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Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².

Trichoniscoides bellesi is known from Algar do Javali Cave in the Montejunto karst massif (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Trichoniscoides bellesi occurs in a single cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Algar do Javali Cave is the only known location for this species; therefore, the trend in number of locations is stable.

A total of three specimens have been collected in the type locality (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Trichoniscoides bellesi was found in the deepest and most thermally insulated parts of the cave, at 10 m depth (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Trichoniscoides bellesi is a blind and depigmented troglobiont species (Reboleira et al. 2015). It shares habitat with other endemic cave-adapted species, such as the pseudoscorpions Occidenchthonius cardosoi (Zaragoza, 2012) (Zaragoza and Reboleira 2018) and Roncocreagris occidentalis Zaragoza & Reboleira, 2013 (Reboleira et al. 2013b); an undescribed species of terrestrial isopod Paraschizidium Verhoeff, 1919; the beetle Trechus tatai Reboleira & Ortuño, 2010 (Reboleira et al. 2010a, Reboleira et al. 2015) and a new species of the pselaphid beetle Tychobythinus Ganglbauer, 1896. Algar do Javali Cave has a mean annual temperature of 14.4°C and an amplitude of 1.1°C at the sediment level, measured hourly during 2010.

The cave entrance is surrounded by Eucalyptus intensive plantations, which substituted the original native vegetation and is located 50 m from a road, 1.6 km from a quarry and 2.9 km from the closest village.

Even though this cave is protected under legislation by the “Rede Natura 2000” (Directive 1992, ICNB 2000), this rare and single-cave endemic terrestrial isopod species lacks specific protection measures. The development of a conservation plan for this cave area is crucial to ensure its environmental sustainability and the survival of the species.

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The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are both 4 km².

Trichoniscoides broteroi is a troglobiont isopod known from Alqueves Cave, located in the Sicó karst area (Reboleira et al. 2015). This cave forms a gallery of about 6 m long (Grilo et al. 2016).

Trichoniscoides broteroi is known from a single cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Alqueves Cave is the only known location for this species; therefore, the trend in number of locations is stable.

Alqueves Cave is considered a pre- and proto-historic site. It is a natural funerary cave as bone fragments and other human artifacts were there found, testifying to its human occupation at the end of the Neolithic period, beginning of the Chalcolithic (Grilo et al. 2016). This cave has a corridor shape, 5–6 m long and it is divided into two galleries, with an extremely clayey floor, with a depression in its central part that, in winter, forms a small lake (Grilo et al. 2016). The cave is currently closed by the Municipality and the surrounding area is fully urbanised (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Trichoniscoides broteroi is a blind and depigmented troglobiont species and a single cave endemic (Reboleira et al. 2015). It shares habitat with another cave-adapted terrestrial isopod, the species Porcellio cavernicolus (Vandel 1946).

The entrance to the cave is located within a fully urbanised area, more specifically in the middle of a roundabout (Grilo et al. 2016, Reboleira et al. 2015). This cave is located 1.3 km from the Mondego River and 2 km from the city centre of Coimbra.

This cave was previously excavated for archaeological studies where bone fragments, chipped stone material, ceramic fragments, quartzite blades and bone pins were found (Grilo et al. 2016). It is also the only location for Trichoniscoides broteroi (Reboleira et al. 2015). Despite its archaeological and ecological importance and the severe threats it faces, this cave is not adequately protected for biodiversity; therefore, conservation of this habitat is crucial. Measures should also be taken to prevent infiltration of wastewaters and urban residues into the subterranean habitat.

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The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 217.7 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km².

Trichoniscoides meridionalis is recorded from 10 caves distributed along the Estremenho karst massif: Algar do Vale da Pena, Algar do Zé de Braga, Alcobertas, Lapa da Chã de Cima, Moinhos Velhos, Almonda, Papagaio, Algar do Burro, Algar do Pena and Algar do Ladoeiro (Vandel 1946, Reboleira et al. 2015, Reboleira and Enghoff 2018).

Trichoniscoides meridionalis occurs in ten caves (Reboleira et al. 2015, Reboleira and Enghoff 2018).

A total of 43 specimens have been collected: six in Moinhos Velhos cave, five in Algar do Vale do Pena, five in Algar do Burro, one in Algar do Zé de Braga, fifteen in Algar do Ladoeiro, ten in Almonda and one in Papagaio Caves (Reboleira et al. 2015).

The caves are located at an altitude ranging from 95 to 485 m a.s.l. (Reboleira et al. 2015). Amonda Cave represents the easternmost locality for the species' distribution, while Algar do Vale da Pena is the westernmost. Almonda is the largest cave in Portugal, with more than 10 km of mapped galleries (Thomas 1991).

Trichoniscoides meridionalis is a blind, depigmented troglobiont that is adapted to life in the underground (Vandel 1946, Reboleira et al. 2015). This species can be found both close to the entrance and at the deepest parts of caves, usually associated with decomposing organic matter (Reboleira 2007, Reboleira et al. 2009, Reboleira et al. 2015).

Almonda Cave is located 50 m from a factory that extracts water from a subterranean river and 420 m from a village, which has many agricultural fields. Algar do Ladoeiro's Cave entrance is 840 m from the closest urbanisation. The Moinhos Velhos Cave is the largest show cave of Portugal with around 140,000 visitors per year. Alcobertas Cave has also been subject to structural alterations with the intention to transform it into a show cave during the last century and it is exploited for tourism by a local association (Reboleira et al. 2009). The subterranean stream in Moinhos Velhos Cave has high input of sewage from the surface and is located below the village of Mira d'Aire; therefore, this cave is extremely contaminated by surface pollutants (Reboleira 2007), its entrance is located in the village centre and, since the 1960s, has had much infrastructure built for touristic exploitation, with a 300 m long show cave section (Reboleira et al. 2015). Alcobertas Cave has been intensively exploited for touristic activities since the 70s, where a second entrance has been opened, drastically changing the climatic conditions (Reboleira 2007, Reboleira et al. 2009). This cave is located 640 m from a field of energy windmills, 1 km from a quarry, 850 m from agricultural lands and 690 m from the nearest village. Algar do Vale da Pena is located in an abandoned quarry, 700 m from the closest village. Papagaio Cave is located 120 m from a quarry and 1 km from a major highway, A1. Algar do Burro is located 500 m from a quarry, 560 m from the A1 highway and 600 m from the closest village. Lapa da Chã de Cima is located 500 m from a quarry. Algar do Zé de Braga is located below intensive agricultural olive production, which is threatened by the use of pesticides at the surface, known to percolate into the underground and cause pernicious effects on subterranean biota (Castaño-Sánchez et al. 2020, Reboleira et al. 2013a).

Almonda Cave is classified, since 1993, as a Property of Public Interest (IIP) and protected due to its archaeological heritage (Hoffmann et al. 2013). The archaeological arguments are, however, inappropriate for cave-adapted fauna protection, so it is urgent to set protective measures directed at the cave fauna. Of the ten caves, only six are protected under legislation by the “Rede Natura 2000” (Directive 1992, ICNB 2000). Measures need to be established to protect the habitats and locations that are affected by human activities, wastewater infiltration and pollution and to implement protection on the locations neglected under the current legislation.

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Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².

Trichoniscoides ouremensis is only recorded from Lapa da Salgada Cave, located in the Fátima Plateau, in the eastern part of the Estremenho karst massif (Vandel 1946, Reboleira et al. 2015).

Trichoniscoides ouremensis is recorded from a single cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Lapa da Salgada Cave is the only known location for this species; therefore, the trend in number of locations is stable.

Lapa da Salgada Cave is composed of a main underground gallery and the floor is mostly covered by flowstone and clay, with a few bat guano deposits.

Trichoniscoides ouremensis is classified as a troglobiont species, being blind and depigmented. It is a single cave endemic (Vandel 1946, Reboleira et al. 2015).

The cave entrance is located 270 m from a road in which trucks transport goods from warehouses 600 m away. The cave is also located 1 km away from the closest town.

Measures need to be put in place in order to protect the habitat and species from the disturbances caused by truck movements and proximity to the urban areas.

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Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².

Trichoniscoides serrai is only recorded from Santo Adrião Cave, located in the palaeokarst of Vimioso in north-eastern Portugal (Cruz 1993, Reboleira et al. 2015).

Trichoniscoides serrai occurs in a single cave (Cruz 1993, Reboleira et al. 2015).

Santo Adrião Cave is the only known location for this species; therefore, the trend in number of locations is stable.

Santo Adrião mines are located at 580 m a.s.l. in the Municipality of Miranda do Douro, District of Bragança (Moreira and Moreira 2006). The cave consists of a large chamber with visible terraces resulting from the alabaster exploration initiated by the Romans and another smaller chamber that continues through a very narrow passage (Moreira and Moreira 2006).

Trichoniscoides serrai is classified as a blind, depigmented troglobiont, adapted to life in the underground (Reboleira et al. 2015).

The cave entrance is in the border of an active quarry, very close to a road (Moreira and Moreira 2006).

Even though this cave is protected under legislation by the “Rede Natura 2000” (Directive 1992, ICNB 2000), this species lacks specific protection measures.

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The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 129.2 km² and the maximum estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km².

Trichoniscoides sicoensis is recorded from six caves located in the Sicó karst area: Cerâmica, Santa Maria da Estrela, Soprador do Carvalho, Algarinho, Arrifana and São Simão (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Trichoniscoides sicoensis is known from six caves (Reboleira et al. 2015).

The largest population was found in the type locality Cerâmica Cave, where a higher number of specimens has been collected, followed by Santa Maria da Estrela Cave and then Soprador do Carvalho, Algarinho, Arrifana and São Simão Caves (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Trichoniscoides sicoensis inhabits the deepest and isolated parts of caves of the Sicó karst area, found up to a maximum altitude of 380 m a.s.l. The easternmost locality is Soprador do Carvalho Cave and the westernmost is Santa Maria da Estrela Cave, its distribution being limited at the north by the Arrifana Cave and at the south by the Cerâmica Cave. Cerâmica Cave opens at 355 m a.s.l., it has a horizontal development of 120 m, a depth of 21 m (Nóbrega et al. 1984) and is the richest cave in biodiversity in central Portugal (Reboleira 2012, Reboleira et al. 2015). Santa Maria da Estrela Cave is the habitat recorded at highest altitude, 380 m a.s.l., with a horizontal development of 200 m and harbours frequently a large bat colony (Nóbrega et al. 1984). Soprador do Carvalho Cave is the largest cave, where T. sicoensis is distributed and it is part of the Dueça Speleological System, which has 7 km of underground galleries (Neves et al. 2005).

Trichoniscoides sicoensis is classified as a troglobiont species, blind and depigmented. It is endemic to the Sicó karst area (Reboleira et al. 2015). Most of the specimens are found walking on the substrate near roots, but they can exhibit an amphibious behaviour and have also been collected under a stone submerged in the subterranean stream of Soprador do Carvalho Cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Cerâmica Cave is surrounded by agricultural fields and Eucalyptus intensive plantations. It is located 270 m from a road, 550 m from an animal farm, 1.6 km from the closest village and 3.6 km from a quarry. Santa Maria da Estrela Cave is located 86 m from a touristic site called Monstro das Bolachas, 230 m from the Nossa Senhora da Estrela viewpoint, 250 m from the closest urbanised area, 80 m from the road, 220 m from agricultural fields and 2.6 km from two quarries. Soprador do Carvalho Cave is surrounded by agricultural lands distances and is located 67 m from the closest house and 1.4 km from a quarry. This cave is also affected by touristic activities, as people who visit the cave walk all over the habitat (Ribera and Reboleira 2019). The subterranean stream that passes inside this cave has observable urban wastewater run-off as it flows below the urbanised areas of the region (Reboleira et al. 2011). Algarinho Cave entrance is located 170 m from Soprador do Carvalho; therefore, they are both exposed to the same threats. However, the terminus of Algarinho is below a quarry and limestone slurry infiltrates from the surface into the cave, which is known to have pernicious effects on subterranean species (Piccini et al. 2019). Arrifana Cave is located 190 m from a road, 370 m from the nearest village and 900 m from a quarry. São Simão Cave entrance is surrounded by agricultural fields and is located 47 m from a road, 100 m from the closest house and 300 m from a transportation company, from where cargo trucks operate.

Although Cerâmica and Santa Maria da Estrela Caves are protected under legislation by the “Rede Natura 2000” (Directive 1992, ICNB 2000), this troglobiont isopod species is not. It is vital that a conservation plan that takes into consideration both the habitat and the species be developed in order to secure the survival of this species. Of the six caves, only two are protected under legislation. Measures need to be implemented in order to extend this protection to all the caves.

The quarry near Algarinho cave has been reported by Grupo Protecção Sicó, a local ONG from Pombal Municipality, as the source of infiltration of large amounts of fine particles of quarry dust in the cave, which puts groundwater quality in danger (Piccini et al. 2019). Prevention of infiltration of wastewaters from villages into the nearby caves is necessary and the effects of the quarries and agriculture in these cave ecosystems need to be minimised.

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Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².

Trichoniscoides subterraneus is only recorded from Alta do Cabeço dos Mosqueiros Cave, located in Carvalhal de Aljubarrota, the western part of the Estremenho karst massif (Vandel 1946).

Trichoniscoides subterraneus occurs in a single cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Alta do Cabeço dos Mosqueiros Cave is the only known location for this species; therefore, the trend in number of locations is stable.

This cave is currently part of the Geocaching network; therefore, it is subject to human disturbance without regulation.

Trichoniscoides subterraneus is classified as a blind and depigmented troglobiont species (Reboleira et al. 2015).

This cave is frequently visited by geocachers looking for the geocache installed inside the cave.

Measures to limit the number of visits to the cave should be implemented in order to ensure the integrity of the habitat and the survival of this species.

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Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km²

Metatrichoniscoides salirensis is only known from Salir Cave, a single isolated cave located in the western border of Caldas da Rainha Typhonic Valley (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Metatrichoniscoides salirensis is only recorded from one cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Salir Cave is the only known location for this species; therefore, the trend in number of locations is stable.

A total of seven specimens have been collected in the type locality (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Salir Cave was discovered in the 1960s by the labour force of a quarry. It is located near the sea, at an altitude of 60 m a.s.l. The substrate is mostly composed of flowstone, clay and marine sand that can be found in the deepest parts of the cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Metatrichoniscoides salirensis is classified as a troglobiont species, blind and depigmented and is hitherto the only troglobiont species known from this cave and from this karst area (Reboleira et al. 2015). The mean temperature of the cave is 17.3°C, measured in 2010 at the sediment level.

The cave entrance is located in a former quarry, at 400 m from the closest house and 1 km from the village centre. Salir Cave has an easy access and mostly horizontal development, which attracts casual visitors. It has suffered recurrent episodes of vandalism, which include paintings inside the first chamber and breakage of many lithological formations. This cave is currently listed in the Geocaching network and subject to human disturbance without regulation.

The cave should be a protected site, as it is the only locality known for this species; therefore, a site of maximum priority for biodiversity conservation. The entrance should be closed and the access regulated in order to prevent the recurrent vandalism and human disturbance to the ecosystem.

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Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².

Troglonethes olissipoensis is only recorded from Alvide Cave, located in Cascais Municipality in the Lisbon metropolitan area (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Troglonethes olissipoensis occurs in a single cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Alvide Cave is the only known location for this species; therefore, the trend in number of locations is stable.

A total of 25 specimens have been collected in the type locality (Reboleira et al. 2015).

The entrance to Alvide Cave is through a house currently serving as headquarters of Denível Association. Part of the cave's ceiling has concrete that serves as the base of a residential building. This cave is in the margin of a small canyon and it is composed of three levels of horizontal galleries connected by pits, it has a horizontal development of 708 m and total depth of 28 m.

Troglonethes olissipoensis is a troglobiont species, being blind and depigmented. It is endemic and the only cave-adapted species known from this cave (Reboleira et al. 2015). The average temperature of the cave is 18.3ºC at soil level and the specimens of T. olissipoensis were collected in the deepest parts of the cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Alvide Cave is located below an over-urbanised area (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Measures should be taken to minimise the pernicious effects due to the cave's close proximity to the urbanisation on the habitat.

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Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².

Troglonethes arrabidaensis is only recorded from Frade Cave, located in the Arrábida karst massif (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Troglonethes arrabidaensis occurs in a single cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Frade Cave is the only known location for this species; therefore, the trend in number of locations is stable.

A total of 17 specimens have been collected in Frade Cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Frade Cave is located near the seashore, with several anchialine lakes inside, which are influenced by the sea tides with a slight delay period (Reboleira et al. 2015). The cave temperature is 21.5°C.

Troglonethes arrabidaensis is classified as a troglobiont, depigmented, blind and with an elongated body (Reboleira et al. 2015). It is an endemic and the only cave-adapted species known from this cave so far.

The cave entrance is located 600 m from a very touristic beach, mainly accessed by boat; therefore, fuel residues brought in by the tidal movement might be a concerning pollutant inside the cave. Contamination of groundwater should be evaluated.

Even though this cave is protected under legislation by the “Rede Natura 2000” (Directive 1992, ICNB 2000), this single-cave endemic terrestrial isopod lacks specific protection. Measures should be taken to limit human disturbance in the nearby areas.

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The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 137.96 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 12 km².

Miktoniscus longispina is recorded from three caves with disjunt distribution. Bolhos Cave, also known as Casal da Lebre Cave, located in the Cesaredas Plateau and Ervilha and Cerâmica Caves located in the centre of the Sicó karst area (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Miktoniscus longispina can be found in three caves (Reboleira et al. 2015).

A total of 12 specimens were collected in the three localities: two in Bolhos Cave, eight in Cerâmica Cave and two in Algar da Ervilha Cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Bolhos Cave has a horizontal development of 130 m and is located in Cesaredas Plateau, 93 km away from the other localities in the Sicó karst area. Cerâmica Cave has a horizontal development of 120 m and is the richest cave in troglobiont species in central Portugal. Algar da Ervilha Cave has a depth of 52 m and a horizontal development of 150 m (Nóbrega et al. 1984). The cave temperatures range between 15°C (in Cerâmica) and 16.3°C (in Bolhos).

Miktoniscus longispina is a troglobiont, with a depigmented and elongated body. All specimens, except for the ones collected in Bolhos Cave, are blind.

Bolhos Cave is located 130 m from an energy windmill and 700 m from the closest village, in an area of extensive agricultural fields. Cerâmica Cave is surrounded by agricultural fields and Eucalyptus intensive plantations. It is located 270 m from a road, 550 m from an animal farm, 1.6 km from the closest village and 3.6 km from a quarry. Algar da Ervilha Cave is located in the border of a road in the westernmost access to Ereiras Village, at 90 m from the closest house and 3.5 km from the same quarry as Cerâmica Cave.

The caves located in the Sicó karst area are protected under the “Rede Natura 2000” (Directive 1992, ICNB 2000). Bolhos Cave is not protected under legislation, urging adequate protection. Measures should be taken to prevent infiltration from agricultural lands, livestock farms and villages and to prevent the pernicious effects resulting from the nearby quarries and windmills.

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Both the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 4 km².

Moserius inexpectatus is only recorded from Almonda Cave, also known as Olho do Moinho da Fonte, located in the easternmost subunit of the Estremenho karst massif (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Moserius inexpectatus is endemic to a single cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Almonda Cave is the only location from where this species is known; therefore, the trend in number of locations is stable.

Only one specimen was collected from the type locality (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Almonda Cave, the type locality for this species, is the largest cave in Portugal (Thomas 1991).

Moserius inexpectatus is a troglobiont blind and depigmented isopod. This is the third species described from the genus Moserius, previously known from Slovenia and Italy (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Almonda Cave is located 50 m from a factory that extracts and uses water from a subterranean stream and 420 m from a village, which has many agricultural fields.

In 1993, Almonda Cave was classified as a Property of Public Interest (IIP) and protected due to its archaeological heritage (Hoffmann et al. 2013). The archaeological arguments are, however, inappropriate for cave-adapted fauna protection, so it is urgent to set protective measures directed at the cave fauna. Measures also need to be established to protect the habitats and locations that are affected by human activities, wastewater infiltration and pollution.

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The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 5,893.93 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

Cordioniscus lusitanicus is recorded from five caves, located in two isolated karst areas: Algar de Santo António from the Estremoz-Cano karst massif and Ibne Ammar, Algarão do Remexido, Vale Telheiro and Senhora Caves from the Algarve karst massif (Reboleira et al. 2015).

The four caves, located in the Algarve karst massif, are at 200 km distance from the cave in the Estremoz-Cano karst massif.

Cordioniscus lusitanicus occurs in five caves (Reboleira et al. 2015).

A total of 26 specimens have been collected: nine from Algar de Santo António, six from Ibne Ammar, six from Algarão do Remexido and four from Senhora (Reboleira et al. 2015) and one from Vale Telheiro.

Cordioniscus lusitanicus was collected in two karst areas, Estremoz-Cano and Algarve, located more than 200 km apart, which are isolated from each other by the dry and flat areas of the Alentejo Province. In Algar de Santo António, the specimens were collected in deep layers of soil at the bottom of an entrance pit of the cave (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Cordioniscus lusitanicus is classified as a troglobiont and endogean species. It is blind, depigmented and has an elongated body (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Algar de Santo António is located in the middle of an urbanised area of a village. Algarão do Remexido is located under agricultural lands, 370 m from the closest house and 1.7 km from the closest village. Senhora Cave is located 168 m from the closest house and 900 m from an industrial complex. Ibne Ammar Cave is located right in the flooding zone of the Arade river, 380 m from the national road IC4 and 1.4 km from the nearest town. Vale Telheiro Cave is located 50 m from a road and 150 m from the closest house.

Of the five caves, only Ibne Ammar Cave is protected under legislation by the “Rede Natura 2000” (Directive 1992, ICNB 2000) and this troglobiont isopod species is not considered for the protection measures.

Population trends need to be monitored in order to better understand the species abundance patterns and life cycle and the species evolution in two isolated massifs. Measures to prevent infiltration of wastewaters and agricultural and industrial contamination need to be taken to ensure the proper conservation of the natural landscape, vital to the nutrient flow to the subterranean ecosystems.

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The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 713 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km².

Porcellio cavernicolus is recorded from seven caves located in two isolated massifs, Gruta d’el Rey in the Cantanhede-Outil karst massif and Santa Maria da Estrela, Soprador do Carvalho, Algarinho, Cerâmica, Abrigo Tomar I and Furjaca caves, located in the Sicó massif (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Porcellio cavernicolus occurs in seven caves (Reboleira et al. 2015).

More than 63 specimens have been collected: 28 from Gruta d’el Rey, 16 from Santa Maria da Estrela, seven from Soprador do Carvalho, three from Cerâmica, four from Abrigo Tomar I and five from Furjaca. The specimens, collected from Algarinho Cave, are simply described as “many” (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Porcellio cavernicolus inhabits the most superficial parts of caves and it occurs on roots that hang from the ceiling. Specimens are easily distinguishable due to their whitish colouration (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Porcellio cavernicolus is classifid as a troglobiont, endemic to seven caves from central Portugal, distributed in two isolated karst massifs (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Gruta d‘el Rey is located in the middle of an urbanised area, 1 km from a quarry and 1.2 km from highway A14. Santa Maria da Estrela Cave is located 86 m from a touristic site called Monstro das Bolachas, 230 m from the Nossa Senhora da Estrela viewpoint, 250 m from the closest house, 80 m from the closest road, 220 m from agricultural fields and 2.6 km from two quarries. Soprador do Carvalho is surrounded by agricultural lands and is located 67 m from the closest house and 1.4 km from a quarry. This cave is also affected by touristic activities, as people who visit the cave walk all over the habitat (Ribera and Reboleira 2019). The subterranean stream that passes inside this cave has observable urban wastewater run-off as it flows below the urbanised areas of the region (Reboleira et al. 2011). Algarinho Cave entrance is located 170 m from the entrance of Soprador do Carvalho Cave; therefore, they are both exposed to similar threats. Cerâmica Cave is surrounded by agricultural fields and Eucalyptus intensive plantations. It is located 270 m from a road, 550 m from an animal farm, 1.6 km from the closest village and 3.6 km from a quarry. Abrigo Tomar I Cave is located in a quite pristine location and it is a local protected area by the ONG Quercus. Furjaca Cave is located in an abandoned quarry which, after closure, was used as a trash dumping site.

Of the seven locations, only three are protected under legislation by the “Rede Natura 2000” (Directive 1992, ICNB 2000). Almost all of the locations are severely disturbed by human activities; therefore, preventative measures and conservation actions need to be established in order to stop the devastating effects of these anthropogenic threats to the habitat and species.

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The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 356.4 km² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km².

Trogleluma machadoi is recorded from six caves, located in the Algarve karst massif: Ibne Ammar, Algarão do Remexido, Vale Telheiro, Senhora, Algarão do Paulino and Abismo Novo (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Trogleluma machadoi occurs in six caves (Reboleira et al. 2015).

Trogleluma machadoi is endemic to karst caves in the southernmost province of Portugal, the Algarve.

Trogleluma machadoi is a blind and depigmented species, classified as a troglobiont. Specimens are found in the most deep and well isolated parts of of caves, they have the integument covered with clay, while some others were found walking on cave walls and completely clean of clay, probably recently moulted (Reboleira et al. 2015, Vandel 1946). The temperature of the caves in the distribution localities ranges from 17 to 20.5°C, measured at the sediment level. The species is distributed from 10 m a.s.l., at Ibne Ammar Cave, up to a maximum altitude recorded of 239 m a.s.l. Trogleluma machadoi shares habitat with some iconic cave-adapted species from the Algarve, such as: the giant pseudoscorpion Titanobochica magna (Reboleira et al. 2010b), the relictual pseudoscorpion Lusoblothrus aenigmaticus (Reboleira et al. 2012b), the dysderid spider Harpactea stalitoides (Ribera 1993), the millipedes Acipes bifilum and A. machadoi and Boreviulisoma barrocalense (Enghoff and Reboleira 2013, Reboleira and Enghoff 2013), the dipluran Litocampa mendesi (Reboleira et al. 2019), the giant silverfish Squamatinia algharbica (Reboleira et al. 2012a) and the beetle Speonemadus algarvensis (Reboleira et al. 2017).

Ibne Ammar Cave is located right in the flooding zone of the Arade River, 380 m from the national road IC4 and 1.4 km from the nearest town. Algarão do Remexido is located under agricultural lands, 370 m from the closest house and 1.7 km from the closest village. Senhora Cave is located 168 m from the closest house and 900 m from an industrial complex. Abismo Novo Cave is located 100 m from the closest house and 500 m from the village centre and is also located 1 km from Senhora Cave. Algarão do Paulino is located near a road, 90 m from the closest house and 800 m from the closest village. Vale Telheiro Cave is located 50 m from a road and 150 m from the closest house.

Of the five locations, only three are protected under legislation by the “Rede Natura 2000” (Directive 1992, ICNB 2000). Measures should be taken to prevent infiltration of wastewaters from villages into the nearby caves and to minimise the effects of anthropogenic threats on the habitats and species.