus. Expd. / Oct. 1952 // slide no. 94 // // Rhyncomyia ? / hessei n.sp. / Det. Zumpt '56 // Slide / SAM: / 33B9 // [SAMC DIP A011196]. 2 ?? // PARATYPE // Wallekraal / Namaqualand // Mus., Expd. / Oct. 1950. // Rhyncomyia ? / hessei n.sp. / Det. Zumpt 1956 // [SAMC DIP A015139, A015140]. 1 ? // PARATYPE // Wallekraal / Namaqualand // Rhyncomyia ? / hessei n.sp. / Det. Zumpt 1956 [NMASA-DIP 19954]. 1 ? // PARATYPE // Wallekraal / Namaqualand // Mus., Expd. / Oct. 1950. // slide no. 92 // Rhyncomyia ? / hessei n.sp. / Det. Zumpt 1956 [SAMC DIP A011197]. 1 ? // PARATYPE // Vogelfontein / P. Albert Div. // A. J. Hesse / Mar.-Apr. 1929 // ? term. 4 // Rhyncomyia / hessei n. sp. / Zumpt 1956 // [SAM-DIP A011198].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique* and South Africa.

No specimens examined, based on Pont (1980). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 88. Male terminalia as in fig. 43 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 88.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya inflata male NMSA DIP 19959 from Mozambique (without terminalia); scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. material 2.

Afrotropical: Angola*, Botswana*, Namibia and South Africa (Fig. 89).

Figure 89.  

Rhyncomya interclusa occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: mesic Mountain Fynbos to plains. In Namibia, apparently restricted to the Desert Biome (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 250–1524 m a.s.l. Seasonality: peaking in October-November, absent during the coolest months (June, July and August). Behaviour and ecology: on Ruschia robusta L. Bolus pink flowers. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise and yellow pan traps. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 90. Male terminalia as in fig. 50b in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 90.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya interclusa male NMSA DIP 19960 LT from South Africa (without terminalia); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. interclusa: 1 ? // PARA- / LECTO- / TYPE / Capland / Willowmore, Mai 5 1920 / Dr. Brauns // Pres By / Com Inst Ent / B M 1953-354 // Rhyncomyia / interclusa / Villen. // Paralectotype ? / See Zumpt, 1958 / Explor Parq Nati. / Albert Miss. G.F. / de Witte, 92:156 // [NHMUK 010832194]. 1 ? // Capland / Willowmore / März 1926 / Dr. H. Brauns // PARATYPE // Rhyncomyia ? / interclusa Vill. / det. Zumpt // [NMSA-DIP 19961].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: South Africa (Fig. 91).

Figure 91.  

Rhyncomya maculata occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: 479–747 m a.s.l. Seasonality: present August-October, December-January and May, rest of the year absent. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: hand net with hilltopping. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 92. Male terminalia as in fig. 49 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 92.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya maculata male MZSUR from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa (Fig. 93), Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

Figure 93.  

Rhyncomya messoria occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: in Namibia, the Arid and Mesic Savannah and Desert Biomes (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: present in January, February, April, October and peaking in December, rest of the year absent. In Namibia, low numbers from May to December (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: in Namibia, hand net, pitfall, yellow pan and Malaise traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 94. Male terminalia as in fig. 46 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 94.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya messoria male SAMC DIP A011207 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. messoria: 1 ? // HOLOTYPUS // COLL. MUS. CONGO / Kilwa / (Dr.: J. Bequaert.) // Rhyncomyia / messoria / Typ. Villen. // Kilwa / 28- XII.11 // [RMCA ENT 000012156].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Namibia and South Africa (Fig. 95).

Figure 95.  

Rhyncomya minutalis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: Acacia Karoo thicket, succulent Karoo, Karoo vegetation, Tanqua succulent Karoo; rocky sandy in Fynbos area, sandy bank and Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld; Savannah Biome and Macchia with Proteas. More or less restricted to the hyper-arid zone in Namibia (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 238–1245 m a.s.l. Seasonality: abundant throughout the year, peaking in October, but absent in July. In Namibia, most abundant in June and August (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: hand net, Malaise and pitfall traps. In Namibia with Malaise, yellow pan and pitfall traps (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 96. Male terminalia as in fig. 48 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 96.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya minutalis male SAMC DIP A015144 from South Africa (without terminalia); scale bar = 2 mm.

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Mozambique and South Africa (Fig. 97).

Figure 97.  

Rhyncomya nana occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: coastal grassland, open Acacia woodland with thick grass-cover, adjoining thicker valley bush and dry forest; subtropical grassland and open lala-palm woodland. Recorded elevations: 35–830 m a.s.l. Seasonality: low numbers in April, July, November and December, absent the rest of the year. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: sweeping hand net and with Malaise trap. In Mozambique, by sweeping hand net. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 98. Male terminalia as in fig. 57 in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 98.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya nana male NHMUK 010832203 HT from South Africa (Copyright NHMUK); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. nana: 1 ? // Holo- / type // Plaas Kopesrijn / J.J. Rust Tvl / 19.vii.1924 // Rhyncomyia / ? nana n. sp S-V. Peris det. / Tipo // [NHMUK 010832203]. 1 ? // Para-type // Durban. / F. Muir. / 1905-313. // Sharp Coll. / 1905-313 // Rhyncomyia / nana n. sp / S-V. Peris det. / Paratipo // [NHMUK 010832204].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: South Africa (Fig. 99).

Figure 99.  

Rhyncomya paradoxa occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: no data. Recorded elevations: 958 m a.s.l. Seasonality: low numbers, present only in February, March, June and December. Behaviour and ecology: two males were collected from a nest of Dasyproctus braunsii and Dasyproctus ?nificanidis (Hymenoptera). Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: unknown. Illustrations and photography: male habitus as in Fig. 100. Male terminalia as in fig. 50c in Zumpt (1958).

Figure 100.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya paradoxa male SANC 00302 PT from South Africa (without terminalia); scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. paradoxa: 1 ? //Holotype // Resolution / Albany District / 21.ii.1928 / A. Walton // slide no. 88 // [NMSA-DIP 20008] - NMSA Type 2077. 1 ? // Garies / Namaqualand // Museum Staff /June 1930 // slide no. 89 // PARATYPE // Rhyncomyia ? / paradoxa n.sp. / Zumpt, 1956 // Slide number / SAM 4A9 // [SAM-DIP A011222]. 1 ? // Uitenhage / De Hoek / 1x.3.19 / H.K. Munro // PARATYPE // slide no.60 // Rhyncomyia ? / paradoxa n. sp / det. Zumpt 56 // SANC-Pretoria / Database No. / DIPT00302 // "Slide not available in the collection".

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: South Africa (Fig. 101).

Figure 101.  

Rhyncomya paratristis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: broad-leafed deciduous woodland, sand forest and broad-leafed deciduous forest, dry scrub forest, grassy floodplain and at the margin of dune forest. Recorded elevations: 10–98 m a.s.l. Seasonality: abundant, present in June and November, peaking in December. Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: Malaise traps. Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 102. Male terminalia as in fig. 4 in Zumpt (1965).

Figure 102.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya paratristis male BMSA DIP 13688 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. paratristis: 2 ?? // HOLOTYPE // Ndumu Reserve / Ingwavuma dist. / Zululand, Natal / South Africa / 1-10.xii.63 // collectors / B. & P. Stuckenberg // Rhyncomya ? / paratristis / Zumpt & Stimie // [NMSA-DIP 074955, 074956]. 2 ?? // PARATYPE // Ndumu Reserve / Ingwavuma dist. / Zululand, Natal / South Africa / 1-10.xii.63 // collectors / B. & P. Stuckenberg // Rhyncomya ? / paratristis / Zumpt & Stimie // [NMSA-DIP 061694, 074957].

Material examined: Suppl. material 1.

Afrotropical: Angola, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa (Fig. 103), Tanzania and Uganda.

Figure 103.  

Rhyncomya peraequa occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: all Namibian biomes, except desert (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: no data. Seasonality: only one specimen in December. In Namibia, most abundant in November and absent in February and March (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: unknown. Life cycle and developmental stages: unknown. Collection methods: in Namibia with yellow pan, pitfall and Malaise traps and attracted to UV-light (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 104. Male terminalia as in fig. 2 in Zumpt (1974).

Figure 104.  

Habitus, left lateral view of Rhyncomya peraequa male SAMC DIP A011223 HT from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm.

Type material examined: R. peraequa: 1 ? // Type // Barberton / Transvaal / H Edwards // Dec / 1911 // Type // Rhyncomyia / peraequa / Type Villen //[SAMC DIP A011223].

Material examined: Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Afrotropical: Angola, Botswana, Cameroon*, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia*, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritania*, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal*, South Africa (Fig. 105), Sudan, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Figure 105.  

Rhyncomya pruinosa occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south.

Preferred environment: Dry, sand and broad-leafed deciduous forest and Acacia savannah. In Cameroon, in degraded savannah forest. In Namibia, in Miombo and Mopane Woodlands, Arid and Mesic Savannah and Nama-Karoo Biomes (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Recorded elevations: 53–1086 m a.s.l. Seasonality: absent from January to March, May and October, present in low numbers the rest of the months, peaking in December. In Namibia, most abundant in October and December (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Behaviour and ecology: Cuthbertson (1933) observed in Balla Balla (now Mbalabla), Zimbabwe, that males are scarce and found in flowers and females are very active in late afternoon around cattle kraals, newly-ploughed fields and places in Mopane forest under trees where soil had been dug up by the species in search of larvae. Females were observed depositing eggs into soft soil by thrusting their ovipositors inside and moving at the same time in Zimbabwe (Cuthbertson 1933). Peris (1952b), also in Zimbabwe, recorded females laying eggs in "svil at noots" and grass attacked by termites. Life cycle and developmental stages: oviparous. Eggs, larva and pupa known (Engel and Cuthbertson 1937). Engel and Cuthbertson (1937) indicate that: "The eggs are deposited singly in soft soil under the shade of trees, in sandy pathways in savannah forest or in the powdery dung and sand of cattle kraals. The eggs are about 1.75–2 mm. in length, elongate oval, the chorion faintly marked with microscopical reticulations. The female sometimes has a curious habit of filling in the hole made during egg-laying with soil by means of the hind legs, and sometimes by means of the tip of the ovipositor which she uses as a broom. An examination of the egg laying tube has revealed the presence of an armature of spines, which may be similar in function to the spines on the ovipositor of the Asilid. The eggs are usually fully incubated at the time of extrusion, and the newly hatched larvae are very active. They inhabit the top three or four inches of soil, and are often associated there with worker termites, and the pupae of coprophagous beetles and flies. The larvae usually are fully grown when about seven to ten days old. The puparia are found in the soil, usually about four inches beneath the surface. The pupal period is about 7–9 days in the warm weather of the wet season, but is much longer in the cold weather of June and July, about two weeks. The number of eggs laid by this species is not known. Dissections of the female reproductive organs have revealed, in sexually mature individuals, about ten large ovarioles (1.5 mm. in length) in each ovary". Cuthbertson (1933) notes that eggs are covered with a sticky secretion that camouflages them by the attachment of soil particles. Incubation period was around 18 hours. He also observed that larvae are active and live near the soil surface during cool hours of the morning and towards sundown, but retire to the greater depths during the heat of the day. The larvae were found in large numbers in soil under termite-infested dung patches in shade during March and April. The duration of the larval stages varies from 7–10 days. Mature larvae measure 12–15 mm. Their prey is presumably dipterous larvae and pupae or termites which live in their habitat. The pupal stage lasts 7 days in mid-December and 7–10 days in May. Engel and Cuthbertson (1937) illustrated the immature stages. Collection methods: sweep net, with light, yellow pan and Malaise traps. In Botswana, Cameroon and Zambia, it was collected with Malaise traps. In Namibia, it was collected with pitfall and Malaise traps and attracted by UV light (Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006). Illustrations and photographs: male habitus as in Fig. 106. Male terminalia as in fig. 55 in Zumpt (1958).