Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomy & Inventories
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Corresponding author: Helena Wiklund (helena.wiklund@marine.gu.se), Adrian G Glover (a.glover@nhm.ac.uk), Lenka Neal (l.nealova@nhm.ac.uk)
Academic editor: Wagner Magalhães
Received: 24 May 2022 | Accepted: 02 Jun 2023 | Published: 15 Sep 2023
© 2023 Helena Wiklund, Muriel Rabone, Adrian Glover, Guadalupe Bribiesca-Contreras, Regan Drennan, Eva Stewart, Corie Boolukos, Lucas King, Emma Sherlock, Craig Smith, Thomas Dahlgren, Lenka Neal
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Wiklund H, Rabone M, Glover AG, Bribiesca-Contreras G, Drennan R, Stewart ECD, Boolukos CM, King LD, Sherlock E, Smith CR, Dahlgren TG, Neal L (2023) Checklist of newly-vouchered annelid taxa from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean, based on morphology and genetic delimitation. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e86921. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e86921
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We present a checklist of annelids from recent United Kingdom Seabed Resources (UKSR) expeditions (Abyssal Baseline - ABYSSLINE project) to the eastern abyssal Pacific Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) polymetallic nodule fields, based on DNA species delimitation, including imagery of voucher specimens, Darwin Core (DwC) data and links to vouchered specimen material and new GenBank sequence records. This paper includes genetic and imagery data for 129 species of annelids from 339 records and is restricted to material that is, in general, in too poor a condition to describe formally at this time, but likely contains many species new to science. We make these data available both to aid future taxonomic studies in the CCZ that will be able to link back to these genetic data and specimens and to better underpin ongoing ecological studies of potential deep-sea mining impacts using the principles of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusuable) data and specimens that will be available for all.
We include genetic, imagery and all associated metadata in Darwin Core format for 129 species of annelids from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, eastern abyssal Pacific, with 339 records.
taxonomy, DNA barcoding, biodiversity, conservation, deep-sea mining, abyssal Pacific, environmental impact
We present a checklist of annelid fauna from recent UKSR expeditions (ABYSSLINE project) to the CCZ the equatorial abyssal Pacific, based on DNA species delimitation, including imagery of voucher specimens, Darwin Core data (DwC) and links to vouchered specimen material and new GenBank sequence records. This is a region undergoing significant exploration for mineral resources in the form of polymetallic nodules at the seafloor (
Surveying of this region over the the past 20 years resulted in a large collection of often very small, morphologically sub-optimally preserved and difficult to identify annelids, despite the best efforts at collecting animals directly from samples at sea using cold-chain protocols (
This paper includes a checklist of 129 annelid species, with 339 records from 18 polychaete families and four species of Sipuncula. Excluded from this study are several annelid families which are common in the CCZ, but are either ones that have already been studied (
The first UKSR ABYSSLINE cruise (AB01), sampling the UK-1 exploration contract area, took place in October 2013 aboard the RV Melville and the second cruise (AB02), sampling the UK-1 and OMS-1 (Ocean Minerals Singapore) exploration contract areas and one Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI), APEI-6, took place in February-March 2015 onboard RV Thomas G. Thompson. Sampling locations are as indicated in Fig.
Map of ABYSSLINE sampling locations used in this study. a) The Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean, with contract areas and Areas of Particular Environmental Interest highlighted; b) UK-1 and OMS-1 sampling locations used in this study; c-e) Bathymetric data for sites in UK-1 and OMS-1 claim areas, with yellow circles showing sampling locations.
A comprehensive description of our methods is provided in
In the laboratory, specimens were re-examined using stereomicroscopes, identified to the best possible taxonomic level and a small tissue sample was taken for DNA extraction. In most of the specimens in this study, the material was too poor or degraded to make species-level identifications.
Extraction of DNA was done with DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen) using a Hamilton Microlab STAR Robotic Workstation. About 450 bp of 16S and 650 bp of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were amplified using primers listed in Table
List of species included in this study, including the number of records per species.
Family/Order | Species | # Records |
Ampharetidae | Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_015) | 2 |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_044) | 3 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_062) | 2 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_1082) | 1 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_1161) | 1 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_1338) | 3 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_1578) | 2 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_1599) | 2 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_163) | 3 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_265) | 1 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_292) | 4 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_774) | 1 | |
Ampharetidae sp. (NHM_789) | 4 | |
Chaetopteridae | Chaetopteridae sp. (NHM_331) | 3 |
Chrysopetalidae | Chrysopetalidae sp. NHM (1303) | 2 |
Chrysopetalidae sp. (NHM_1550) | 1 | |
Chrysopetalidae sp. (NHM_2026) | 1 | |
Chrysopetalidae sp. (NHM_410) | 1 | |
Chrysopetalidae sp. (NHM_748A) | 1 | |
Cirratulidae | Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_172) | 4 |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_1001) | 1 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_1235) | 3 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_1429) | 1 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_1518) | 1 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_165) | 1 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_2093) | 1 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_2163) | 4 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_269) | 4 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_340) | 5 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_530) | 3 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_734) | 1 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_904) | 2 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_915G) | 4 | |
Cirratulidae sp. (NHM_945C) | 1 | |
Flabelligeridae | Flabelligeridae sp. (NHM_045) | 3 |
Flabelligeridae sp. (NHM_1274) | 2 | |
Flabelligeridae sp. (NHM_1313) | 3 | |
Flabelligeridae sp. (NHM_1638) | 2 | |
Flabelligeridae sp. (NHM_2124) | 1 | |
Flabelligeridae sp. (NHM_555) | 1 | |
Flabelligeridae sp. (NHM_630A) | 1 | |
Flabelligeridae sp. (NHM_738) | 3 | |
Flabelligeridae sp. (NHM_955) | 7 | |
Glyceridae | Glyceridae sp. (NHM_1242) | 3 |
Glyceridae sp. (NHM_207) | 13 | |
Glyceridae sp. (NHM_2089) | 2 | |
Goniadidae | Goniadidae sp. (NHM_1512) | 2 |
Lacydoniidae | Lacydoniidae sp. (NHM_1355C) | 1 |
Lacydoniidae sp. (NHM_1797D) | 1 | |
Lacydoniidae sp. (NHM_898) | 1 | |
Magelonidae | Magelonidae sp. (NHM_1340) | 2 |
Maldanidae | Maldanidae sp. (NHM_026) | 5 |
Maldanidae sp. (NHM_1170) | 1 | |
Maldanidae sp. (NHM_1178) | 2 | |
Maldanidae sp. (NHM_836) | 5 | |
Maldanidae sp. (NHM_900) | 1 | |
Onuphidae | Onuphidae sp. (NHM_1010) | 2 |
Onuphidae sp. (NHM_2430) | 1 | |
Orbiniidae | Orbiniidae sp. (NHM_050) | 4 |
Orbiniidae sp. (NHM_102) | 4 | |
Orbiniidae sp. (NHM_1947G) | 1 | |
Orbiniidae sp. (NHM_264) | 2 | |
Orbiniidae sp. (NHM_458) | 2 | |
Orbiniidae sp. (NHM_754) | 6 | |
Orbiniidae sp. (NHM_791) | 2 | |
Orbiniidae sp. (NHM_824) | 7 | |
Paraonidae | Paraonidae sp. (NHM_059) | 7 |
Paraonidae sp. (NHM_1139) | 1 | |
Paraonidae sp. (NHM_177) | 2 | |
Paraonidae sp. (NHM_2118) | 1 | |
Paraonidae sp. (NHM_332) | 6 | |
Paraonidae sp. (NHM_363) | 5 | |
Paraonidae sp. (NHM_412) | 3 | |
Paraonidae sp. (NHM_434) | 3 | |
Paraonidae sp. (NHM_584) | 2 | |
Paraonidae sp. (NHM_902) | 4 | |
Pilargidae | Ancistrosyllis sp. (NHM_765) | 9 |
Polynoidae | Bathyeliasona mariaae | 2 |
Bathyfauvelia glacigena | 9 | |
Bathyfauvelia ignigena | 1 | |
Polaruschakov lamellae | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NGM_1074) | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_034) | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_1000) | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_128) | 8 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_1655) | 2 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_1763) | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_2097) | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_2099) | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_2101) | 2 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_2122) | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_2195) | 2 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_583) | 2 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_588) | 2 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_589) | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_595) | 8 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_679) | 8 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_690) | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_747A) | 1 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_747D) | 5 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_756) | 2 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_773B) | 7 | |
Polynoidae sp. (NHM_834) | 1 | |
Sabellariidae | Sabellariidae sp. (NHM_1167B) | 4 |
Sabellidae | Sabellidae sp. (NHM_1613) | 1 |
Sabellidae sp. (NHM_1859A) | 1 | |
Sabellidae sp. (NHM_1879) | 1 | |
Sabellidae sp. (NHM_189) | 1 | |
Sabellidae sp. (NHM_1991) | 1 | |
Sabellidae sp. (NHM_351) | 1 | |
Sabellidae sp. (NHM_370) | 1 | |
Sabellidae sp. (NHM_472) | 1 | |
Sabellidae sp. (NHM_535) | 1 | |
Sabellidae sp. (NHM_647) | 1 | |
Sabellidae sp. (NHM_915D) | 2 | |
Sigalionidae | Pholoinae sp. (NHM_366) | 4 |
Sigalionidae sp. (NHM_1093) | 1 | |
Sigalionidae sp. (NHM_342) | 9 | |
Sigalionidae sp. (NHM_881) | 2 | |
Sphaerodoridae | Sphaerodoridae sp. (NHM_1003) | 1 |
Sphaerodoridae sp. (NHM_2177) | 1 | |
Sphaerodoridae sp. (NHM_2532) | 1 | |
Terebellidae | Terebellidae sp. (NHM_018) | 1 |
Trichobranchidae | Terebellides sp. (NHM_167) | 1 |
Terebellides sp. (NHM_406) | 1 | |
Sipuncula | Sipuncula sp. (NHM_126) | 6 |
Sipuncula sp. (NHM_1298) | 2 | |
Sipuncula sp. (NHM_148) | 1 | |
Sipuncula sp. (NHM_715) | 10 |
Primer | Sequence 5'-3' | Reference |
COI | ||
LCO1490 | GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG |
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HCO2198 | TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA |
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COI-E | TATACTTCTGGGTGTCCGAAGAATCA |
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polyLCO | GAYTATWTTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG |
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polyHCO | TAMACTTCWGGGTGACCAAARAATCA |
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16S | ||
ann16SF | GCGGTATCCTGACCGTRCWAAGGTA |
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16SbrH | CCGGTCTGAACTCAGATCACGT |
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Future studies of biogeographic and bathymetric ranges, gene-flow, extinction risks, natural history, reproductive ecology, functional ecology and geochemical interactions of CCZ species are dependent on accurate taxonomic identifications. Our more recent taxonomic studies (e.g.
Taxonomic assignments and nomenclature
Almost all species discriminated by the analyses could be identified to family level from morphology and this was cross-checked with the genetic data through a BLAST search. Given the poor preservation of morphology and the goals of this paper to make specimen and genetic data rapidly available for any future studies, we did not attempt to force species into genera in most instances and used an open nomenclature whereby the species are named with the best taxonomic level and a species epithet that refers to the best voucher specimen of that species. For example, Pilargidae sp. (NHM_015) is the informal species name for the species that is represented by two specimens, specimen NHM_015 being the better representative (an informal type specimen). This avoids confusion with the use of sp. A, B, C etc. where informal and confusing synonyms can easily arise.
Species were delimited, based on well-supported clades recovered from phylogenetic trees estimated separately for 16S and COI sequences. Best nucleotide substitution models for each alignment (i.e. 16S and COI) and best-fit partitions were inferred using PartitionFinder 2.0 (
The field and laboratory work created a series of databases and sample sets that are integrated into a data-management pipeline. This includes the transfer and management of data and samples between a central collections database, a molecular collections database and external repositories (GenBank, WoRMS, OBIS, GBIF, GGBN, ZooBank) through DwC archives. This provides a robust data framework to support DNA taxonomy, in which openly available data and voucher material is key to quality data standards. All DwC data present in the taxon treatments of the checklist herein are also provided as a supplementary data file to allow for ease of usage (Suppl. material
A list of the species in this checklist and number of records is provided here in Table
Damaged specimens (Fig.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Damaged specimen consistent with placement within family Chrysopetalidae Ehlers, 1864 based on morphology and DNA.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Damaged specimens (Fig.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.
Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean.