Biodiversity Data Journal : Taxonomic Paper
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Taxonomic Paper
Rediscovery and redescription of Centrodora damoni (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Australia, an egg parasitoid of Gonipterus spp (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), after nearly a century
expand article infoSamantha E Ward‡, Carlos Valente§, Catarina Gonçalves§, Andrew Polaszek‡
‡ Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
§ RAIZ - Instituto de Investigação da Floresta e Papel, Eixo-Aveiro, Portugal
Corresponding author:
Academic editor: Li Ren
Received: 13 Jan 2016 | Accepted: 28 Mar 2016 | Published: 18 Apr 2016
© 2016 Samantha Ward, Carlos Valente, Catarina Gonçalves, Andrew Polaszek
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Ward S, Valente C, Gonçalves C, Polaszek A (2016) Rediscovery and redescription of Centrodora damoni (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Australia, an egg parasitoid of Gonipterus spp (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), after nearly a century. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7766. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7766
 Open Access

Abstract

Background

Centrodora is a relatively common and widespread genus of morphologically diverse species, and is the most polyphagous genus known within the Aphelinidae, attacking eggs of insects in addition to pupae of Diptera and Hymenoptera, and nymphs of Hemiptera (Polaszek 1991). There are currently about 60 valid species in the genus, but given its morphological and biological diversity, some elevation of species-groups and subgenera to genus-level might be useful in future. Centrodora is represented in Australia by twelve species (Noyes 2015).

New information

Centrodora damoni (Girault) is redescribed and diagnosed from recently collected specimens reared from the eucalyptus weevil Gonipterus sp. near scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Tasmania, Australia. A lectotype is designated from a syntype specimen.

Keywords

egg parasitoid, weevil parasitoid, Eucalyptus, Gonipterus, taxonomy

Introduction

Centrodora Foerster is a relatively common and widespread genus of morphologically diverse species, and is the most polyphagous genus known within the Aphelinidae, attacking eggs of insects in addition to pupae of Diptera and Hymenoptera, and nymphs of Hemiptera (Polaszek 1991). There are currently about 60 valid species in the genus, but given its morphological and biological diversity, some elevation of species-groups and subgenera to genus-level might be useful in future. Centrodora is represented in Australia by twelve species (Noyes 2015). The genus appears to be of moderate importance as a naturally-occurring primary parasitoid of plant-feeding insects, including some pests (Polaszek 1991). The genus has been split into two species-groups based on the Indian species: the amoena-group and idioceri-group (Hayat 1998, Hayat 2010). Although C. damoni is currently known only from Australia, it fits better within the idioceri-group.

Centrodora damoni was described by A.A. Girault in 1922 from Queensland as Aphelinus damoni, and later transferred correctly to Centrodora by Hayat and Fatima 1990. The two syntype females were collected in a forest, and not reared, but later Girault correctly identified a long series, including the first recorded males, from “ova Gonipterus” from Canberra.

The host of both the recent and historical material can, unfortunately, only be identified currently as Gonipterus sp. Mapondera et al. 2012 have shown that what was known for a long time as a single species Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal, commonly known as the eucalyptus snout, beetle eucalyptus weevil or the gum tree weevil, is in fact a complex of at least 10 distinct species, at least 5 of which occur in Tasmania.

Materials and methods

Collection

In 2012, field sampling was undertaken on 11 sampling sites in Tasmania, Australia, by the second author (CV). At two of the collection localities, Tunbridge and New Norfolk, Centrodora damoni was discovered in egg capsules of Gonipterus spp. on Eucalyptus ovata and E. globulus. At a further three sites (Grindewald, Hamilton and Hayes) the parasitoid emerged from an assortment of egg capsules, see Fig. 1, Table 1.

Table 1.
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Collection sites at which Centrodora damoni was discovered.

Collection site

Latitude

Longitude

Collection date

Egg Capsules collected

Nr. of emergences

Host

Host plant

Tunbridge

42°07.076

147°19.600

15/21 Nov 2012

1430

6

Gonipterus spp.

Eucalyptus ovata

New Norfolk

42°47.272

147°03.743

17/23 Nov 2012

90

6

Gonipterus spp.

Eucalyptus globulus

Grindelwald1

41°21.446

147°00.966

19 Nov. 2012

100

14

Gonipterus spp.

Eucalyptus globulus

Hamilton1

42°37.846

146°54.760

23 Nov. 2012

Gonipterus spp.

Eucalyptus ovata

Hayes1

42°45.432

147°00.028

23 Nov. 2012

Gonipterus spp.

Eucalyptus globulus

1 Because few egg capsules were collected at these locations, they were placed on the same container.

Figure 1.  

Map of Tasmania indicating sampling sites.

Specimens were reared from freshly laid Gonipterus sp. egg capsules, emerging 54-56 days after parasitism, at 15˚C. The Centrodora parasitoids were preserved in 70% ethanol before identification by the fourth author (AP).

​ Identification

Specimens preserved in ethanol were extracted for genomic DNA using a “non-destructive” extraction technique (Polaszek et al. 2013). Several PCRs for the 28S D2 and D2-D3 ribosomal DNA fragments using a range of tried and tested primers were unsuccessful. The method of preservation - 70% ethanol, possibly with some methanol present – might have led to degradation of DNA. Attempts will be made in the near future to collect fresh material for DNA sequencing.

Following DNA extraction, specimens were dissected and slide-mounted in Canada balsam following the standard protocol described by Noyes 1982. Photographs were made using a Leitz Ortholux compound microscope with Nomarski Differential Interference Contrast illumination. Images were processed using the stacking software Automontage (Synoptics, Cambridge, UK), and further edited with Adobe Photoshop CC 2014.

Terminology

Morphological terminology and the format for species descriptions follow Polaszek 1991.

​Depositories & Abbreviations

The following institutions provided specimens and/or are depositories for material examined:

BMNH: Natural History Museum, London, UK.

QM: Queensland Museum, Australia.

RAIZ: Instituto de Investigação da Floresta e Papel, Eixo-Aveiro, Portugal.

Taxon treatment

Centrodora damoni (Girault, 1922)

Nomenclature

Aphelinus damoni Girault 1922: 208.

Centrodora damoni (Girault) Hayat and Fatima 1990: 250; Dahms 1983: 209.

Materials   Download as CSV 
Lectotype:
  1. individualCount:
    1
    ; sex:
    female
    ; lifeStage:
    adult
    ; occurrenceDetails:
    [AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Wynnum March 1st 1922] Aphelinus damoni Gir. ♀; 3771.
    ; occurrenceRemarks:
    On a slide with "Coccidoxenus syrphi" (QM). Slide 1 of Dahms (1983).
    ; recordedBy:
    Girault A.A.
Paralectotype:
  1. individualCount:
    1
    ; sex:
    female
    ; lifeStage:
    adult
    ; occurrenceDetails:
    [AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Wynnum March 1st 1922] Aphelinus damoni Gir. ♀ (QM).
    ; occurrenceRemarks:
    Slide 4 of Dahms (1983).
    ; recordedBy:
    Girault A.A.
Other materials:
  1. individualCount:
    8
    ; sex:
    female
    ; lifeStage:
    adult
    ; occurrenceDetails:
    [AUSTRALIA:] FCT Canberra; ova Gonipterus: Aphelinus damoni Girault [8 ♀♀] (QM).
    ; occurrenceRemarks:
    Slide 2 of Dahms (1983).
    ; recordedBy:
    Girault A.A.
  2. individualCount:
    8
    ; sex:
    5 female, 3 male
    ; lifeStage:
    adult
    ; occurrenceDetails:
    [AUSTRALIA:] FCT Canberra; ova Gonipterus: Aphelinus damoni Girault [5♀3♂] (QM).
    ; occurrenceRemarks:
    Slide 3 of Dahms (1983).
    ; recordedBy:
    Girault A.A.
  3. individualCount:
    4
    ; sex:
    2 female, 2 male
    ; lifeStage:
    adult
    ; occurrenceDetails:
    2♀ AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Nunamara on Gonipterus sp.; C. Valente; DNA1020, 1021 (BMNH/QM); 2♂ AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, multiple sites on Gonipterus sp.; 2012/13; C. Valente; A2, A5 (BMNH/QM).
    ; recordedBy:
    Valente C.

Description

(Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12)

Figure 2.  

Centrodora damoni, female: habitus

Figure 3.  

Centrodora damoni, female: antenna, outer aspect

Figure 4.  

Centrodora damoni, female: antenna, inner aspect

Figure 5.  

Centrodora damoni, female: body in dorsal view

Figure 6.  

Centrodora damoni, female: fore wing

Figure 7.  

Centrodora damoni, male: antenna, outer aspect

Figure 8.  

Centrodora damoni, male: genitalia

Figure 9.  

Centrodora damoni, lectotype

Figure 10.  

Centrodora damoni, paralectotype

Figure 11.  

Centrodora damoni, other Girault material

Figure 12.  

Centrodora damoni, other Girault material

Female. Body length: 1.00 mm (Fig. 9: Lectotype - length approximate as specimen is dissected and crushed).

Colour. Fig. 2. Ground colour cream/off-white. Two broad longitudinal stripes on mesoscutum, extending to scutellum, propodeum laterally, and most of gaster, golden brown. Darker pigmentation on ocelli, notauli, hind tibia and tarsus. Wings hyaline.

Morphology: 

Head. Frons and antennal scrobes with very fine reticulate sculpture, frons below ocellar triangle with dense robust setae. Maxillary palp two-segmented. Antenna (Figs 3, 4) with radicle 2.1× as long as wide. Scape 4.0× as long as wide, 3.3× as long as radicle, and 2.2× as long as pedicel, flagellum with four flagellom­eres; F1 and F2 combined length longer than F3, F3 1.3× as wide as long, much shorter than pedicel plus F1 and F2, and 0.3× as long as clava; clava with 8-9 multiporous plate sensilla (mps – Fig. 4). Clava with an obliquely truncate apex with numerous basiconic peg sensilla (Fig. 4). Clava 2.1× as long as wide; mps 0.3× length of clava.

Mesosoma. Lateral lobe of mesoscutum with two setae (Fig. 5). Mid lobe of mesoscutum with approximately 13 pairs of setae (Fig. 5) and reticulate sculpture. Scutellum with two pairs of setae (Fig. 5). Fore tibial calcar 0.8× length of basitarsus. Fore wing (Fig. 6) uniformly hyaline, 2.3× as long as broad; longest seta of posterior marginal fringe 0.1× width of wing; marginal vein with row of six long setae along anterior margin; discal setation relatively uniform. Submarginal vein with row of four long setae along anterior margin. Hind wing 3.8× as long as broad, posterior marginal fringe 0.3× width of wing; discal setation relatively uniform.

Metasoma. Ovipositor (Fig. 5) 7.7× as long as hind basitarsus. Third valvula approximately 0.2x total ovipositor length.

Male. Body length generally 0.8x that of female. Colour and morphology similar to female. Antenna (Fig. 7) with scape shorter and broader than in female (cf Figs 3, 7). Genitalia as in Fig. 8​.

Host. Gonipterus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Based on the type locality of C. damoni (Queensland), the host species is likely to be one of the new species mentioned in Mapondera et al. 2012.

Diagnosis

Centrodora damoni can be distinguished from the other 11 Australian species in the genus by the following combination of characters: Two broad longitudinal stripes on mesoscutum, extending to scutellum; ovipositor less than half total body length (excluding head); apex of antennal clava broadly rounded; fore wing with linea calva present.

Distribution

Australia: ACT, Queensland, Tasmania (probably widespread).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Chris Burwell, Senior Curator of insects at Queensland Museum, for the loan of the Girault slides. John Noyes’ Universal Chalcidoidea Database was indispensable in preparing this paper. Altri Florestal SA (Portugal) contributed to financial support of insect collection. The paper benefited considerably from reviews by Dr M. Hayat, Dr S. Manzari and an anonymous reviewer.

References

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