Two new species of Jalapriya and a new record, Dictyocheirospora vinaya from freshwater habitats in China

Xi Fu; Dan-Feng Bao; Zong-Long Luo; Xiu He; Hong-Yan Su

doi:10.3897/BDJ.9.e74295

Biodiversity Data Journal : Taxonomic Paper

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Taxonomic Paper

Two new species of Jalapriya and a new record, Dictyocheirospora vinaya from freshwater habitats in China

Xi Fu^‡, Dan-Feng Bao^§, Zong-Long Luo^‡, Xiu He^|, Hong-Yan Su^‡

‡ College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali, China

§ Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand

| Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China

Corresponding author: Hong-Yan Su (suhongyan16@163.com)

Academic editor: Ning Jiang

Received: 11 Sep 2021 | Accepted: 18 Oct 2021 | Published: 28 Oct 2021

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Fu X, Bao D-F, Luo Z-L, He X, Su H-Y (2021) Two new species of Jalapriya and a new record, Dictyocheirospora vinaya from freshwater habitats in China. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e74295. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e74295

Abstract

Background

Pleosporales is the largest order of Dothideomycetes. In recent years, systematics of Pleosporales have undergone considerable revisions. Dictyosporiaceae is one of the newly established families within this order proposed to accommodate holomorphic saprobic Dothideomycetes. Currently 18 genera are recognised in Dictyosporiaceae.

New information

The new species, Jalapriya aquaticum sp. nov. and J. apicalivaginatum sp. nov. were collected from freshwater habitats in Gansu and Yunnan Provinces, China, respectively and are introduced, based on morphology and molecular analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU and TEF1-α sequence data. We also recovered one fresh collection of Dictyocheirospora vinaya D’souza, Bhat & K.D. Hyde, which is a new record for China. Jalapriya aquaticum differs from extant species of Jalapriya in rows converging at the apex and apical cells with spherical-like appendages. Jalapriya apicalivaginatum differs from extant species of Jalapriya in having the rows of conidia mostly arranged in a plane. The phylogenetic analysis place the new collections within Dictyosporiaceae (Pleosporales). Descriptions and illustrations of Jalapriya aquaticum, J. apicalivaginatum and Dictyocheirospora vinaya are provided. A synopsis of characters of species of Jalapriya is also provided.

Keywords

asexual morphs, Dictyosporiaceae, freshwater fungi, phylogeny, taxonomy

Introduction

Pleosporales is the largest order of Dothideomycetes. In recent years, various families and genera in the Pleosporales have undergone considerable revisions (Goh and Hyde 1999, Cai et al. 2008, Tanaka et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2009, Zhang et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013, Ariyawansa et al. 2015, Wang et al. 2016). Boonmee et al. (2016) accepted eleven genera in the family Dictyosporiaceae (Pleosporales) to accommodate most cheirosporous hyphomycetous genera that are saprobes on decaying wood and plant debris in terrestrial and freshwater habitats. One of the diagnostic characteristics of Dictyosporiaceae is their multicellular cheiroid conidia and this morphological feature distinguishes it from other families in the suborder Massarineae (Hyde et al. 2016). Liu et al. (2017) and Yang et al. (2018) updated the phylogenetic tree for Dictyosporiaceae and introduced two new genera Aquadictyospora and Dendryphiella in the family. Subsequently, three additional genera, Neodendryphiella, Pseudoconiothyrium and Paradictyocheirospora were added (Iturrieta-González et al. 2018, Crous et al. 2019, Rajeshkumar et al. 2021). Currently, 18 genera are accepted in Dictyosporiaceae (Boonmee et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017, Iturrieta-González et al. 2018, Yang et al. 2018, Crous et al. 2019, Hyde et al. 2020, Dong et al. 2020, Rajeshkumar et al. 2021).

The genus Jalapriya was introduced by Boonmee et al. (2016) with Jalapriya pulchra D'souza, Su, Luo & K.D. Hyde as type species; It is characterised by dark brown to black colonies, acrogenous, solitary and cheiroid conidia (Boonmee et al. 2016). Presently, three species are accepted in the genus, Jalapriya inflata, J. pulchra and J. toruloides.

Dictyocheirospora was established by Boonmee et al. (2016) to accommodate three new species, Dictyocheirospora bannica, D. rotunda and D. vinaya and four new combinations, D. gigantica, D. heptaspora, D. pseudomusae and D. subramanianii. Dictyocheirospora is characterised by non-complanate conidia with arms arising from the basal cell and closely gathered at the apex and compact (Wang et al. 2016). The species of Dictyocheirospora have been reported from freshwater and terrestrial habitats in China, Japan and Thailand (Jayasiri et al. 2015, Boonmee et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2017, Li et al. 2017, Yang et al. 2018, Tibpromma et al. 2018, Phookamsak et al. 2019, Phukhamsakda et al. 2020). Currently, 23 species are accepted in the genus (Boonmee et al. 2016, Yang et al. 2018, Index Fungorum - Search Page).

In this study, two new species Jalapriya aquaticum and J. apicalivaginatum and a new geographic record, Dictyocheirospora vinaya are introduced, based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided.

Materials and methods

Isolation and morphological examination

Submerged woody substrates were collected from dynamic waters, Gansu and Yunnan Provinces and taken back to the laboratory in Zip-lock plastic bags. The samples were incubated in plastic boxes lined with moistened tissue paper at room temperature for one week. Methods of morphological observation and isolation follow Luo et al. (2018) and Senanayake et al. (2020).

The pure cultures were developed by single spore isolation following the method provided by Chomnunti et al. (2014). The cultures are deposited in Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUMCC) and China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC). Herbarium specimens are deposited at the Herbarium of Cryptogams Kunming Institute of Botany Academia Sinica (Herb. HKAS). Facesoffungi and Index Fungorum numbers were obtained as in Jayasiri et al. (2015) and Index Fungorum - Search Page.

DNA extraction, PCR ampliﬁcation and sequencing

Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh mycelia grown on PDA at room temperature. The EZ geneTM Fungal gDNA kit (GD2416) was used to extract DNA according to the manufacturer’s instructions. ITS, LSU, TEF1-α, SSU gene regions were amplified using the primer pairs ITS5/ITS4, LROR/LR5, EF1-983F/EF1-2218R and NS1/NS4. The final volume of the PCR reaction was 25 µl and contained 12.5 µl of 2 × Power Taq PCR MasterMix (a premix and ready-to-use solution, including 0.1 Units/µl Taq DNA Polymerase, 500 µM dNTP Mixture each (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP), 20 mM Tris– HCl pH 8.3, 100 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl₂, stabiliser and enhancer), 1 μl of each primer (10 μM), 1 µl genomic DNA extract and 9.5 µl deionised water. The PCR thermal cycle programme for ITS, LSU, TEF1α and SSU amplification was as follows: initial denaturation of 94°C for 3 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 45 seconds, annealing at 56°C for 50 seconds, elongation at 72°C for 1 minute and the final extension at 72°C for 10 minutes. PCR products were purified using minicolumns, purification resin and buffer according to the manufacturer’s protocols (Amershamproduct code: 27–9602–01). The sequencing works were carried by Tsingke Biological Engineering Technology and Services Co. Ltd (Yunnan, P.R. China).

Phylogenetic analysis

Sequence data for relevant strains were downloaded from GenBank following recent publications (Boonmee et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017, Wang et al. 2016). The consensus sequences were initially aligned using MAFFT v.7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/) (Katoh and Standley 2013) and optimised manually when needed. The aligned dataset was analysed by Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI).

Maximum Likelihood analysis was performed using RAxMLGUI v.1.3 (Silvestro and Michalak 2011). The optimal ML tree search was conducted with 1,000 separate runs using the default algorithm of the programme from a random starting tree for each run. The final tree was selected amongst suboptimal trees from each run by comparing the likelihood scores using the GTR+GAMMA substitution model. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values equal to or greater than 75% were given as the first set of numbers above the nodes in the resulting ML tree (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

RAxML tree generated from combined LSU, ITS, TEF1-α and SSU sequence data. Bootstrap support values for Maximum Likelihood (the first value) ≥ 75% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (the second value) ≥ 0.95 are placed near the branches as ML/BYPP. The tree is rooted to Periconia igniaria (CBS 379.86 and CBS 845.96). Newly-generated sequences are indicated in red and strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated with a red superscript T.

Bayesian analysis was conducted with MrBayes v.3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003) to evaluate posterior probabilities (Rannala and Yang 1996) by Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling (MCMC). The best-fit models of evolution were estimated by MrModeltest V.2.2 (Nylander and Uppsala University 2004). ITS, LSU and TEF selected the GTR+I+G model with inverse gamma-distributed rate in Bayesian analyses. SSU selected the GTR+G model with inverse gamma-distributed rate in Bayesian analyses. The ML analyses were conducted with RAxML v.7.2.6 (Stamatakis and Alachiotis 2010) using a GTRGAMMA substitution model with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The robustness of the analyses was evaluated by bootstrap support (MLBS). Six simultaneous Markov chains were run for 10 million generations and trees were sampled every 100^th generation and 100,000 trees were obtained. The first 20,000 trees, representing the burn-in phase of the analyses, were discarded, while the remaining 80,000 trees were used to calculate posterior probabilities in the majority rule consensus tree (the critical value for the topological convergence diagnostic was 0.01). Through the posterior probabilities (PP) to reflect visually the reliability of each branch without the test for bootstrap method.

The phylogenetic trees were viewed and optimised in FigTree v.1.2.2 (Rambaut and Drummond 2008) and edited further using Microsoft Office PowerPoint. Newly-generated sequences in this study were deposited in GenBank (Table 1).

Table 1.

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Isolates and sequences used in this study (newly-generated sequences are indicated in bold, strains isolated from the holotype and reference specimens are indicated in with a T, without GenBank accession numbers are indicated in "_") .

Taxon	Voucher/culture		GenBank accession numbers
Taxon	Voucher/culture		ITS	LSU	TEF1α	SSU
Aquaticheirospora lignicola		HKUCC 10304^T	AY864770	AY736378	_	AY736377
Aquadictyospora clematidis		MFLUCC 17-2080^T	NR171871	_	MT394727	NG070646
A. lignicola		MFLUCC 17-1318^T	MF948621	MF948629	MF953164	_
Cheirosporium triseriale		MB 506570	EU413953	EU413954	_	_
Dendryphiella eucalyptorum		CBS 137987^T	KJ869139	KJ869196	_	_
Den. fasciculata		MFLUCC 17-1074^T	MF399213	MF399214	_	_
Den. paravinosa		CBS 141286^T	KX228257	KX228309	_	_
Dictyocheirospora aquadulcis		MFLU 18-1088^T	MK634545	MK634542	_	_
Di. aquatica		KUMCC 15-0305^T	KY320508	KY320513	_	_
Di. aquatica		HKAS 92714^T	NR154030	_	_	_
Di. bannica		HHUF 30126^T	NR154039	NG059061	AB808489	NG064841
Di. bannica		MFLU 18-1040	MH381765	MH381774	_	MH381759
Di. cheirospora		KUMCC 17-0035^T	MF177035	MF177036	_	MF928073
Di. clematidis		MFLUCC 17-2089^T	MT310593	MT214546	MT394728	MT226665
Di. garethjonesii		MFLUCC 16-0909^T	KY320509	KY320514	_	_
Di. garethjonesii		DUCC 0848^T	MF948623	MF948631	MF953166	_
Di. gigantica		BCC 11346	DQ018095	_	_	_
Di. heptaspora		DLU 1992	MT756244	MT756243	_	_
Di. indica		MFLUCC 15-0056^T	MH381763	MH381772	MH388817	MH381757
Di. lithocarpi		MFLUCC 17-2537^T	NR163345	NG070074	_	NG065783
Di. metroxylonis		MFLUCC 15-0028b^T	MH742322	MH742314	MH764303	MH742318
Di. nabanheensis		MFLUCC 17-2291	MK347748	MK347965	MK360050	_
Di. nabanheensis		MFLUCC 17-2296	MK347756	MK347973	MK360051	_
Di. pandanicola		MFLUCC 16-0365^T	MH388341	MH376713	MH388376	_
Di. pseudomusae		Yone 234^T	LC014550	AB807520	AB808496	AB797230
Di. rotunda		MFLUCC 17-0222	MH381764	MH381773	MH388818	MH381758
Di. rotunda		MFLUCC 140293a^T	KU179099	KU179100	_	_
Di. rotunda		MFLUCC 17-1313	MF948625	MF948633	MF953168	_
Di. subramanianii		BCC 3503	DQ018094	AB807520	_	_
Di. taiwanense		MFLUCC 17-2654^T	MK495821	MK495820	_	_
Di. thailandica		MFLUCC 18-0987^T	NR171885	MN913743	_	_
Di. vinaya		MFLUCC140294d^T	KU179102	KU179103	_	KU179104
*Di. vinaya*		HKAS 115802	MZ618659	MZ618660	MZ851994	_
Di. xishuangbannaensis		MFLUCC 17-2267^T	MH388342	MH376714	MH388377	_
Dictyosporium appendiculatum		MFLUCC 17-2259	MH388343	MH376715	_	_
Dictyos. aquaticum		MF1318^T	KM610236	_	_	_
Dictyos. digitatum		MFLUCC 17-0635	MH388344	MH376716	MH388378	_
Dictyos. guttulatum		MFLUCC 16-0258	MH388345	MH376717	MH388379	MH388312
Dictyos. hongkongensis		MFLUCC 17-0633	MH388346	MH376718	MH388380	NG068388
Dictyos. meiosporum		MFLUCC 10-0131^T	KP710944	KP710945	_	_
Dictyos. nigroapice		MFLUCC 17-2053	MH381768	MH381777	MH388821	_
Dictyos. krabiense		MFLU 16-1890	_	MH376719	MH388381	_
Dictyos. palmae		CBS H-22129	_	KX555648	_	_
Dictyos. pandanicola		MFLU 16-1886	MH388347	MH376720	MH388382	_
Dictyos. stellatum		CCFC 241241^T	NR154608	JF951177	_	_
Dictyos. strelitziae		CBS 123359^T	NR156216	FJ839653	_	_
Dictyos. tetrasporum		KT 2865	LC014551	AB807519	AB808495	_
Dictyos. tubulatum		MFLUCC 15-0631^T	MH381769	MH381778	MH388822	_
Dictyos. wuyiense		CGMCC 3-18703^T	KY072977	_	_	_
Dictyos. zhejiangense		MW-2009a^T	FJ456893	_	_	_
Dictyos. bambusicola		CBS 110279^T	DQ018091	DQ018103	_	_
Dictyos. chiangmaiense		HKAS 102163	_	MK571766	_	MK571775
Gregarithecium curvisporum		KT 922^T	AB809644	AB807547	_	AB797257
Gregarithecium sp.		MFLUCC 13-0853	KX364281	KX364282	_	KX364283
*Jalapriya apicalivaginatum*		HKAS 115801^T	MZ621167	MZ621168	_	_
J. aquaticum (2101)		HKAS 115807^T	MZ621152	MZ621169	MZ851995	MZ621170
J. aquaticum (2351)		DLUCC 2351	MZ621151	MZ621165	_	MZ621166
J. inflata		NTOU 3855	JQ267362	JQ267363	_	JQ267361
J. pulchra		MFLUCC 15-0348^T	KU179108	KU179109	_	KU179110
J. pulchra		MFLUCC 17-1683	MF948628	MF948636	MF953171	_
Jalapriya sp.		19VA07	JX270548	_	_	_
J. toruloides		CBS 209.65	DQ018093	DQ018104	_	DQ018081
Neodendryphiella mali		CBS 139.95^T	LT906655	LT906657	_	_
N. michoacanensis		FMR 16098^T	LT906660	LT906658	_	_
N. tarraconensis		FMR 16234^T	LT906659	LT906656	_	_
Periconia igniaria		CBS 379.86	LC014585	AB807566	AB808542	AB797276
P. igniaria		CBS 845.96	LC014586	AB807567	AB808543	GU296171
Pseudocoleophoma bauhiniae		MFLUCC 17-2280	MK347735	MK347952	MK360075	MK347843
Pseudoc. bauhiniae		MFLUCC 17-2586	MK347736	MK347953	MK360076	MK347844
Pseudoc. calamagrostidis		KT 3284^T	LC014592	LC014609	LC014614	LC014604
Pseudoc. polygonicola		KT 731^T	AB809634	AB807546	AB808522	AB797256
Pseudoc. typhicola		MFLUCC 16-0123^T	KX576655	KX576656	_	_
Pseudoconiothyrium broussonetiae		CBS 145036	MK442618	MK442554	MK442709	_
Pseudodictyosporium elegams		CBS 688.93^T	MH862454	MH874101	_	DQ018084
Pseudodi. indicum		CBS 471.95	DQ018097	_	_	_
Pseudodi. thailandica		MFLUCC 16-0029^T	KX259520	KX259522	KX259526	KX259524
Pseudodi. wauense		NBRC 30078	DQ018098	DQ018105	_	DQ018083
Pseudodi. wauense		DUCC 0801	MF948622	MF948630	MF953165	_
Vikalpa australiensis		HKUCC 8797^T	DQ018092	_	_	_

Taxon treatments

Jalapriya apicalivaginatum D.F. Bao, X. Fu, H.Y. Su & Z.L. Luo, 2021, sp. nov.

IndexFungorum 558682
Species-ID Facesoffungi number: FoF 10257

Material Download as CSV

Holotype:

scientificName:
Jalapriya apicalivaginatum
; phylum:
Ascomycota
; class:
Dothideomycetes
; order:
Pleosporales
; family:
Dictyosporiaceae
; genus:
Jalapriya
; locationRemarks:
China, Gansu Province, Gannan City, Xiahe County, Sangke Town, on decaying wood submerged in stream, July 2020
; habitat:
decaying wood submerged in stream
; collectionID:
SK 1-21-1 H
; collectionCode:
L-78

Description

Saprobic on decaying wood submerged in stream. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous (Fig. 2). Colonies effuse, scattered, dark brown or black. Mycelium mostly immersed, partly superficial, composed of smooth, septate, branched, hyaline to pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores micronematous, reduced, hyaline to pale brown, unbranched, thin-walled, smooth. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, cheiroid, pale brown, the shape of conidia like a "U", with 3–5 rows of cells. The rows in the middle are little bit longer than the outer rows and each row of cells with an apical hyaline, inflated, gelatinous subglobose, cap-like appendage, the rows of conidia mostly arranged in a plane and 2 outer rows arising from a basal cell, rows not separating, each row consisting of 6–12 cells, the size of outer rows 15–52 × 3–6 μm (x̄ = 36 × 5 μm, n = 30), excluding apical hyaline gelatinous appendages, the size of inner rows 24–47 × 4–7 μm (x̄ = 40 × 5.5 μm, n = 30). The size of conidia 24–47 × 17–31.5 µm (x̄ = 40 × 23 μm, n = 30). Sexual morph: Undetermined.

Figure 2.

Jalapriya apicalivaginatum (HKAS 115801, holotype). a Colonies on submerged wood; b-l Conidia; m Germinating conidium; n-o Culture on PDA from above and reverse. Scale bars: b, f-g, 20 μm; c, 30 μm; d-e, h-m, 15 μm.

Culture characteristics:

Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h, germ tubes arising from the outermost cells of the conidium. Colonies on MEA covering 9 cm diam., in 4 weeks at 28°C. On the obverse, the edges are white and the middle is greyish-white. On the reverse, colonies appear pale yellow. Sporulation not observed in culture.

Material examined:

CHINA, Gansu Province, Gannan City, Xiahe County, Sangke Town, 35°8'9"N, 102°27'11"E, on decaying wood submerged in stream, July 2020, Z.L. Luo, SK 1–21–1 H (HKAS 115801, holotype), ex-type living culture, KUNCC 21-10704 = CGMCC 3.20612.

Etymology

Referring to the conidia with an apical mucilaginous sheath.

Notes

In the phylogenetic analysis, J. apicalivaginatum formed a distinct lineage within Jalapriya and close to Jalapriya sp. (19VA07); However, the morphology of Jalapriya sp. (19VA07) was not available, but phylogeny of J. apicalivaginatum and Jalapriya sp. are distinct. Jalapriya apicalivaginatum resembles J. pulchra and J. inflata in having each conidial row of cells with an apical hyaline, inflated, gelatinous subglobose, cap-like appendage. However, Jalapriya inflata is characterised by branched conidiophores, whereas conidiophores of J. apicalivaginatum are not differentiated. Jalapriya apicalivaginatum has fewer number of rows than those of J. pulchra (3–5 rows vs. 5–7 rows) and conidia are smaller than those of J. pulchra (24–47 × 17–31.5 µm vs. 32–46 × 23.5–31.5 μm) (Boonmee et al. 2016) (Table 2).

Table 2.

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A synopsis of characters of species of Jalapriya.

Species	Conidia				Distribution	Reference
Species	Shape	Size (μm)	Colour	Number of rows	Distribution	Reference
Jalapriya inflata	Euseptate, thin-walled and staurosporous, composed of an apically inflated basal cell	28.5–38 × 14.5–21.5	Brown	3–4 rows	UK, Ontario, On rotten wood	Matsushima 1983, Kirschner et al. 2013, Boonmee et al. 2016, Iturrieta-González et al. 2018
J. pulchra	Acrogenous, solitary, each row of cells with an apical hyaline, inflated, gelatinous subglobose, cap-like appendage	32–46 × 23.5–31.5	Uniformly pale to medium reddish-brown	5–7 rows	CHINA, Yunnan Province, on decaying wood submerged in stream	Boonmee et al. 2016, Iturrieta-González et al. 2018
J. aquaticum	Acrogenous, solitary, rows converging at apex, apical cells with spherical-like appendages	22–53 × 16–24	Pale to medium brown	3–4 rows	CHINA, Yunnan Province, on decaying wood submerged in stream	This study
J. apicalivaginatum	Acrogenous, solitary, thin-walled, each row of cells with an apical hyaline, inflated, gelatinous subglobose, cap-like appendage	24–47 × 17–31.5	pale brown	3–5 rows	CHINA, Gansu Province, on decaying wood submerged in stream	This study

Jalapriya aquaticum D.F. Bao, X. Fu, H.Y. Su & Z.L. Luo, 2021, sp. nov.

IndexFungorum 558683
Species-ID Facesoffungi number: FoF 10258

Material Download as CSV

Holotype:

scientificName:
Jalapriya aquaticum
; phylum:
Ascomycota
; class:
Dothideomycetes
; order:
Pleosporales
; family:
Dictyosporiaceae
; genus:
Jalapriya
; locationRemarks:
China, Yunnan Province, Dali, Cangshan Mountain, Lingquan stream, on decaying wood submerged in stream, April 2019
; habitat:
Saprobic on decaying wood submerged in stream
; collectionID:
1LQX III H Z-7-1
; collectionCode:
S-2101

Description

Saprobic on decaying wood submerged in stream. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous (Fig. 3). Colonies punctiform, sporodochial, velvety, dark brown to black. Conidiophores micronematous, subhyaline to pale brown hyphae, unbranched, thin-walled, smooth. Mycelium immersed, composed of brown, smooth, thin-walled, septate. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, cheiroid, pale to medium brown, with 3–4 rows of cells, rows converging at apex, apical cells with spherical-like appendages, the immature conidia are slightly curved and become straight after maturity. Two outer rows arising from a basal cell, rows not separating, each row consisting of 6–12 cells, the size of outer rows 29–53 × 6–8 μm (x̄ =45 × 5 μm, n = 30), excluding apical hyaline gelatinous appendages, the size of inner rows 22–44 × 4–8 μm (x̄ = 38 ×6 μm, n = 30). The size of conidia 22–53 × 16–24 µm. Sexual morph: Undetermined.

Figure 3.

Jalapriya aquaticum (HKAS 115807, holotype). a Colonies on submerged wood; b Squash mount of conidioma; c-i Conidia; j Germinating conidium; k-l Culture on PDA from above and reverse. Scale bars: b, 40 μm; c-j, 20 μm.

Culture characteristics:

Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h, germ tubes arising from the outermost cells of the conidium. Colonies on MEA covering 9 cm diam., in 4 weeks, at 28°C, white to cream. Sporulation not observed in culture.

Material examined:

CHINA, Yunnan Province, Dali, Cangshan Mountain, Lingquan stream, 25.747501°N, 100.090989°E, on decaying wood submerged in stream, April 2019, Z.Q. Zhang, 1LQX III H Z-7-1 (S-2101) (HKAS 115807, holotype), ex-type living culture, KUNCC 21-10705 = DLUCC 2101 = CGMCC 3.20613; ibid. July 2019, Zhengquan Zhang, 2LQX III Z-56-1 H (S-2351), living culture, KUNCC 21-10706 = DLUCC 2101.

Etymology

Referring to the species collected from aquatic habitats.

Notes

In the phylogenetic analysis, J. aquaticum nested in Jalapriya and sister to J. toruloides. Morphologically, J. aquaticum is similar to J. inflata in having 3–4 rows of conidia, but differs from J. inflat in the shape of the conidia, the cells of J. inflata are fuller and more three-dimensional. J. inflata arranged more loosely in the rows of conidia and J. aquaticum packed more tightly. J. aquaticum has larger conidia than those of J. inflata (22–53 × 16–24 vs. 28.5–38 × 14.5–21.5 μm). Jalapriya quaticum similar to J. pulchra in having appendages on the apical cells of the conidia, but differs in the rows of J. aquaticum not being separable without manual force.

Dictyocheirospora vinaya D’souza, Bhat & K.D. Hyde, 2016, Fungal Diversity 80: 465

Species-ID Facesoffungi number: FoF 01263

Material Download as CSV

Holotype:

scientificName:
Dictyocheirospora vinaya
; phylum:
Ascomycota
; class:
Dothideomycetes
; order:
Pleosporales
; family:
Dictyosporiaceae
; genus:
Dictyocheirospora
; locationRemarks:
Thailand. Chiang Mai, Mushroom Research Centre, on submerged wood in a freshwater stream, 24 November 2013
; habitat:
submerged wood in a freshwater stream
; identifiedBy:
D’souza, Bhat & K.D. Hyde
; type:
MFLU 14–0264
; collectionCode:
MJD-26
; source:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0363-z

Description

Saprobic on decaying wood in streams. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous (Fig. 4). Colonies punctiform, sporodochial, velvety, dark brown. Mycelium immersed, composed of pale brown, smooth, thin-walled septate, branched, 1–2 μm wide hyphae. Conidiophores 9–27 × 3–6 μm (x̄ = 15 × 5 μm, n = 18), micronematous to semi-macronematous, pale brown, smooth, thin-walled. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, pale brown. Conidia solitary, terminal, cheiroid, 48–110 × 14–32 μm (x̄ = 73 × 22 μm, n = 30), pale brown, consisting of 7 rows of cells; rows digitate, arising from a basal cell, each arm consisting of 10–20 cells, distoseptate, constricted at septa, rows appressed when young, inwardly curved at the tip, palmately divergent when squashed, smooth-walled, guttulate. Sexual morph: Undetermined.

Figure 4.

Dictyocheirospora vinaya (HKAS 115802). a Colonies on submerged wood; b Squash mount of conidioma; c-k Conidia; l Germinating conidium; m-n Culture on PDA from above and reverse. Scale bars: b, 50 μm; c-d, h-k, 40 μm; e-g, l, 30 μm.

Culture characteristics:

Conidia germinating on water agar within 24 h, germ tubes emerging from the basal cells of the conidium. Colonies on PDA covering 9 cm diam., in 4 weeks, at 28°C, with wavy margins, at first white, later becoming orange. Sporulating regions scattered, but mostly confined to the centre of the culture.

Material examined:

CHINA, Yunnan Province, Nanpanjiang River, 24°33'57.48"N, 103°06'44.44"E, on decaying wood submerged in stream, 23 February 2018, X. He, NPJ H 3–2–1 (HKAS 115802); living culture KUNCC 21-10707.

Notes

Dictyocheirospora vinaya, the type species of Dictyocheirospora, was introduced by Boonmee et al. (2016). Dictyocheirospora vinaya is characterised by punctiform, dark brown colonies, pale brown, solitary, terminal, cheiroid conidia. Our fresh collection fits perfectly with the original description of D. vinaya (Boonmee et al. 2016). Phylogenetic analyses showed that our strain (DLUCC 1674) clustered with the ex-type strain of D. vinaya with high bootstrap support (93% ML and 1.00 PP). ITS comparison between our strain and MFLUCC 14–0294 revealed that there is no difference in a total of 499 bp, comparison of LSU between our strain and MFLUCC 14–0294 revealed 3 bp differences in a total of 1252 bp. Thus, we identified our new collection as D. vinaya, based on both phylogeny and morphology. Dictyocheirospora vinaya MFLUCC 14–0294 collected from freshwater habitats in Thailand, while our new collection was collected from freshwater habitats in China. It is a new record for China.

Identification keys

Key to Jalapriya species
1	Conidia without appendages	J. toruloides
–	Conidia with appendages	3
2	Conidia composed of 5–7 rows	J. pulchra
–	Conidia composed of 3–5 rows	3
3	Conidia 28.5–38 × 14.5–21.5 μm	J. inflata
–	The size of conidia not as above	4
4	Apical cell of conidia with spherical-like appendages	J. aquaticum
–	Apical cell of conidia with cap-like appendages	J. apicalivaginatum

Analysis

Phylogenetic analysis

The combined ITS, LSU, TEF1-α and SSU dataset consisted 78 sequences representing all genera of the Dictyosporiaceae with Periconia igniaria (CBS 379.86 and CBS 845.96) as outgroup taxon. The best scoring RaxML tree with the final ML optimisation likelihood value of –20943.450686 is shown here (Fig. 1). The alignment comprised 4309 characters including gaps. The matrix had 1309 distinct alignment patterns, with 51.74% undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.241918, C = 0.244332, G = 0.269566, T = 0.244184; substitution rates AC = 1.667496, AG = 3.298982, AT = 2.345910, CG = 0.903092, CT = 8.345950, GT = 1.000000; Tree-Length = 1.761576.

Two newly-collected Jalapriya aquaticum isolates grouped with species of Jalapriya and basal to the genus with highly-supported value (100 ML/1.00 PP). Jalapriya apicalivaginatum formed a distinct lineage between J. toruloides and Jalapriya sp. (19VA07) with high bootstrap (97 ML/1.00 PP). Dictyocheirospora vinaya (HKAS 115802) clustered with its ex-type strains with high support (93 ML/1.00 PP).

Discussion

Dictyosporiaceae accommodates a holomorphic group of Dothideomycetes, including 18 genera (Hyde et al. 2019, Rajeshkumar et al. 2021). Dictyocheirospora is the second largest genus of Dictyosporiaceae, followed by Dictyosporium. Dictyocheirospora is morphologically similar to Dictyosporium in having cheiroid, cylindrical conidia; However, Dictyocheirospora differs from Dictyosporium in having non-complanate conidia with arms arising from the basal cell and closely gathered at the apex and compact, while Dictyosporium has complanate conidia without separating arms. Thus, eight species were transferred from Dictyosporium to Dictyocheirospora, based on themorphological characters and phylogenetic analyses. (Boonmee et al. 2016, Yang et al. 2018). Dictyocheirospora is cosmopolitan in distribution and commonly reported from freshwater habitats in China, India, Japan and Thailand. Nine species of Dictyocheirospora were found on submerged decaying wood, others were found in terrestrial habitats. Currently, nine species have been discovered in China including Dictyocheirospora vinaya, which is mentioned in this article. (Boonmee et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2017, Li et al. 2017, Yang et al. 2018, Tibpromma et al. 2018, Jayasiri et al. 2015, Phookamsak et al. 2019, Phukhamsakda et al. 2020, Rajeshkumar et al. 2021).

Currently, three species are accepted in Jalapriya, of which, J. toruloides (Corda) is a terrestrial species discovered by Henningsson (1974) in Sweden; Afterwards it has been found in subtropical to temperate areas of both hemispheres, seemingly more often reported from coastal localities, considered an euryhaline species (Tibell et al. 2020), but our fresh collections are all from submerged wood in freshwater lotic habitats. In addition, both J. pulchra and J. acuaticum were all found in Yunnan Province, China on decaying wood submerged in a stream (Table 2). The morphological differences between J. apicalivaginatum and J. pulchra are not significant, but they are phylogenetically distinct. Morphology of J. toruloides is not available; However, the new species J. aquaticum forms a distinct clade from J. toruloides. Jalapriya aquaticum is different from other species in Jalapriya and forms a separate branch with high support value (100% ML and 1.00 BYPP).

Acknowledgements

This research was financed and supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project ID: 31860006, 31970021) and Fungal diversity conservation and utilisation innovation team of Dali University (ZKLX2019213). We thank Zheng-quan Zhang, Jian-wei Li, Lv He and Xiang Hong for the help on collecting samples. Xi Fu thanks Yi-Le Wan, You Mu and Yan Tao for their help on isolation and morphological examination, DNA extraction and PCR amplification. We are grateful to Hong-Wei Shen for his valuable suggestions and help.

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Supplementary material

Endnotes