Introduction

General description

Project description

Study area description: 

The study area comprises Corvo, Flores, Terceira and Santa Maria Islands, in the Azores Archipelago, located in the North Atlantic, roughly at 38°43'21"N 27°13'14"W and 38°27'30"N 28°19'22"W (Fig. 1). The climate is temperate oceanic, with regular and abundant rainfall, high levels of relative humidity and persistent winds, mainly during the winter and autumn seasons. The exotic forests are located at lower and mid-elevations and are dominated mainly by Pittosporum undulatum Vent., Eucalyptus spp., Cryptomeria japonica D.Don, Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. and Pinus pinaster Aiton. The studied native forests are located at several elevations and are mainly dominated by Erica azorica Hochst. ex Seub., Laurus azorica (Seub.) Franco, Ilex azorica Gand. and Juniperus brevifolia (Hochst. ex Seub.). Mixed forests included both exotic and native tree species.

Figure 1.  

The Azores Archipelago location (Credit: Enésima Pereira, Azorean Biodiversity Group).

Design description: 

Passive flight interception SLAM traps (Sea, Land and Air Malaise traps) (Fig. 2) were used to sample 45 sites in the four study Islands (Corvo (n = 1), Flores (n = 5), Santa Maria (n =16) and Terceira (n = 23)) with one trap being set up at each plot. Although this protocol was originally developed to sample flying arthropods, by working as an extension of the tree, non-flying species can also crawl into the trap (Borges et al. 2017), enhancing the range of groups that can be sampled by this technique. Recent studies have used this sampling technique to study diversity and abundance variations in the communities of arthropod on Azorean native areas (Borges et al. 2017, Matthews et al. 2018, Borges et al. 2020, de Vries et al. 2021, Tsafack et al. 2021). The samples were collected every three or six months depending on sites. The collected specimens were sorted to morphospecies and posteriorly identified at species level by an expert taxonomist in laboratory.

Figure 2.  

Passive flight interception SLAM trap (Sea, Land and Air Malaise traps) (Credit: Paulo A. V. Borges).

Sampling methods

Sampling description: 

A total of 45 passive flight interception SLAM traps (Sea, Land and Air Malaise traps) were used to sample the plots in the four study Islands, with one trap being set up at each plot. Trap size is of approximately 110 x 110 x 110 cm. The trap functions on the basis of intercepting arthropods that crawl up the mesh and then fall inside the sampling recipient, which is filled with propylene glycol (pure 1,2-propanodiol) (Borges et al. 2017). A total of 19 SLAM traps were deployed in exotic forest areas, eight on native forest patches and 18 on mixed forests. The trap samples were collected every three months in Flores and Corvo and six months in Terceira and Santa Maria. In Corvo Island, one trap was available in a mixed forest (Fig. 3; Table 1). In Flores Island, five traps were available in both exotic forests and native forests (Fig. 4; Table 1). In Santa Maria Island, a total of 16 traps were available with only three located in disturbed native forest patches (Fig. 5; Table 1). Finally, in Terceira Island, 23 traps were available with only four in disturbed native forest patches (Fig. 6; Table 1).

Figure 3.  

Map with the location of the sampling sites in Corvo Island, Azores. Codes of sites as in Table 1 (Land-use data extracted from Cruz et al. 2007) (Credit: Enésima Pereira, Azorean Biodiversity Group).

Figure 4.  

Map with the location of the sampling sites in Flores Island, Azores. Codes of sites as in Table 1 (Land-use data extracted from Cruz et al. 2007) (Credit: Enésima Pereira, Azorean Biodiversity Group).

Figure 5.  

Map with the location of the sampling sites in Santa Maria Island, Azores. Codes of sites as in Table 1 (Land-use data extracted from Cruz et al. 2007) (Credit: Enésima Pereira, Azorean Biodiversity Group).

Figure 6.  

Map with the location of the sampling sites in Terceira Island, Azores. Codes of sites as in Table 1 (Land-use data extracted from Cruz et al. 2007) (Credit: Enésima Pereira, Azorean Biodiversity Group).

Geographic coverage

Taxonomic coverage

Traits coverage

Temporal coverage

Collection data

Usage licence

Data resources

Additional information

New Azores species records

In this study, we registered a total of 34 new records for one or more islands of Azores (nine for Corvo, three for Flores, six for Terceira and 16 for Santa Maria), of which the curculionids Dieckmanniellus nitidulus (Gyllenhal, 1838), Gronops fasciatus Küster, 1851, Hadroplontus trimaculatus (Fabricius, 1775) and Hypurus bertrandi (Perris, 1852) are new records for Azores. In addition, the ant Cardiocondyla mauritanica Forel, 1890 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) is also a new record for Azores. All these species are exotics, possibly recently introduced.

Dieckmanniellus nitidulus (Gyllenhal, 1838)

Dieckmanniellus nitidulus (Brentidae: Nanophyinae) is mainly widespread in the Mediterranean Region and lives monophagously on various Lythraceae (e.g. Lythrum salicaria L.). The record on Santa Maria (Azores) probably refers to Lythrum borysthenicum (Schrank) Litv. or Lythrum junceum Banks & Solander. The species was also introduced on five of the seven Canary Islands, where it lives on Lythrum hyssopifolia L., on which one of us (PS) was able to reliably detect it on La Gomera. Characteristic features: Head, funicle and club of antennae mainly black; elytra in front of the white, V-shaped transverse mark with a dark spot on the front third of the sutural strip (see Fig. 7); 1.4 – 2.1 mm (Stüben 2022).

Figure 7.  

Dieckmanniellus nitidulus (Brentidae: Nanophyinae) (Credit: Peter E. Stüben).

Gronops cf. fasciatus Küster, 1851

The genus Gronops (Curculionidae: Cyclominae: Rhytirrhinini) includes about 20 Palaearctic species, mainly from the arid regions of North Africa and is only represented with certainty on the Canary Islands by the species Gronops fasciatus. The determination of the specimen of Gronops cf. fasciatus, a male, recorded at the airfield of Santa Maria (Azores) in December 2019, must be checked again by a specialist of this group. The biology of these terricolous, flightless species is largely unknown, although they are often found near Caryophyllaceae and Amaranthaceae. Carry-over with soil is conceivable. Characteristic features of G. fasciatus compared to G. lunatus (Fabricius, 1775): elytra shorter, hardly narrowing towards the apex (subparallel); pronotum wider, strongly widened in the front third (see Fig. 8); length: 2.2–3.2 mm (Stüben 2022).

Figure 8.  

Gronops cf. fasciatus Küster, 1851 (Curculionidae: Cyclominae: Rhytirrhinini) (Credit: Peter E. Stüben).

Hadroplontus trimaculatus (Fabricius, 1775)

Both European species, Hadroplontus litura and H. trimaculatus (Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) live on thistles. The latter lives on plants of the genus Carduus, mainly C. nutans and C. acanthoides. The single specimen (see Fig. 9) was sampled at Piquinhos, mixed forest with the presence of Carduus tenuiflorus W.M.Curtis. H. trimaculatus differs from the very similar species H. litura by the beige to greyish-brown (not completely white) suture interval of the cruciform elytral spot (Stüben et al. 2014, Stüben 2022).

Figure 9.  

Hadroplontus trimaculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) (Credit: Peter E. Stüben).

Hypurus bertrandi (Perris, 1852)

Hypurus bertrandi (Perris, 1852) (Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) (see Fig. 10), originally a Mediterranean, now nearly cosmopolitan species, which lives monophagously on Portulaca oleracea L. The species was first reported from the Macaronesian Islands by García et al. (2016), collected in the Escuela de Capacitación Agraria near Tacoronte on Tenerife in 2015. The species also occurs in Cape Verde (São Tiago: S. Jorge; Colonnelli 1990) and on the Azores (Terceira: Caldeira Lajes). A characteristic feature is the strongly thickened hind femora (see Fig. 10; Stüben et al. 2012, Stüben 2022).

Figure 10.  

Hypurus bertrandi (Perris, 1852) (Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) (Credit: Peter E. Stüben). The scale refers to the insect. The photo of the plants refers to Portulaca oleracea L., in which the species lives as monophagous.

Cardiocondyla mauritanica Forel, 1890

This ant species is native to northern Africa, Middle East, Afghanistan and Pakistan, but has been introduced in many other regions, including the United States of America, Mexico, Zimbabwe, several European countries and many islands worldwide (Wetterer 2012, Janicki et al. 2016, Seifert et al. 2017). In Macaronesia, C. mauritanica was perviously known to occur in Madeira and the Canary Islands (Espadaler 2008, Báez and Oromí 2010). These ants are small, inconspicuous and can be separated from other Cardiocondyla species using a combination of morphometric characters (Seifert 2003, Seifert et al. 2017) (see Fig. 11). They form polygynous colonies and mating occurs inside the nests (Seifert et al. 2017). These characteristics and their ability to co-exist with other aggressive invasive ant species, like the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, are important to explain their ecological success and ongoing spread (Wetterer 2012). However, contrary to other exotic ant species, C. mauritanica does not seem to have significant ecological impacts on native biodiversity (Wetterer 2012).

Figure 11.  

Cardiocondyla mauritanica (Forel, 1890) (Formicidae). Specimen CASENT0746634 from AntWeb.org (Credit: Zach Lieberman).

Conservation remarks

This publication highlights the importance of exotic and mixed forest areas, as well as small native disturbed forest patches as potential reservoirs of both exotic potentially invasive species, as well as rare endemic species (see also Tsafack et al. 2021).

The high abundance of several native non-endemic (e.g. Cyphopterum adcendens; Lasius grandis, Monomorium carbonarium, Leiobunum blackwalli, Trichopsocus clarus) and endemic species (e.g. Cixius azoterceirae, Elipsocus brincki, Elipsocus azoricus, Strophingia harteni) (Table 2) in these habitats is noteworthy.

Within endemics, we wish to comment on the recently-described subspecies Pseudophloeophagus tenax borgesi Stüben, 2022 (Curculionidae: Cossoninae) (Fig. 12). This subspecies, common in many islands of the Azores, was described only in 2022 (Stüben 2022). The nominotypic taxon occurs on Madeira. Accordingly, material of P. tenax from trap findings and in collections from the Azores must be assigned to this new subspecies. Type locality of P. tenax borgesi is on São Jorge (Vigia da Baleia), but perhaps the subspecies occurs on all islands of the Azores. Apart from clear molecular differences in the mitochondrial COI gene (Stüben et al. 2012), this subspecies of the Azores differs from the nominotypic taxon on Madeira in the following characteristics: elytral striae more strongly and deeply punctured and the interstriae much narrower than in the sister taxon from Madeira; aedeagus narrower (see Fig. 12, Stüben and Borges 2019, Stüben 2022).

Figure 12.  

Pseudophloeophagus tenax borgesi Stüben, 2022 (Curculionidae: Cossoninae) (Credit: Peter E. Stüben).

Several other rare endemic species were found in this study (see list below), which highlights the importance of expanding surveys in Azores to small isolated forest patches in order to find relict populations of rare endemic species:

- Canariphantes acoreensis (Wunderlich, 1992) (Araneae, Linyphiidae). This rare spider is usually found in pristine native forests and is considered Vulnerable (VU) by IUCN (Borges and Cardoso 2021b). In the current study, we sampled a single specimen in a disturbed mixed forest of Eucalyptus spp. and Pittospsorum undulatum at Terceira Island located near a native forest at Pico Rachado.

- Canariphantes relictus Crespo & Bosmans, 2014 (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Another very rare species, classified as Critically Endangered (CR) (Borges and Cardoso 2021a). The species was found originally in high elevation at Santa Maria Island (Crespo et al. 2014), but in our study, two females were found at Piedade (PRIBS_T03_12_2019) at low elevation in a mixed forest of Picconia azorica, Pittosporum undulatum and Pinus sp. The species possibly has a larger distribution than originally recorded.

-Olisthopus inclavatus Israelson, 1983 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). This is a very rare ground-beetle classified as Critically Endangered (CR) by IUCN (Borges 2018) and currently occurring only in exotic forests (dominated by Cryptomeria japonica, Acacia spp.). In this study, the unique specimen was sampled in Monteiro (SMR_PRIBS_T12).

- Athous azoricus Platia & Gudenzi, 2002 (Coleoptera, Elateridae) (Fig. 13). This is a relatively rare species known from Flores, Graciosa, Terceira and S. Miguel Islands. Considered Endangered by the IUCN (Borges and Lamelas-López 2017a), this species tends to occur at low elevations in disturbed exotic forests. In the current study, we found the species in three places all at mid-elevations (300-500 m) and in three types of forest, one plantation of Cryptomeria japonica (Mistérios Negros; TER-MNEG-T-62 corresponding also to code TER_PRIBS_T05), a mixed forest dominated by Eucalyptus spp. (Escampadouro; TER_PRIBS_T23) and a mixed forest dominated by Pittosporum undulatum (Mata do Estado; TER_PRIBS_T04). At least in Terceira Island, the species seems to be more widespread than previously assumed.

Figure 13.  

Athous azoricus Platia & Gudenzi, 2002 (Coleoptera, Elateridae) (Credit: Enésima Pereira, Azorean Biodiversity Group).

- Brachypera multifida (Israelson, 1984) (= Donus multifudus (Israelson, 1984)) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) (Fig. 14). This is a particularly rare curculionid beetle classified as Critically Endangered (CR) (Borges and Lamelas-López 2017b). Previously, it was sampled at high elevation at Pico Alto in Santa Maria Island. In the current survey, we sampled this species in three sites, Estação Loran (SMR_PRIBS_T08), Piquinhos (SMR_PRIBS_T10) and Figueiral (SMR_PRIBS_T14) expanding the range of the species to lower elevations and to different types of forest.

Figure 14.  

Brachypera multifida (Israelson, 1984) (= Donus multifudus (Israelson, 1984)) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) (Credit: Peter E. Stüben).

- Tarphius rufonodulosus Israelson, 1984 (Coleoptera, Zopheridae) (Fig. 15). This is a rare ironclade beetle also Critically Endangered (CR) (Borges and Lamelas-López 2018) that is associated with the canopies of native trees (e.g. Picconia azorica) and under-bark of dead trees, both in native and exotic forests (dominated by Acacia sp. and Cryptomeria japonica). In the current study, one specimen was collected in mixed forests of Erica azorica, Cryptomeria japonica and Pittosporum undulatum at three locations at high elevation (Piquinhos and Fontinhas forest areas).

Figure 15.  

Tarphius rufonodulosus Israelson, 1984 (Coleoptera, Zopheridae) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely; Azorean Biodiverity Group).

Acknowledgements

Author contributions

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