Biodiversity Data Journal :
Data Paper (Biosciences)
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Corresponding author: Maria Baturina (baturina@ib.komisc.ru), Olga Kononova (kon@ib.komisc.ru)
Academic editor: Florian Leese
Received: 16 Sep 2021 | Accepted: 13 Nov 2021 | Published: 17 Nov 2021
© 2021 Maria Baturina, Olga Kononova, Elena Fefilova, Olga Loskutova
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Baturina M, Kononova O, Fefilova E, Loskutova O (2021) The fauna of aquatic invertebrates in the river impacted by wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry (Komi Republic). Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e75362. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75362
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Invertebrates are important elements of aquatic ecosystems and play a crucial role in the transformation of matter and energy in continental water bodies. Communities of aquatic invertebrates are characterised by high sensitivity to pollution by nutrients and toxic substances and acidification of water bodies; they serve as good bioindicators of the quality of the aquatic environment and impacts on hydroecosystems. All hydrobionts participate in the processes of self-purification of water bodies.
The presented dataset provides information on the aquatic invertebrate community of a large northern river. During 2018-2020, we collected data on changes in the quantitative indicators of the development of benthic and planktonic communities, as well as the species diversity of their fauna. The dataset combines information about the occurrence and abundance of benthic and planktonic invertebrates and summarises data of aquatic invertebrate species found in the Vychegda River in the zone of influence from the pulp and paper mill.
The presented dataset is part of a monitoring programme of the river ecosystems in the production area of Mondi Syktyvkar JSC (the European North-East of Russia, Komi Republic). The dataset describes the structure of benthic invertebrate and plankton communities in the Northern Dvina River Basin. The data on the finding and abundance of large taxa of aquatic invertebrates and species of some groups: Oligochaeta, Cladocera, Copepoda, Rotifera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera are presented. In total, the resource includes 8720 findings of invertebrates, of which 6041 are for zoobenthos organisms and 2679 for zooplankton organisms.
sampling event, benthos and plankton invertebrates, Oligochaeta, Cladocera, Copepoda, Rotifera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, wastewaters, pulp and paper industry, Vychegda River, Komi Republic
Freshwater ecosystems are complex, dynamic and diverse. However, they are more vulnerable than marine and terrestrial environments and their biodiversity is declining much faster (
For freshwater environmental monitoring and biodiversity simulation, data on the structure of communities are collected. Pooled species distribution data are now becoming an important (and sometimes primary) source of information in biodiversity research. However, they are often likely to be incomplete. Data gaps for a number of geographic areas and taxonomic groups, including aquatic invertebrates, exist and complicate access to solve the problems associated with global ecological and biogeographic analyses (
It is known (
The presented dataset (
The information presented in this work enriches the fundamental knowledge about the composition of zooplankton and zoobenthos in northern rivers. This information is important both for assessing regional resources in order to carry out nature conservation measures and for studying the biogeography of freshwater invertebrates, for a detailed and in-depth analysis of the distribution of certain species or groups and for determining their ranges and ecology.
The main purpose of the work was to prepare a dataset on sample occurrences of zoobenthos and zooplankton invertebrates in the zone impacted by wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry (Komi Republic, Vychegda River). For datasets on sample occurrences, data from 2018 to 2020 were included and, during the period of monitor observations, a basis was prepared for assessing and analysing changes in: (1) quantitative indicators of the development of zoobenthos and zooplankton communities and (2) species diversity of aquatic invertebrate fauna, under the impact of wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry (Komi Republic, Vychegda River).
"Russia 2021"
Distribution, systematics and spatial organisation of the aquatic invertebrate fauna in a northern river impacted by wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry (Komi Republic, Vychegda River).
Assessment of long-term impact of paper mill industry on the biological diversity in the production area.
All material was collected in the European part of Russia, Komi Republic: Vychegda River
Vychegda is the largest right tributary of the Northern Dvina River. It flows through the territory of the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk Oblast (). The length of the river is 1,130 km, the catchment area is 121,000 km2. Vychegda is a typical lowland river. The average density of the river network in the Vychegda River basin is 0.62 km/km2. Vychegda belongs to rivers with incomplete meandering. Its discharge ranges from 162 to 601 m3/s. In the river bed of the Vychegda River, the top (346 km long), middle (489 km long) and bottom (296 km long) parts are distinguished.
Our study area is located in the middle reaches of the river. The Middle Vychegda Basin occupies a vast valley; the floodplain is wide, usually bilateral, boggy, with numerous channels. Low-level, sloping shores alternate with high steep ones (3–18 m). The riverbed has a width of 100 to 680 m. There are many shallows and low alluvial sandy islands; the bottom of the river consists of sand, clay and pebbles. The current velocity is from 0.3–0.6 m/s (summer low water) to 1.5–1.8 m/s (high water) (
The research was carried out in zone impacted by wastewaters of Mondi Syktyvkar JSC, in the middle reaches of the Vychegda River. On the section of the river (55 km long), seven sampling sites were selected: IB – background zone, above the zone of direct influence of wastewater from the pulp and paper industry (near Sedkyrkeshch Village), I – zone of direct influence of wastewater from the pulp and paper industry, II – 22.8 km lower than point I (near Kochchojyag Village), III – 6.4 km lower than point II (near Sluda Village), IV – zone of direct influence of wastewater from the pulp and paper industry (near Gavrilovka Village), V – 11.8 km lower than point IV (near Sotchem-vyv Village) and VI – 5.5 km lower than point V (near Ust'-Pozheg Village).
Throughout the period of our studies, weather conditions changed from year to year. For instance, in 2018 and 2020, the temperature indicators were similar: the average monthly air temperature in July reached +19.5°С and 20.0°С, respectively. In July 2019, the lowest average monthly temperature over the period of our work was registered: +15.4°C (with a deviation from the norm by -2.1°C). The water temperature in the studied section of the river varied in accordance with the air temperature. The minimum water temperature values were registered in July 2019: from 16.3°C to 17.1°C. In warmer 2018 and 2020, the July water temperature ranged from 21.8°C to 25.8°C and from 23.8°C to 24.7°C, respectively. Water levels at the time of sampling in 2018 and 2019 were similar. However, in 2018, sampling was conducted during the period of an intensive decrease in the water level, and, in 2019 – during the period of an intensive rise in the water level due to significant precipitation. In 2020, during the sampling period, the water level was significantly lower than in the previous two years (
The Dataset (
The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Project No АААА-А17-117112850235-2 "Distribution, systematics and spatial organization of fauna and animals population in taiga and tundra landscapes and ecosystems at the Northeast European Russia"; agreement with Mondi Syktyvkar JSC № 45-2018/180405 "Assessment of long-term impact of Mondi Syktyvkar JSC on the biological diversity in the production area".
(Fig.
The dataset provides information on the number of individuals of aquatic invertebrates in zoobenthos samples and the number of individuals per cubic metre in zooplankton samples. Hydrobiological samples were collected on the part of the river located in the zone influenced by the pulp and paper industry (Mondi Syktyvkar JSC).
The research was carried out in zone impacted by wastewaters of Mondi Syktyvkar JSC, in the middle reaches of the Vychegda River. The material includes data collected during the period of modernisation of the enterprise.
On the section of the river (55 km long), seven points were selected (Fig.
Zooplankton samples were collected using plankton nets with subsequent filtration through mesh nylon nets with 82-100 µm mesh size (
For each point, a general description of the studied river was done and pH, mineralisation and temperature were measured. The identification of organisms was carried out according to the keys to freshwater invertebrates. More than 40 % of taxa (10 of model groups from 24 groups of zooplankton and zoobenthos) were determined up to the species level or genus.
Each sample was provided with a description that includes: collection date, locality (with geographic coordinates), device description, depth of sampling, water temperature, habitat (with substrate type, aquatic vegetation type, distance to the zone impacted by wastewaters from the Mondi Syktyvkar JSC), collector name, determined by (identification).
The data were collected and identified by specialists from the Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Morphological analysis of specimens were performed using compound microscopes BIMAM R13-1 and Leica DM 4000B. Most of the Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda organisms from zooplankton samples and Oligochaeta, Cladocera, Copepoda, Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera from benthos samples were identified to the species level. The rest of the organisms from benthos samples were identified only as higher level taxa. For identification of species and higher-level taxa, we used both standards keys and data reported in modern studies specifically addressing the taxonomy of these groups (
The dataset included our own species list of plankton and benthos fauna of the Vychegda River, based on 63 zooplankton and zoobenthos samples collected in 2018-2020. Samples were taken by standard hydrobiological methods using the Petersen dredge (sampling area 0.025 m2), while those from shallow depths and on rocky bottoms (i.e. gravel) were collected by a hydrobiological scraper (0.09 m2) with mesh size ≤158 μm (
The studied area is located in the middle part of the Vychegda River (Еuropean North-East of Russia, Komi Republic) (Fig.
On the section of the river (55 km long), seven points were selected (Fig.
The dataset includes data on aquatic invertebrates from 40 zoobenthos samples and 23 zooplankton samples.
The dataset contains information obtained from sampling for aquatic invertebrates (zooplankton and zoobenthos) (Table
Rank |
Scientific name |
Common name |
phylum |
Cnidaria |
|
class |
Hydrozoa |
hydras |
phylum |
Nematoda |
nematodes |
Phylum |
Rotifera |
rotifers |
class |
Eurotatoria |
|
subclass |
Bdelloidea |
|
order |
Bdelloida |
|
subclass |
Monogononta |
|
order |
Ploima |
|
order |
Flosculariacea |
|
phylum |
Tardigrada |
tardigrades |
phylum |
Annelida |
|
class |
Clitellata |
|
subclass |
Oligichaeta |
oligochaetes |
order |
Tubificida |
|
order |
Lumbriculida |
|
order |
Enchytraeida |
|
subclass |
Hirudinea |
leeches |
phylum |
Mollusca |
shellfish |
class |
Gastropoda |
|
phylum |
Arthropoda |
|
class |
Branchiopoda |
|
subclass |
Diplostraca |
|
order |
Anomopoda |
|
order |
Ctenopoda |
|
order |
Onychopoda |
|
order |
Haplopoda |
|
class |
Hexanauplia |
|
subclass |
Copepoda |
copepods |
order |
Cyclopoida |
|
order |
Harpacticoida |
|
class |
Ostracoda |
ostracods |
class |
Hydrachnidia |
water mites |
class |
Arachnida |
|
order |
Araneae |
spiders |
class |
Collembola |
springtail |
class |
Insecta |
insects |
order |
Hemiptera |
bedbugs |
subclass |
Pterygota |
|
order |
Ephemeroptera |
mayflies |
order |
Plecoptera |
stoneflies |
order |
Megaloptera |
alderflies |
order |
Coleoptera |
beetles |
order |
Trichoptera |
caddisflies |
order |
Odonata |
dragonflies |
order |
Diptera |
flies |
Our study showed how wastewater from a pulp and paper mill can affect aquatic invertebrates. For this purpose, we chose six sampling sites in the middle reaches of the Vychegda River, in the zone affected by the treated wastewater of the Mondi Syktyvkar JSC at different distances from the wastewater discharge points. According to the state of invertebrate communities in general, the river waters in the studied area can be classified as "oligotrophic" (in terms of zooplankton) or "satisfactory" (in terms of zoobenthos). The exception is the sites located downstream of the wastewater discharge points that are classified as "eutrophic" (in terms of zooplankton) and the treated wastewater discharge points which are classified as "unsatisfactory" (in terms of zoobenthos). However, given the high indicators of the quantitative development of aquatic invertebrate communities and their high species diversity, we can say that there is no toxic effect of wastewater in the studied area, but there are processes of anthropogenic eutrophication of the river.
Analysis of the species composition of model groups – microcrustaceans, oligochaetes, non-chironomid amphibiotic insects – revealed a sufficiently high level of community diversity. The diversity in the groups varied depending on the sampling site, but the differences in values for most of the sites were insignificant. The greatest diversity for all groups was observed at points III and V.
Amongst all the diversity of species of aquatic invertebrates found in the investigated section of the Vychegda River, we noted new species for the regional fauna, Elaphoidella bidens (Schmeil, 1983) and Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820), as well as a rare species, Brachycercus harisella (Curtis, 1834), listed in the Red Book of the Komi Republic.
Data sources provided the dates when the species was detected for the first time in the zone impacted by wastewaters from the pulp and paper enterprise of the 8720 occurrences included in the dataset. The earliest first record dates back to 2018 and the most recent event occurred in 2020.
Field studies of zoobenthos were carried out on 23, 24 July 2018, 13-17 July 2019 and 20, 21 July 2020. At each point, from two to five samples were taken. In points I and IV was carried out annually, in item III - in 2018 and 2019, the rest were collected once.
IP rights notes: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0
License.
The dataset includes two tables related by the eventID field – Events and Associated occurrences
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
eventID (Event Core) | An identifier for the event (layer). |
eventDate (Event Core) | The date-time or interval during which an Event occurred. |
year (Event Core) | The year in which the Event occurred, according to the Common Era Calendar. |
month (Event Core) | The month in which the Event occurred. |
day (Event Core) | The day in which the Event occurred. |
habitat (Event Core) | A category or description of the habitat in which the Event occurred. |
verbatimDepth (Event Core) | The original description of the depth below the local surface. |
eventRemarks (Event Core) | Comments or notes about the Event. |
samplingProtocol (Event Core) | The descriptions of the methods used during an Event. |
sampleSizeValue (Event Core) | A numeric value for a measurement of the size of a sample in a sampling event. |
sampleSizeUnit (Event Core) | The unit of measurement of the size (time duration, length, area or volume) of a sample in a sampling event. |
locationID (Event Core) | An identifier for the set of location information. |
continent (Event Core) | The name of the continent in which the Location occurs. |
country (Event Core) | The name of the country in which the Location occurs. |
countryCode (Event Core) | The standard code for the country in which the Location occurs. |
stateProvince (Event Core) | The name of the next smaller administrative region than country (republic) in which the Location occurs. |
locality (Event Core) | The specific description of the place. |
locationRemarks (Event Core) | Comments or notes about the Location. |
decimalLatitude (Event Core) | The geographic latitude. |
decimalLongitude (Event Core) | The geographic longitude |
geodeticDatum (Event Core) | The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based. |
georeferencedBy (Event Core) | A list of names of people who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the Location. |
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres (Event Core) | The horizontal distance (in metres) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location. |
occurrenceID (Occurrence Extension) | An identifier for the Occurrence. |
basisOfRecord (Occurrence Extension) | The nature of the related resource. |
Phylum (Occurrence Extension) | The full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the taxon is classified. |
Class (Occurrence Extension) | The full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified. |
order (Occurrence Extension) | The full scientific name of the order in which the taxon is classified. |
family (Occurrence Extension) | The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified. |
genus (Occurrence Extension) | The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified. |
specificEpithet (Occurrence Extension) | The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName. |
infraspecificEpithet (Occurrence Extension) | The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the scientificName, excluding any rank designation. |
identificationQualifier (Occurrence Extension) | A brief phrase or a standard term ("cf.", "aff.") to express the determiner's doubts about the Identification. |
scientificNameAuthorship (Occurrence Extension) | The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode. |
scientificName (Occurrence Extension) | The full scientific name, with authorship and date information, if known. |
organismRemarks (Occurrence Extension) | Comments or notes about the Organism instance. |
taxonRank (Occurrence Extension) | The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName. |
Lifestage (Occurrence Extension) | The age class or life stage of the Organism(s) at the time the Occurrence was recorded. |
organismQuantityType (Occurrence Extension) | The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms. |
individualCount (Occurrence Extension) | The number of individuals present at the time of the Occurrence. |
occurrenceStatus (Occurrence Extension) | A statement about the presence or absence of a Taxon at a Location. |
recordedBy (Occurrence Extension) | A list of names of people responsible for recording the original Occurrence. |
identifiedBy (Occurrence Extension) | A list of names of people who assigned the Taxon to the subject. |
associatedReferences (OccurrenceExtension) | A list of publication of literature associated with the Occurrence. |
We are grateful to employees of Institute of Biology (Syktyvkar, Russia) for their help in field material collecting, to Ivan Chadin (Syktyvkar, Russia) for participation in hosting the datasets on GBIF. The research was conducted within the framework of the state assignment topic "Distribution, systematics and spatial organization of fauna and animals population in taiga and tundra landscapes and ecosystems at the Northeastern European Russia" (no. AAAA-A17-117112850235-2), with the financial support of the project "Assessment of long-term impact of Mondi Syktyvkar JSC on the biological diversity in the production area" (Аgreement no. 45-2018/180405).
Maria Baturina took part in fieldwork, processing of the zoobenthic samples, identified benthic invertebrates and Oligochaeta species and wrote the metadata description and manuscript.
Olga Kononova took part in processing of the zooplankton samples, identified plankton species (Copepoda, Cladocera, Rotifera), prepared the dataset and wrote the manuscript.
Elena Fefilova took part in fieldwork, identified species meiobenthic Crustacea (Cladocera, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida) prepared the dataset and wrote the manuscript.
Olga Loskutova took part in identified species amphibiotic Insecta (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) prepared the dataset.