Biodiversity Data Journal :
Research Article
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Corresponding author: Ina Gorban (inagorban@gmail.com)
Academic editor: Vladimir Blagoderov
Received: 07 Apr 2022 | Accepted: 17 Aug 2022 | Published: 11 Oct 2022
© 2022 Ina Gorban, Virginija Podeniene
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Gorban I, Podeniene V (2022) Dipteran (Bibionomorpha and Tipulomorpha) diversity in dead wood in Lithuania. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e85034. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e85034
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The aim of this study is to compile the species list of Bibionomorpha and Tipulomorpha flies associated with dead wood in Lithuania. Saproxylic nematocerans were studied from 2014 to 2020 in four protected areas and in five different tree species (Populus tremula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus glutinosa) of the second stage of decay by using emergence traps. In total, 113 species were identified with Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae and Limoniidae being the most species-rich families. The compiled list of species emerging from dead wood in Lithuania is presented. Fourteen species were reared from dead wood for the first time.
Diptera, Lithuania, dead wood, aspen, oak, ash, small-leaved lime, alder
Nematoceran flies – especially the species of infraorders Bibionomorpha (sec.
There is a large knowledge gap about the diversity of Bibionomorpha and Tipulomorpha in various tree species. Nematoceran diversity has, so far, been studied in only a few tree species, beech (Fagus sylvatica) and aspen (Populus tremula) being the most common (
A decreased amount of dead wood in forest ecosystems because of forest clearance and habitat fragmentation can have a great impact on species, which can be put under threat. This paper compiles a list of nematoceran species in Lithuania reared from different tree species.
The research was conducted in four nature reserves in Lithuania in 2014, 2016 and 2018 to 2020 (Fig.
Year |
Nr. in the map |
Reserve |
Coordinates |
Traps |
Trap nr. |
2014 |
1 |
Dūkštų Ąžuolynas, Neries Regioninis Parkas Reserve |
|
Aspen, Oak, Ash, |
1 1 1 |
2016 |
2 |
Būda Botanical-Zoological Reserve |
|
Ash, Aspen |
4 1 |
2018 |
2 |
Būda Botanical-Zoological Reserve |
|
Ash, Aspen |
3 3 |
3 |
Biržų Giria Botanical Reserve |
|
Alder, Ash |
2 2 |
|
2019 |
2 |
Būda Botanical-Zoological Reserve |
|
Ash, Aspen |
2 3 |
3 |
Biržų Giria Botanical Reserve |
|
Alder, Ash |
1 1 |
|
2020 |
2 |
Būda Botanical-Zoological Reserve |
|
Linden, Oak |
1 3 |
4 |
Punia Šilas strict Nature Reserve |
|
Linden, Oak |
2 3 |
In total, 808 specimens belonging to 113 species were identified (Table
List of Bibionomorpha and Tipulomorpha species reared from different tree species (species reared from dead wood for the first time marked with asterisks).
Populus tremula |
Quercus robur |
Fraxinus excelsior |
Alnus glutinosa |
Tilia cordata |
|
Number of traps |
8 |
7 |
13 |
3 |
3 |
Family Anisopodidae |
|||||
Sylvicola cinctus (Fabricius, 1787) |
158 |
1 |
20 |
||
Family Bibionidae |
|||||
Bibio marci (Linnaeus, 1758) |
1 |
1 |
|||
Bibio nigriventris (Haliday, 1833) |
1 |
28 |
11 |
||
Bibio reticulatus (Loew, 1846) |
12 |
3 |
11 |
||
Family Cylindrotomidae |
|||||
*Diogma glabrata (Meigen, 1818) |
7 |
||||
Family Ditomyidae |
|||||
Ditomyia fasciata (Meigen, 1818) |
19 |
||||
Symmerus annulatus (Meigen, 1830) |
2 |
||||
Symmerus nobilis (Lackschewitz, 1937) |
2 |
||||
Family Keroplatidae |
|||||
Keroplatus testaceus (Dalman, 1818) |
1 |
||||
Neoplatyura flava (Macquart, 1826) |
1 |
||||
Orfelia fasciata (Meigen, 1804) |
2 |
||||
Orfelia nemoralis (Meigen, 1818) |
1 |
2 |
1 |
||
Family Limoniidae |
|||||
Achyrolimonia decemmaculata (Loew, 1873) |
1 |
||||
Atypopththalmus (Atypophthalmus) inustus (Meigen 1818) |
1 |
||||
Austrolimnophila (Austrolimnophila) ochracea (Meigen, 1804) |
2 |
||||
Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) modesta (Meigen, 1818) |
3 |
||||
*Dicranomyia (Glochina) tristis (Schummel,1829) |
1 |
||||
*Dicranophragma (Brachylimnophila) nemorale (Meigen, 1818) |
1 |
||||
Discobola caesarea (Osten Sacken, 1854) |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Discobola parvispinula (Alexander, 1947) |
2 |
||||
Epiphragma ocellare (Linnaeus, 1761) |
1 |
||||
Gnophomyia viridipennis (Gimmerthal, 1847) |
72 |
||||
Idioptera pulchella (Meigen, 1830) |
1 |
||||
Limonia nubeculosa (Meigen, 1804) |
1 |
1 |
|||
Limonia phragmatidis (Schrank, 1781) |
1 |
||||
Limonia trivittata (Schummel, 1829) |
3 |
||||
Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) quadrimaculata (Linnaeus, 1760) |
11 |
||||
*Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) quadrinotata (Meigen, 1818) |
1 |
||||
*Ormosia (Ormosia) staegeriana (Alexander, 1953) |
1 |
||||
Rhipidia (Rhipidia) maculata (Meigen, 1818) |
1 |
||||
*Rhypholophus bifurcatus (Goetghebuer, 1920) |
2 |
||||
Rhypholophus varius (Meigen, 1818) |
2 |
||||
Family Mycetophilidae |
|||||
*Allodia (Brachycampta) grata (Meigen, 1830) |
1 |
||||
Allodia lugens (Wiedemann, 1817) |
1 |
||||
Allodia subpistillata (Ševčik, 1999) |
1 |
||||
*Allodia truncata (Edwards,1921) |
1 |
||||
*Boletina cincticornis (Walker, 1848) |
1 |
||||
Brachypeza (Brachypeza) armata (Winnertz, 1864) |
1 |
||||
Brevicornu serenum (Winnertz, 1863) |
1 |
||||
Brevicornu sericoma (Meigen, 1830) |
3 |
||||
Coelophthinia thoracica (Winnertz, 1863) |
1 |
||||
Cordyla brevicornis (Staeger, 1840) |
1 |
||||
Cordyla pusilla (Edwards, 1925) |
1 |
||||
Diadocidia ferruginosa (Meigen, 1830) |
1 |
||||
Dynatosoma nigromaculatum (Lundström, 1913) |
2 |
||||
Dynatosoma reciprocum (Walker, 1848) |
26 |
2 |
|||
Exechia confinis (Winnertz, 1863) |
1 |
||||
Exechia dizona (Edwards, 1924) |
1 |
7 |
|||
Exechia dorsalis (Staeger, 1840) |
1 |
1 |
|||
Exechia exigua (Lundstrom, 1909) |
1 |
||||
Exechia fusca (Meigen. 1804) |
1 |
1 |
6 |
||
Exechia nigroscutellata (Landrock, 1912) |
1 |
||||
Exechia unifasciata (Lackschewitz, 1937) |
3 |
||||
Exechia parva (Lundström, 1909) |
1 |
7 |
|||
Exechia parvula (Zetterstedt, 1852) |
22 |
||||
Exechia seriata (Meigen, 1830) |
2 |
||||
Exechia repandoides (Caspers, 1984) |
1 |
||||
Exechiopsis fimbriata (Lundstrom, 1909) |
9 |
||||
Gnoriste bilineata (Zetterstedt, 1852) |
1 |
||||
Leia bilineata (Winnertz, 1863) |
2 |
||||
*Leia bimaculata (Meigen, 1804) |
4 |
||||
Leptomorphus forcipatus (Landrock, 1918) |
1 |
||||
Mycetophila alea (Laffoon, 1965) |
4 |
||||
Mycetophila fungorum (De Geer, 1776) |
1 |
2 |
|||
Mycetophila uliginosa (Chandler, 1988) |
1 |
||||
Mycomya (Mycomyopsis) permixta (Vaisanen, 1984) |
1 |
||||
Mycomya tenuis (Walker, 1856) |
2 |
1 |
|||
Notolopha cristata (Staeger, 1840) |
1 |
||||
Phronia biarcuata (Becker, 1909) |
1 |
||||
Rymosia bifida (Edwards, 1925) |
2 |
9 |
|||
Rymosia fasciata (Meigen, 1804) |
1 |
1 |
|||
Rymosia placida (Winnertz, 1863) |
1 |
||||
Saigusaia flaviventris (Strobl, 1894) |
1 |
1 |
|||
Sciophila limbatella (Zetterstedt, 1852) |
1 |
||||
Sciophila lutea (Macquart, 1826) |
1 |
||||
Family Sciaridae |
|||||
Bradysia fungicola (Winnertz, 1867) |
4 |
||||
Bradysia pectoralis (Staeger, 1840) |
2 |
||||
Bradysia placida (Winnertz, 1867) |
2 |
1 |
|||
Bradysia strenua (Winnertz, 1867) |
1 |
||||
*Bradysia trivittata (Staeger, 1840) |
1 |
||||
*Corynoptera bulgarica (Mohrig & Mamaev, 1992) |
1 |
||||
Corynoptera dentata (Bukowski and Lengersdorf, 1936) |
5 |
||||
Corynoptera deserta (Heller and Menzel, 2006) |
3 |
||||
Corynoptera flavicauda (Zetterstedt, 1855) |
1 |
||||
Corynoptera forcipata (Winnertz, 1867) |
1 |
||||
Corynoptera furcifera (Mohrig and Mamaev, 1987) |
1 |
||||
Corynoptera irmgardis (Lengersdorf, 1930) |
3 |
||||
Corynoptera polana (Rudzinski, 2009) |
2 |
||||
Corynoptera subtilis (Lengersdorf, 1929) |
3 |
8 |
|||
Cratyna nobilis (Winnertz, 1867) |
4 |
23 |
|||
Epidapus detriticola (Kratochvil, 1936) |
1 |
3 |
1 |
||
Epidapus gracilis (Walker, 1848) |
1 |
||||
Epidapus lucifuga (Mohrig, 1970) |
1 |
||||
Leptosciarella rejecta (Winnertz, 1867) |
1 |
||||
Peyerimhoffia vagabunda (Winnertz, 1867) |
2 |
||||
Scatopsciara atomaria (Zetterstedt, 1851) |
2 |
20 |
|||
Scatopsciara calamophila (Frey, 1948) |
3 |
70 |
|||
Scatopsciara pusilla (Meigen, 1818) |
12 |
||||
Xylosciara heptacantha (Tuomikoski, 1960) |
1 |
1 |
|||
Zygoneura bidens (Mamaev, 1968) |
9 |
2 |
|||
Zygoneura sciarina (Meigen, 1830) |
7 |
1 |
|||
Family Tipulidae |
|||||
Dictenidia bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1760) |
2 |
1 |
|||
Nephrotoma quadrifaria (Meigen, 1804) |
1 |
||||
Tipula (Pterelachisus) apicispina (Alexander, 1934) |
21 |
4 |
|||
Tipula (Platytipula) autumnalis (Loew, 1864) |
12 |
||||
Tipula (Lunatipula) humilis (Staeger, 1840) |
1 |
||||
Tipula (Pterelachisus) irrorata (Macquart, 1826) |
2 |
||||
*Tipula (Pterelachisus) luridorostris (Schummel, 1833) |
1 |
||||
*Tipula (Beringotipula) unca (Wiedemann, 1817) |
4 |
||||
Tipula (Schummelia) variicornis (Schummel, 1833) |
3 |
||||
Tipula (Pterelachisus) varipennis (Meigen, 1818) |
1 |
||||
Family Trichoceridae |
|||||
Trichocera forcipula (Nielsen, 1920) |
3 |
||||
Trichocera inexplorata (Dahl, 1967) |
1 |
||||
Total number of species |
31 |
29 |
54 |
3 |
31 |
Our results show that communities of nematoceran flies in dead wood at the second stage of decay are species-rich and highly variable; however, more than half of the species were represented by a single specimen. Fourteen species were recorded from the dead wood for the first time.
Our study shows that dead wood is chosen by groups with a very different biology: obligate saproxylic species (Gnophomyia viridipennis, Austrolimnophila (Austrolimnophila) ochracea, Epiphragma ocellare), mycetophagous species (Atypopththalmus (Atypophthalmus) inustus, Achyrolimonia decemmaculata, Discobola caesarea, Metalimnobia (Metalimnobia) quadrinotata, M. quadrimaculata, Rhipidia (Rhipidia) maculata and most species of the families Mycetophilidae, Ditomyiidae and Keroplatidae), species with a typical development habitat in moist soil or leaf litter (Dicranomyia (Glochina) tristis, Limonia nubeculosa, Limonia phragmitidis, Dicranophragma (Brachylimnophila) nemorale, Ormosia (Ormosia) staegeriana, Rhypholophus bifurcatus, Rhypholophus varius, Nephrotoma quadrifaria, Tipula (Beringotipula) unca, Trichocera forcipula, Sylvicola cinctus and most species of the families Bibionidae and Sciaridae) and species that develop under mosses (Diogma glabrata, Tipula (Pterelachisus) apicispina, Tipula (Pterelachisus) luridorostris, Tipula (Pterelachisus) variicornis) (
Previous studies of aspen (
Some species were reared only from ash wood. The most abundant species reared from ash wood was Scatopsciara calamophila (Sciaridae), which previously had only been known from beech (
Although most of the species are known from different habitats, it appears that many of them use dead wood as one of their possible habitats, for example, Exechia fusca (Mycetophilidae) is known to develop in agarics (
We would like acknowledge and give our thanks to Kai Heller (Germany) who helped us identify some specimens of family Sciaridae and Sigitas Podenas (Lithuania) who verified identification of crane flies.