Introduction

Data resources

Material and Methods

Study area

The study was carried out at the Estação Biológica Fiocruz Mata Atlântica (EFMA; central coordinates 22°56'25" S, 43°24'18" W, Fig. 1), located on the eastern slope of the Pedra Branca Forest, Municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The EFMA comprises 462 ha, of which 262 ha (57%) overlap with the Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca (PEPB). It is made up of remnants of both the Lowland Dense Ombrophilous Forest (50 m a.s.l.) and the Submontane Dense Ombrophilous Forest (50–500 m a.s.l.). The lowland forest is composed of different habitat types impacted by the presence of six communities with high social vulnerability and precarious sanitation conditions. These communities are connected at different levels to densely populated neighbourhoods in the Jacarepaguá region. In addition to a high demographic occupation, other anthropogenic impacts are present, such as small-scale agricultural and poaching activities (Domingues and Rodrigues 2007).

Figure 1.  

The location of the Estação Biológica Fiocruz Mata Atlântica (EFMA) on the east side of Pedra Branca Forest (left, above), Rio de Janeiro; and the distribution of camera-traps at EFMA, in areas defined as Peridomicile (yellow), Transition Forest (light green) and Forest Core (dark green). Combinations of letters and numbers refer to camera identifications. See Table 1 for coordinates, period and effort at each point.

The areas used for the mammal survey are distributed along a gradient of anthropogenic intervention, where each area defined for sampling represents a type of habitat along this gradient: (i) Peridomicile, which consists of areas up to 100 m adjacent to the communities (ca. 30–35 m a.s.l.) and is characterised by the presence of backyards and orchards, with vegetation dominated by exotic species; (ii) Transitional Forest, which extends from the end of the peridomicile area to 100 m.a.s.l., with a prevalence of native plants, but with dense understorey and low canopy; and (iii) Forest Core, including all areas above 100 m a.s.l. and comprising preserved areas, without human constructions, with little human activities, more open understorey, high canopy and great presence of epiphytic plants, streams and rock formations on a sloping topography.

Sampling design and data collection

The species survey was conducted using three different methods: (i) sampling with camera-traps; (ii) interviews with residents who live around the EFMA; and (iii) occasional records made directly by researchers during field activities. Only mammals whose species-level identification can be performed, based on external morphology, were considered in the results. This procedure allowed the inclusion of all mammals with a body weight of > 1.0 kg (Chiarello 2008), as well as representatives of other taxa that could be reliably identified in the sampled area (e.g. Didelphis, Sylvilagus). The nomenclature used for xenarthrans and marsupials followed different authors in Gardner (2008). For the others, the nomenclature follows Wilson and Reeder (2005).

For the camera trap survey, Trophy Cam trail cameras (Bushnell, Overland Parks, KS, USA) were distributed at 19 points along the areas defined as peridomicile, transitional forest and forest core (Table 1, Fig. 1). The sampling grid followed a minimum distance of 250 m between the points, including the altitudinal gradient, covering much of the environmental heterogeneity of the EFMA. The study was conducted from June 2018 to May 2020, with one camera positioned at each point (Table 1). These cameras were installed ca. 40 cm above the ground. They were installed randomly in spots where animals are expected to pass, such as trails, forest clearings and near fruit trees. Camera traps remained operational from 17 to 306 days throughout the study period and were checked every 30 days to change memory cards and batteries when needed. The images of all individuals of the same species detected by the same camera trap within a 1-h interval were treated as a single record.

Table 1.

Download as

CSV

XLSX

Sampling sites with camera traps in the Estação Biológica Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro.

Point	Habitat	Setting	Removal	Sampling effort (days)
A14	Peridomicile	14/01/2019	04/07/2019	171
B13	Peridomicile	30/11/2018	10/07/2019	222
B14	Peridomicile	10/12/2018	10/07/2019	212
B15	Peridomicile	10/12/2018	10/07/2019	212
C13	Peridomicile	27/11/2018	09/01/2019	43
C14	Peridomicile	13/11/2018	04/07/2019	233
D13	Peridomicile	13/11/2018	04/07/2019	233
C12	Transition forest	29/06/2018	16/07/2018	17
D10	Transition forest	29/06/2018	16/07/2018	17
D11	Transition forest	14/01/2019	15/05/2020	285
E09	Transition forest	29/06/2018	16/07/2018	17
E10	Transition forest	16/01/2019	30/08/2019	226
E08	Forest core	11/09/2018	11/10/2018	30
F06	Forest core	11/09/2018	11/10/2018	30
F07	Forest core	11/09/2018	11/10/2018	30
G04	Forest core	24/01/2019	12/08/2019	200
G05	Forest core	24/01/2019	26/11/2019	306
G06	Forest core	11/09/2018	11/10/2018	30
H04	Forest core	24/01/2019	12/07/2019	169

The interviews to survey the species that occur in the region were conducted with residents, Fiocruz employees involved in the maintenance of EFMA trails and researchers who work with the local fauna and flora. Occasional records of mammals made by our staff or by other Fiocruz researchers were also considered.

Data analyses

Effort for the camera trap survey was calculated by multiplying the number of cameras installed by the number of days remaining active (unit: camera-days; Srbek-Araujo and Chiarello 2007), totalling 2,683 camera-days. Sampling sufficiency was verified by the rarefaction curve (Mao Tau) of the accumulated richness as a function of the days sampled (Soberón and Llorente 1993, Colwell et al. 2004). Estimated richness was calculated using Jackknife-2 and Chao-2 indexes (Zahl 1977, Chao 1984). An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test the statistical significance of differences between the averages of the records/camera-days between the sampling areas in the EFMA. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to confirm the normal distribution of the data. These analyses were all performed using PAST 4.01 software.

The homogeneity of multivariate dispersions was tested following Anderson (2006). We explored the patterns of similarity of records between areas using multivariate permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (nMDS) on Jaccard distances from the presence and absence matrix. Average similarity amongst sampling points was achieved by performing a Hierarchical agglomerative clustering using Ward's method and cluster adequacy was accessed through a cluster-wise cluster stability assessment by bootstrap resampling (Hennig 2007). A similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis was performed to compare the contributions of the species between sampling sites. SIMPER analysis is based on the Bray-Curtis Index for estimating the average dissimilarity between pairs of sample groups and determining the contributions of each species to the average between-group Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (Clarke 1993). To assess whether the presence of records of domestic dogs and cats influenced the composition of wild animal records, we also used PERMANOVA to test differences between the sampling points with and without the domestic species, considering only the matrix of presence and absence of wild species. All analyses were performed using the “vegan”, "cluster" and "fpc" packages in the R platform (Oksanen et al. 2020, R Core Team 2021).

The conservation status of each species on a global and national level was derived respectively from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (version 2021.3) and the Red Book of Threatened Brazilian Fauna (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade 2018). We also report the status of each species in the list of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 2021).

Results

In addition to domestic dogs and cats, the camera trap survey, interviews and other sporadic records revealed the presence of 17 species of medium- and large-sized autochthonous (16 spp.) and allochthonous (Callithrix sp.) wild mammals, which are organised into 14 families and seven orders (Table 2).

Table 2.

Download as

CSV

XLSX

Mid- and large-sized mammal species recorded by camera-traps (1), interviews (2) and occasional observation (3) in the Estação Biológica Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro, including their conservation status at national (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade 2018) and global (IUCN 2021) scales (LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, NE = Not Evaluated). Restrictions on international trade due to degrees of threat follow the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2021): Appendix I (high risk of extinction [AP1]), Appendix II (moderate risk of extinction [AP2]) and Appendix III (species protected in at least one country [AP3]).

Taxa	English name	Record	Conservation status (IUCN/ICMBio/CITES)
Didelphimorphia
Didelphidae
Didelphis aurita	Big-eared opossum	1, 2, 3	LC / LC / -
Cingulata
Dasypodidae
Dasypus novemcinctus	Nine-banded armadillo	1, 2	LC / LC / -
Chlamyphoridae
Cabassous tatouay	Greater naked-tailed armadillo	2	LC / LC / -
Euphractus sexcinctus	Six-banded armadillo	2	LC / LC / -
Pilosa
Bradypodidae
Bradypus variegatus	Brown-throated sloth	2, 3	LC / LC / AP2
Myrmecophagidae
Tamandua tetradactyla	Southern tamandua	1, 2, 3	LC / LC / -
Primates
Callithrichidae
Callithrix sp.	Common marmoset	2, 3	Hybrid
Leontopithecus rosalia	Golden lion tamarin	2, 3	EN / EN / AP2
Cebidae
Sapajus nigritus	Black capuchin	2, 3	NT / - / -
Carnivora
Canidae
Cerdocyon thous	Crab-eating fox	1, 2	LC / LC / AP2
Canis lupus familiaris	Domestic dog	1	Domestic
Procyonidae
Nasua nasua	Coati	1, 2, 3	LC / LC / -
Procyon cancrivorus	Crab-eating raccoon	1, 2	LC / LC / -
Felidae
Leopardus guttulus	Southern little spotted cat	1, 2	VU / VU / AP1
Felis catus	Domestic cat	1	Domestic
Rodentia
Erethizontidae
Coendou spinosus	Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine	2, 3	LC / LC / LC
Cuniculidae
Cuniculus paca	Lowland paca	1, 2	LC / LC / AP3
Dasyproctidae
Dasyprocta leporina	Red-rumped agouti	1, 2	LC / LC / -
Lagomorpha
Leporidae
Sylvilagus tapetillus	Coastal tapeti	1, 2	VU / NE / -

The sampling effort with camera-traps provided 1,189 records of 12 species of wild mammals and domestic dogs and cats. Eighteen species were recorded by interviews, of which nine were not recorded by camera traps (Bradypus variegatus, Cabassous tatouay, Dasypus septemcinctus, Dicotyles tajacu, Eira barbara, Euphractus sexcinctus, Galictis cuja, Leontopithecus rosalia and Sapajus nigritus). Amongst them, the following six were included in our list: B. variegatus, Leontopithecus rosalia, S. nigritus and T. tetradactyla, which were confirmed by direct observation; and C. tatouay and E. sexcinctus, whose occurrence is confirmed for Tijuca Forest—an Atlantic Forest remnant geographically close to EFMA. Although the occurrence of D. tajacu has been confirmed for the Mendanha Forest—another Atlantic Forest remnant geographically close to EFMA—we chose not to include it in our list due to the rarity of the species in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Thus, the records of Eira barbara, Galictis cuja, Dicotyles tajacu and Dasypus septemcinctus obtained from interviews were considered dubious. Eight species were recorded by direct observation, none exclusively.

Of the 17 wild mammal species recorded, all are autochthonous, except Callithrix sp., which is a hybrid of Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata, widely distributed in the City of Rio de Janeiro. The record of Leontopithecus rosalia is the first of the current distribution of the species to the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Leontopithecus rosalia is coded as Endangered in the Red Book of Threatened Brazilian Fauna (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade 2018) and IUCN (Ruiz-Miranda et al. 2015). Leopardus guttulus is classified as Vulnerable in the Red Book of Threatened Brazilian Fauna (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade 2018) and IUCN (Oliveira et al. 2014). Sapajus nigritus is coded as Near Threatened in the Red Book of Threatened Brazilian Fauna (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade 2018), but the species has not been evaluated by the IUCN. Leontopithecus rosalia and Leopardus guttulus are included in Appendix I of CITES; Bradypus variegatus and Cerdocyon thous are in Appendix II; and Cuniculus paca is listed in Appendix III of CITES.

Considering only the results of camera-traps, the highest concentration of records occurred in the peridomicile (N = 519, 0.391/camera-days), followed by the forest core (N = 375, 0.472/camera-days) and transitional forest (N = 295, 0.525/camera-days; Table 3). Of 12 species recorded by camera-traps, 10 occurred in the Peridomicile and Transitional Forest and nine in the Forest Core. The most recorded species in camera-traps was Didelphis aurita (N = 370, 0.138/camera-days), followed by Cuniculus paca (N = 279, 0.104/camera-days), Canis lupus familiaris (N = 174, 0.065/camera-days) and Dasyprocta leporina (N = 164, 0.065/camera-days; Table 3).

Table 3.

Download as

CSV

XLSX

Absolute records (left) and camera-day records (right) of mid- and large-sized mammal species recorded by camera-traps per sampling area in the Estação Biológica Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro.

Species	Peridomicile		Transition		Forest Core		Total
C. l. familiaris	122	0.092	21	0.037	31	0.039	174	0.065
C. thous	30	0.023	10	0.018	–	0.000	40	0.015
C. paca	162	0.122	6	0.011	111	0.140	279	0.104
D. leporina	1	0.001	66	0.117	97	0.122	164	0.061
D. novemcinctus	11	0.008	5	0.009	26	0.033	42	0.016
D. aurita	146	0.110	166	0.295	58	0.073	370	0.138
F. catus	21	0.016	–	0.000	–	0.000	21	0.008
L. guttulus	–	0.000	5	0.009	5	0.006	10	0.004
N. nasua	–	0.000	2	0.004	16	0.020	18	0.007
P. cancrivorus	–	0.007	10	0.018	23	0.029	42	0.016
S. tapetillus	8	0.006	–	0.000	–	0.000	8	0.003
T. tetradactyla	9	0.007	4	0.007	8	0.010	21	0.008
Total	519	0.391	295	0.525	375	0.472	1.189	0.443

In the peridomicile, the most frequent species were Cuniculus paca (N = 162, 0.122/camera-days), Didelphis aurita (N = 146, 0.110/camera-days) and Canis lupus familiaris (N = 122, 0.092/camera-days); in the transitional forest, were Didelphis aurita (N = 166, 0.295/camera-days), Dasyprocta leporina (N = 66 records, 0.117/camera-days) and Canis lupus familiaris (N = 21, 0.037/camera days); while in the forest core, the predominant species were Cuniculus paca (N = 111, 0.140/camera-days), Dasyprocta leporina (N = 97, 0.122/camera-days) and Didelphis aurita (N = 58, 0.073/camera-days; Table 3).

Didelphis aurita showed the highest frequency of occurrence, found in 89% of the sampling points, followed by Canis lupus familiaris, with 63%, and Tamandua tetradactyla with 58%. The domestic dog was recorded at all peridomicile points, in addition to records in some transitional forest and forest core points. However, domestic cats, Felis catus and Sylvilagus tapetillus were only found in the peridomicile points. On the other hand, Leopardus guttulus and Nasua nasua were recorded only in the Transitional Forest and Forest Core. Cerdocyon thous was recorded in the Peridomicile and Transitional Forest (Table 4).

Table 4.

Download as

CSV

XLSX

Distribution of mid- and large-sized mammal species recorded by camera-trap in the Estação Biológica Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro.

Species

Peridomicile

Transition

Forest core

A14

B13

B14

B15

C13

C14

D13

C12

D10

D11

E09

E10

E08

F06

F07

G04

G05

G06

H04

C. l. familiaris

16

17

49

8

5

22

5

–

–

9

–

12

–

–

2

–

5

–

24

C. thous

1

4

7

1

17

–

–

–

–

10

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

C. paca

–

56

–

–

–

3

103

–

–

4

–

2

–

–

–

31

44

–

36

D. leporina

–

–

–

1

–

–

–

–

1

51

–

14

1

2

–

35

39

–

20

D. novemcinctus

8

2

–

1

–

–

–

–

–

3

–

2

–

–

–

15

10

–

1

D. aurita

24

30

36

23

–

2

31

6

5

51

5

99

6

6

–

34

7

1

4

F. catus

3

7

2

1

2

3

3

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

L. guttulus

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

3

–

2

–

–

–

–

3

–

2

N. nasua

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

2

3

1

1

2

5

1

3

P. cancrivorus

–

5

1

–

–

2

1

–

–

7

–

3

–

–

–

19

2

–

2

S. tapetillus

–

2

–

–

–

–

6

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

T. tetradactyla

2

2

1

3

1

–

–

–

–

2

–

2

–

–

–

2

4

1

1

Considering the three sampling areas (Peridomicile, Transitional Forest and Forest Core) as independent populations, we did not find significant differences between the averages of camera-day records for these areas (F = 0.238; p = 0.792; Fig. 2). The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated the normality of the data (p = 0.949). The rarefaction curve (Mao Tao) of the accumulated richness by the sampling days reached its asymptote with 12 species recorded between 100 and 150 sampling days (from a total of 395 days; Fig. 3). The observed richness was the same as estimated by the Jackknife-2 and Chao-2, within the 95% confidence interval of the observed species.

Figure 2.  

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for records/camera-days for each sampling area (Peridomicile, Transitional Forest, Forest Core) for mid- and large-sized mammals from Estação Biológica Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro.

Figure 3.  

Rarefaction curve (Mao Tao) of accumulated richness by sampling days for mid- and large-sized mammals from Estação Biológica Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro. Blue lines correspond to the 95% confidence interval.

The areas showed homogeneity of multivariate dispersion (F = 1.29, p = 0.29) and differed significantly in relation to the similarity of the records (F = 4.75, p < 0.001, Fig. 4). The nMDS analysis (stress = 0.12, r² = 0.98; Fig. 5) revealed no overall overlap between the areas, indicating a difference in the composition of records in each area. In general, most species were recorded in the Peridomicile, but the results indicate that Nasua nasua and Dasyprocta leporina are more associated with the Forest Core. Indeed, pairwise comparisons of the three areas show that N. nasua plays a important role in distinguishing Forest Core from the other two areas (Suppl. material 2). Even though L. guttulus was not recorded in Peridomicile, the species was not important to differentiate this area from the others. Still, records of L. guttulus significantly differed between the Transitional Forest and the Forest Core (Suppl. material 2). Records of C. thous were more abundant in Peridomicile and SIMPER analyses showed its importance in differentiating this area from the other two (Suppl. material 2). Didelphis aurita was recorded in almost all points, but with a highest concentration in the Transitional Forest. Considering only wild species, our results revealed that the presence of domestic dogs (F = 5.14, p = 0.001) and domestic cats (F = 3.25, p = 0.008) influenced species composition, with Nasua nasua, Dasyprocta leporina and Didelphis aurita less frequently registered in the points where domestic dogs and cats were most frequent. Additionally, records of domestic animals were important to differentiate Peridomicile from Transitional Forest and Forest Core (Suppl. material 2) with a higher number of records for these species near to more anthropogenised areas.

Figure 4.  

Dendrogram produced by cluster analysis (Ward method) from the similarity (Jaccard distance) between points in the peridomicile (yellow), transitional forest (light green) and forest core (dark green), considering the species richness of medium and large-sized mammals in the Estação Biológica Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro.

Figure 5.  

Plot of the nMDS analysis, based on Jaccard distances showing sampling points and species coordinates. The convex polygons delimit the peridomicile (yellow), transitional forest (light green) and forest core (dark green) in the Estação Biológica Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro.

Our data indicated the existence of three stable groups (mean bootstrapped Jaccard similarities > 0.85 and overall cluster instability < 0.06 for all three clusters). Peridomicile records clearly differentiate this area from the other two (i.e. Transitional Forest and Forest Core) as all sample points defined as Peridomicile were grouped into a single cluster (Fig. 4). The other two groups included points from both Transitional Forest and Forest Core and this analysis did not allow the differentiation of these two areas (Fig. 4).

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Hosting institution

Author contributions

Conflicts of interest

References

Almeida-Paes R, de Oliveira MME, Freitas DFS, do Valle ACF, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC (2014)
Sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Sporothrix brasiliensis Is associated with atypical clinical presentations
.
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
8
(
9
). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003094
Anderson MJ (2006)
Distance-based tests for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions
.
Biometrics
62
:
245
‑
253
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00440.x
Aximoff I, Cronemberger C, Pereira FdA (2015)
Long-term survey by camera traps of non-volant mammals in two national parks in Rio de Janeiro State
.
Oecologia Australis
19
(
01
):
215
‑
231
. https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2015.1901.14
Burity CHdF, Cruz LDd, Rocha VL, Conceição NBd, Luz DEd, Santos DdS, Campos DdC, Pissinatti A (2007)
Golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia (Linnaeus, 1766) in the Taquara Municipal Natural Park (Duque De Caxias, RJ): A southern extension of the known range
.
Neotropical Primates
14
(
1
):
30
‑
31
. https://doi.org/10.1896/044.014.0107
Carbone C, Christie S, Conforti K, Coulson T, Franklin N, Ginsberg JR, Griffiths M, Holden J, Kawanishi K, Kinnaird M, Laidlaw R, Lynam A, Macdonald DW, Martyr D, McDougal C, Nath L, O'Brien T, Seidensticker J, Smith DJL, Sunquist M, Tilson R, Shahruddin WN (2001)
The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals
.
Animal Conservation
4
(
1
):
75
‑
79
. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1367943001001081
Carvalho ID, Oliveira R, Pires AS (2014)
Medium and large-sized mammals of the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú, Cachoeiras de Macacu, RJ
.
Biota Neotropica
14
(
3
). https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-06032014007414
Chao A (1984)
Non-parametric estimation of the classes in a population
.
Scandinavian Journal of Statistics
11
:
265
‑
270
.
Chiarello A (2008)
Density and population size of mammals in remnants of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
.
Conservation Biology
14
(
6
):
1649
‑
1657
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99071.x
Clarke KR (1993)
Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure
.
Austral Ecology
18
(
1
):
117
‑
143
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x
Coimbra-Filho A (1969)
Mico-leão, Leontideus rosalia (Linnaeus, 1766), situação atual da espécie no Brasil
.
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
41 (Suppl.)
:
29
‑
42
.
Colwell R, Mao CX, Chang J (2004)
Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves
.
Ecology
85
(
10
):
2717
‑
2727
. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0557
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2021)
Appendices
. https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php. Accessed on: 2022-5-02.
Cronemberger C, Delciellos AC, Barros CdSd, Gentile R, Weksler M, Braz AG, Teixeira BR, Loretto D, Vilar EM, Pereira FA, Santos JRCd, Geise L, Pereira LG, Aguieiras M, Vieira MV, Estrela PC, Junger RB, Honorato RdS, Moratelli R, Vilela RdV, Guimarães RR, Cerqueira R, Costa-Neto SFd, Cardoso TdS, Nascimento JLd (2019)
Mamíferos do Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos: atualização da lista de espécies e implicações para a conservação
.
Oecologia Australis
23
(
02
):
191
‑
214
. https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2019.2302.02
Cunha A (2010)
Negative effects of tourism in a Brazilian Atlantic forest National Park.
Journal for Nature Conservation
18
:
291
‑
295
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2010.01.001
Daszak P, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Bogich T, Fernandez M, Epstein J, Murray K, Hamilton H (2012)
Interdisciplinary approaches to understanding disease emergence: The past, present, and future drivers of Nipah virus emergence
.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
110
:
3681
‑
3688
. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201243109
Delciellos AC, Novaes RLM, Loguercio MFdC, Geise L, Santori RT, Souza RDF, Papi BS, Raíces D, Vieira NR, Felix S, Detogne N, Da Silva CCS, Bergallo HDG, Rocha-Barbosa O (2012)
Mammals of Serra da Bocaina National Park, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil
.
Check List
8
(
4
). https://doi.org/10.15560/8.4.675
Domingues L, Rodrigues C (2007)
Campus Fiocruz da Mata Atlântica: o desafio de implantação de um novo Campus associando a promoção da conservação ambiental e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico em uma área de fronteira junto ao Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca, Município do Rio de Janeiro
. In: FAUUSP (Ed.)
Anais do Seminário Nacional sobre o Tratamento de Áreas de Preservação Permanente em Meio Urbano e Restrições Ambientais ao Parcelamento do Solo – APP Urbana
.
2007
.
Ferreira G, Nakano-Oliveira E, Andriolo A, Genaro G (2019)
Spatial overlap between domestic cats and wild felines in an insular Atlantic Forest remnant
.
Animal Biology
69
(
2
):
157
‑
172
. https://doi.org/10.1163/15707563-17000110
Freitas SR, Neves CL, Chernicharo P (2006)
Tijuca National Park: two pioneering restorationist initiatives in Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil
.
Brazilian Journal of Biology
66
(
4
):
975
‑
982
. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000600004
Gardner A (2008)
Mammals of South America
.
2
.
The University of Chicag Press
,
Chicago
,
690
pp. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226282428.001.0001
Gentile R, Cardoso T, Costa-Neto S, Teixeira B, D'Andrea P (2018)
Community structure and population dynamics of small mammals in an urban-sylvatic interface area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
.
Zoologia
35
:
1
‑
12
. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e13465
Gerhold RW, Jessup DA (2012)
Zoonotic diseases associated with free-roaming cats
.
Zoonoses and Public Health
60
(
3
):
189
‑
195
. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01522.x
Hennig C (2007)
Cluster-wise assessment of cluster stability
.
Computational Statistics & Data Analysis
52
(
1
):
258
‑
271
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2006.11.025
Hirsch B (2009)
Seasonal Variation in the Diet of Ring-Tailed Coatis (Nasua nasua) in Iguazu, Argentina
.
Journal of Mammalogy
90
(
1
):
136
‑
143
. https://doi.org/10.1644/08-mamm-a-050.1
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (2018)
Mamíferos
. In: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (Ed.)
Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção
.
2
.
ICMBio
,
Brasília
,
622
pp.
IUCN (2021)
The IUCB Red List of threatened species
. https://www.iucnredlist.org/. Accessed on: 2022-5-02.
Jones K, Patel N, Levy M, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman J, Daszak P (2008)
Global trends in emerging infectious diseases
.
Nature
451
(
7181
):
990
‑
993
. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06536
Kierulff M (1993)
Uma avaliação das populações silvestres de mico-leão-dourado, Leontopithecus rosalia, e uma proposta de estratégia para a conservação da espécie
.
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
,
Belo Horizonte
.
Kleiman D, Rylands A (2002)
Lion tamarins: biology and conservation
.
Smithsonian Institution Press
,
Washington, DC
,
405
pp.
Lessa I, Corrêa Seabra Guimarães T, de Godoy Bergallo H, Cunha A, M. Vieira E (2016)
Domestic dogs in protected areas: a threat to Brazilian mammals?
Natureza & Conservação
14
(
2
):
46
‑
56
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2016.05.001
Lessa ICM (2012)
Os mamíferos de médio porte e suas respostas à fatores ambientais, físicos e antrópicos, sobre diferentes perspectivas, no Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande RJ
.
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
,
Rio de Janeiro
,
83
pp.
Loss S, Will T, Marra P (2013)
The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States
.
Nature Communications
4
(
1
). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2380
Martins RAdA, Pontes JAL (2021)
Registro da ocorrência de Pecari tajacu(Linnaeus, 1758), uma espécie que era declaradaextinta no município do Rio de Janeiro, estadodo Rio de Janeiro, Sudeste do Brasil
.
Boletim da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia
88
:
58
‑
61
.
Megid J, Teixeira C, Cortez A, Heinemann M, Antunes JA, Fornazari F, Rassy F, Richtzenhain L (2013)
Canine distemper virus infection in a lesser grison (Galictis cuja): first report and virus phylogeny
.
Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira
33
(
2
):
247
‑
250
. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013000200018
Modesto TC, Pessôa FS, Enrici MC, Attias N, Jordão-Nogueira T, Costa LdM, Albuquerque HG, Bergallo HdG (2008)
Mamíferos do Parque Estadual do Desengano, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
.
Biota Neotropica
8
(
4
):
153
‑
159
. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032008000400015
Oksanen A, Kaakinen M, Latikka R, Savolainen I, Savela N, Koivula A (2020)
Regulation and Trust: 3-month follow-up study on COVID-19 mortality in 25 European Countries
.
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
6
(
2
). https://doi.org/10.2196/19218
Oliveira T, Trigo T, Tortato M, Paviolo A, Bianchi R, Leite-Pitman M (2014)
Leopardus guttulus
.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-2.rlts.t54010476a54010576.en
Oliveira TG, Tortato MA, Silveira L, Kasper CB, Mazim FD, Lucherini M, Jácomo AT, Bonifácio J, Soares G, Marques RV, Sunquist M (2010)
Ocelot ecology and its effect on the small-felid guild in the lowland neotropics
. In: D M, A L (Eds)
Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids
.
Oxford University Press
Pontes JAL, Martins RAdA, Regio LEM, Soares MLG, Chaves FdO, Bergallo HG (2021)
The reappearance of Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
.
Check List
17
(
5
):
1353
‑
1358
. https://doi.org/10.15560/17.5.1353
Rangel CH, Neiva CHMB (2013)
Predação de vertebrados por cães Canis lupus familiaris (Mammalia: Carnivora) no Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
.
Biodiversidade Brasileira
3
(
2
):
261
‑
269
.
R Core Team (2021)
R: A language and environment for statistical computing
.
R Foundation for Statistical Computing
. URL: https://www.R-project.org/.
Rinaldi AR, Rodriguez FH, Carvalho AL, Passos FC (2015)
Feeding of small Neotropical felids (Felidae: Carnivora) and trophic niche overlap in antropized mosaic landscape, South Brazilian
.
Biotemas
28
(
4
). https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2015v28n4p155
Ruiz-Miranda CR, Pissinatti A, Kierulff MC, Oliveira LC, Mittermeier RA, Valença-Montenegro MM, de Oliveira P, Jerusalinsky L (2015)
Leontopithecus rosalia
.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-1.rlts.t11506a192327291.en
Santos-Filho Md, Silva MNFd (2002)
Uso de habitats por mamíferos em área de Cerrado do Brasil Central: um estudo com armadilhas fotográficas
.
Revista Brasileira de Zoociências
4
(
1
):
57
‑
73
.
Secretaria do Meio Ambiente (2013)
Plano de manejo do Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca (PEPB)
. URL: http://www.femerj.org/wp-content/uploads/Plano-de-manejo-do-Parque-Estadual-da-Pedra-Branca-PEPB-2.pdf
Silva K (2017)
Ocorrência, tamanho populacional e atividade do cão doméstico (Canis lupus familiaris) no Parque Nacional da Tijuca, RJ
.
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro
,
Seropédica
,
52
pp.
Silva KVKdA, Kenup CF, Kreischer C, Fernandez FS, Pires A (2018)
Who let the dogs out? Occurrence, population size and daily activity of domestic dogs in an urban Atlantic Forest reserve
.
Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation
16
(
4
):
228
‑
233
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2018.09.001
Silveira L, Jácomo AA, Diniz-Filho J (2003)
Camera trap, line transect census and track surveys: a comparative evaluation
.
Biological Conservation
114
(
3
):
351
‑
355
. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(03)00063-6
Soberón J, Llorente J (1993)
The use of species accumulation functions for the prediction of species richness
.
Conservation Biology
7
(
3
):
480
‑
488
. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07030480.x
Srbek-Araujo A, Chiarello A (2007)
Armadilhas fotográficas na amostragem de mamíferos: considerações metodológias e comparação de equipamentos
.
Revista Brasileira de Zoologia
24
(
3
):
647
‑
656
. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752007000300016
Srbek-Araujo AC, Chiarello AG (2005)
Is camera-trapping an efficient method for surveying mammals in Neotropical forests? A case study in south-eastern Brazil
.
Journal of Tropical Ecology
21
(
1
):
121
‑
125
. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001956
Tavares J, Novaes RLM, Veríssimo I, Kuzel MA, da Costa-Neto S, Rangel C, Borges M, Medrado H, Alves B, Souza R, Pinto Menezes AC, Menezes-Júnior LF, Dias D, de Andreazzi C, Gentile R, Moratelli R (2021)
Bats from the Pedra Branca Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
.
Biodiversity Data Journal
9
https://doi.org/10.3897/bdj.9.e77400
Tortato MA, Oliveira-Santos LGR, Moura MO, de Oliveira TG (2021)
Small prey for small cats: the importance of prey-size in the diet of southern tiger cat Leopardus guttulus in a competitor-free environment
.
Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment
1
‑
12
. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2021.1902202
Trolle M (2003)
Mammal survey in the southeastern Pantanal, Brazil
.
Biodiversity and Conservation
12
(
4
):
823
‑
836
. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022489426920
White R, Razgour O (2020)
Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land‐use change
.
Mammal Review
50
(
4
):
336
‑
352
. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12201
Wilson D, Reeder D (2005)
Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference
.
3
.
Johns Hopkins University Press
,
2142
pp.
Xavier MS (2016)
Mamíferos terrestres de médio e grande porte do Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba: riqueza de espécies e vulnerabilidade local
.
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
,
Rio de Janeiro
,
101
pp.
Zahl S (1977)
Jackknifing An Index of Diversity
.
Ecology
58
(
4
):
907
‑
913
. https://doi.org/10.2307/1936227

Supplementary materials