Biodiversity Data Journal :
Species Conservation Profiles
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Corresponding author: Filippo Milano (filippo.milano@unito.it)
Academic editor: Pedro Cardoso
Received: 01 Jun 2022 | Accepted: 29 Jun 2022 | Published: 19 Aug 2022
© 2022 Filippo Milano, Luca Borio, Christian Komposch, Stefano Mammola, Paolo Pantini, Martina Pavlek, Marco Isaia
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Milano F, Borio L, Komposch C, Mammola S, Pantini P, Pavlek M, Isaia M (2022) Species conservation profiles of the endemic spiders Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from the Alps and the north-western Dinarides. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e87261. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261
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The genus Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1882 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) includes 131 species, mainly distributed across the main European mountain ranges. The Alps and the north-western Dinarides account for 66 species, most of them showing narrow or even point-like distributions. The majority of Troglohyphantes spiders dwell in subterranean habitats including caves, mines, soil litter, rocky debris and other moist and shaded retreats. Despite being intensively studied from taxonomic, ecological and biogeographic standpoints, knowledge on the status of conservation and on the potential risk of extinction of these spiders is lagging. To date, only three species have been included in the global IUCN Red List, but their status has not been updated ever since their last assessment in 1996. The aim of this contribution is to assess the Alpine and north-western Dinaric species of the genus Troglohyphantes and to re-assess the species previously evaluated, according to the last version of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
Amongst the 66 species here considered, 62 had sufficient data to allow the quantification of their Extent Of Occurrence (EOO) and Area Of Occupancy (AOO). Most of the species have a narrow distribution range, with an estimated EOO < 20,000 km2 and AOO < 2,000 km2, meeting the thresholds for the inclusion in the threatened categories. Five species have a more widespread distribution (EOO > 20,000 km2), extending across multiple countries. The quality of the data on distribution of four species was not sufficient to provide a reliable estimation of the distribution range.
A continuing decline in EOO, AOO and habitat quality was inferred for 30 species. The majority of them were subterranean specialised species, with a reduced thermal tolerance and a low dispersal ability. Accordingly, changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change represent a major threat for these species. Land-use change and habitat alteration were identified as additional relevant threats for several species.
A considerable proportion of the species here assessed was found in protected areas and in sites of the Natura 2000 network. In addition, 14 species are formally protected by national and sub-national legislation. At present, 25 species are listed in the regional Red Lists.
Long-term monitoring programmes, management plans for both the species and their habitats, expansion of the extant protected areas and designation of new ones, should be considered as the most effective approaches to species conservation.
climate change, IUCN, cave, Red List, subterranean species, Linyphiidae, troglobiont, karst, spiders
The Alps and the Dinarides are known for their wide variety of habitats and they have been recognised as one of the major biodiversity hotspots in Europe (
Spiders have undergone a remarkable diversification in subterranean habitats (
The genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) is predominantly distributed in the main European mountain ranges, including Pyrenees, Alps, Dinarides and Carpathians (
Species of the genus Troglohyphantes generally show a remarkable preference for subterranean habitats (sensu
Troglohyphantes spiders display different levels of subterranean habitat specialisation. Species found in both caves and surface habitats are often able to withstand ecological variations, while others are almost exclusively found in caves and are characterised by behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations to the stringent conditions of the subterranean habitat (
As demonstrated by means of ecological niche modelling and physiological experiments (
Anthropogenic global warming is expected to significantly influence and modify the underground climate (
Accordingly, recent analyses focusing on Western Italian Alps pointed towards a future decline in habitat suitability for specialised subterranean Troglohyphantes spiders and hypothesised potential high risk of local extinction for the most restricted endemic species (
All in all, the existing wealth of threats facing subterranean biota (
We compiled a comprehensive dataset with georeferenced records of the 66 species of Troglohyphantes occurring in the Alps and the north-western Dinarides, based on scientific literature, grey literature and unpublished records. We performed spatial analyses in R (
In this work, we calculated EOO and AOO as follows:
- for species with low levels of subterranean adaptation (sensu
- for high and intermediate subterranean specialised species (sensu
We checked and validated the final maps and related values with our own expert opinion. We also produced KMLs maps using the 'red' function "kml".
We calculated the generation length of the species on the basis of the ecological information available in literature.
The nomenclature used in this work refers to the latest version of the
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
In
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing us to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.
This species is known from a few localities of the Chisone and Germanasca Valleys, in the Northern Cottian Alps, (north-western Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
As seen in
As seen in
The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population (
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species (
Due to the subterranean adaptation and the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats (see
This species has been collected among the floor debris and on the walls of the twilight zone, in natural caves and mine prospects located at the medium alpine montane belt, from 1,000 up to 1,400 m above sea level, characterised by mean annual temperature values ranging from 6.1 to 8.9°C (
As seen in
According to thermal tolerance tests, T. achillis shows intermediate thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 5°C above its cave temperature (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range. As seen for other species of the genus Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps (
One of the records of this species is located within the Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area of the Orsiera Rocciavré (SAC/SPA IT1110006).
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range are needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This spider was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the observed high altimetric range of its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
Troglohyphantes albopictus is restricted to the Colli Euganei, the Colli Berici and the Prealps of Veneto (north-western Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected both in epigean and shallow subterranean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised Troglohyphantes species (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected both in epigean and shallow subterranean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised Troglohyphantes species (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
The species was collected both in epigean and shallow subterranean habitats. The record from Colli Berici was collected in a damp wood, in the vicinity of a small stream. No additional information about the habitat was provided.
Not much is known about the ecology and life history of T. albopictus. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (
The existence of threats is unknown for this species.
Troglohyphantes albopictus has been recorded within several protected areas (EUAP0243 Parco Regionale dei Colli Euganei and SAC/SPA IT3260017 Colli Euganei - Monte Lozzo - Monte Ricco, SAC/SPA IT3210040 Monti Lessini - Pasubio - Piccole Dolomiti Vicentine, SAC/SPA IT3230022 Massiccio del Grappa).
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in two localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Given this situation, any modelling of the current habitat suitability is unreliable and the known distribution range should be taken with caution. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.
The species is known only from two localities of the Tuscan Apennines: Abetone (Pistoiese Mountains) and Mount Sumbra (Apuan Alps) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.
The population size and trend are unknown.
The species was collected in epigean localities. No additional information about the habitat was provided.
Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (
Unknown threats.
One of the known records of this species is inside protected areas (SAC IT5120009 Monte Sumbra, SPA IT5120015 Praterie primarie e secondarie delle Apuane).
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
There are only two records known for this spider. In light of its high subterranean specialisation and in view of the intensive sampling conducted in the area in recent years, it is hardly expected that the range could be significantly expanded by new findings.
This species is known from two caves (Sgarbu du Ventu and Tana Bertrand) in the Province of Imperia (Liguria, north-western Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
This species has been recorded in two caves, which are interpreted as a single location as they are both affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Due tothe adaptation to the subterranean medium and of the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each cave reasonably hosts a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified two subpopulations, occurring in two different caves in the province of Imperia, Liguria. Both subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.
Troglohyphantes bolognai was collected in deep hypogean habitats. No additional information on the habitat was provided.
As seen in
Specimens show pronounced eye regression and absence of pigmentation (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range, its low thermal tolerance and its low dispersal capacity. As seen for other species of the genus Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps (
Part of the distribution of T. bolognai is included in a Special Area of Conservation (SAC IT1314723 Campasso – Grotta Sgarbu Du Ventu).
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range are needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Caves in Western Italian Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing us to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.
This species is restricted to four caves in the Pugnetto area, a calcschist cave complex in the province of Torino (Piemonte, north-western Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
As seen in
As seen in
The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population (see
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species (
Examining the known range of distribution of this species and taking into account habitat connectivity amongst caves in the hypogean complex of Pugnetto, it is possible to identify a single subpopulation occurring in the caves of the Pugnetto hypogean complex, in the Lanzo Valleys (Graian Alps).
Specimens have been found among stony debris in the deep cave habitat. The hypogean complex of Pugnetto consists of an isolated complex of natural calcschist caves in the Western Alps, at an elevation of approximately 800 m. All caves have openings into beech woods, with a prevalent northerly aspect to the cave opening. The entrance of the main cave, Borna Maggiore di Pugnetto, is gated to restrict visitors access.
As seen in
This spider shows morphological specialisation to the subterranean habitat, with depigmentation, appendage elongation, flattening of the cephalothorax and moderate eye regression (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range. As seen for other Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps (
The hypogean complex where the species occurs is protected (SAC IT1110048 Grotte del Pugnetto). Entrance to the caves is regulated by the protected area authority and is accessible by permission only. Opening to guided tours is restricted to 8 months a year, closed during winter.
Further research on basic information such natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species are needed. Monitoring of population and habitat would be necessary to confirm future trends and to evaluate the effectiveness of regulating access to the caves.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple sites are recorded for this non-specialised species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits.
This species has a small distribution range, restricted to Istria and Primorje-Gorski Kotar counties in north-western Croatia (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being also collected at cave entrance and occasionally in surface habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being also collected at cave entrance and occasionally in surface habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species has been collected both in deep-cave and in the vicinity of the cave entrance, sometimes in the twilight zone. In the type locality (Špilja iznad Velikog Bresta, Račja Vas), a few specimens were found just outside the entrance.
The habitats colonised by T. brignolii are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (
This species is potentially exposed due to its limited geographic distribution range. However, the existence of direct threats is unknown for this species.
Most of the predicted range of T. brignolii is included in the Natura 2000 network (SCI HR2001215 Boljunsko polje, SCI HR2000601 Park prirode Učka, SPA HR1000018 Učka i Ćićarija).
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range of its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
This species is known only from Monte San Primo (province of Como, Lombardia, northern Italy) and Monte Generoso (Ticino, southern Switzerland) (see Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected both in epigean and hypogean habitats. In view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected both in epigean and hypogean habitats. In view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
There is poor information on the habitat of this species. Specimens have been collected both in hypogean and epigean habitats.
The ecology and life history of this species is unknown. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (
This species is potentially exposed due to its limited geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of T. caporiaccoi are good proxies for defining AOO and EOO.
This species is restricted to four caves in the Bergamasque Prealps (Lombardia, northern Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
Even though this species occurs in four caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Due to the adaptation to the subterranean medium and of the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified four subpopulations, corresponding to the four caves where the species has been collected. These subpopulation are likely to be impacted by climate change.
The species is strictly relegated to cave habitat.
As seen in
This species shows a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and remarkable eye regression (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for the Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This subterranean specialised species was collected only in two localities and it has not been recorded since its description. It may be possible that the species occurs in other caves in the area. The true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.
This species was found only in the cave of Pozzo di Cedrina and in an unspecified "cave in the nearby of Cene", both in Val Seriana (province of Bergamo, Lombardia, northern Italy) (see Suppl. material
The available data on the distribution range of this spider are not enough to estimate the species extinction risk. However, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (see
The available data on the distribution range of this spider are not enough to estimate the species extinction risk. However, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (see
The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.
The population size is unknown. However, in view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
The species was collected in deep cave habitat. No additional information on the habitat was provided.
As seen in
Not much is known about the ecology of this species. This species shows a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and pronounced eye regression (
As seen for the Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats through out the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This subterranean specialised species was collected only in one locality, and it has never been recorded again after its description. It may be possible that the species occurs in other caves in the area. The true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.
This species is known only from one cave (Grotta Lacù di Casai), in the province of Bergamo (Lombardia, northern Italy) (see Suppl. material
The available data on the distribution range of this spider are not sufficient to estimate its extinction risk. However, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (see
The available data on the distribution range of this spider are not sufficient to estimate its extinction risk. However, given the low tolerance to habitat changes of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (see
The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.
The population size is unknown. However, in view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
There is poor information on species habitat, although specimens have been collected in caves.
As seen in
This species shows a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and pronounced eye regression (
As seen for the Western alpine Troglohyphantes species (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This non-specialised spider was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
Troglohyphantes confusus is restricted to a few localities in Inner Carniola (north-western Slovenia) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being mostly collected in epigean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being mostly collected in epigean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species was mainly found in beech forests, in burrows under litter. Some specimens have been collected in the anterior part of a cave, in ethylene-glycol pitfalls.
Specimens show a low degree of morphological specialisation to subterranean life (
The existence of threats is unknown for this species.
Some of the known localities of this species fall within the Special Area of Conservation of the Trnovo Forest (SAC SI3000255).
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species is known from multiple localities. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species has been found in several caves in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Karlovac, and Lika-Senj counties (north-western Croatia) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected in the twilight zone and in the deep parts of the caves. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected in the twilight zone and in the deep parts of the caves. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
Specimens have been collected both at the cave entrance and deeper in the cave, in webs amongst boulders on the cave floor and on the walls. Although, to our knowledge, for the majority of localities no threats are detectable, the species has apparently disappeared from the type locality, Bukovac Cave. It seems likely that extensive archaeological and paleontological excavations carried out in this cave have altered significantly the habitat of this species. Moreover, Cave Vrelo is a touristic cave with more than 10,000 visitors per year, in which concerts, exhibitions and filming of movies are organised, with the possible accumulation of litter that may alter the local microhabitat.
Most of the caves inhabited by T. croaticus are as yet not threatened by direct human activities. However two localities seems to be disturbed by past and ongoing human activities, i.e. excavations and touristic use.
Specimens collected in the eastern part of the distribution (in the regions of Kordun and Ogulinsko-plaščansko područje) are depigmented and microphthalm. Specimens from the western part of the distribution (Gorski kotar region) appear to be rather variable, from eyeless depigmented individuals to fully pigmented ones (even with a pattern on the opisthosoma) and normal eyes. According to the latest population genetic study of the species (
This species is potentially exposed due to its limited geographic distribution range. However, the existence of direct threats is unknown for this species. One of the caves where this species occurs is a show cave and visitors access it frequently.
Most of the predicted range of T. croaticus is included in the Risnjak National Park and in the Natura 2000 network (SCI HR2000447 Nacionalni park Risnjak, SCI HR2000592 Ogulinsko-plaščansko područje, SCI HR2000591 Klek, SCI HR2000643 Obruč, SCI HR2000707 Gornje Jelenje prema Platku, SCI HR2001041 Gomance, SCI HR2001340 Područje oko Kuštrovke, SCI HR2001353 Lokve-Sunger-Fužine, SCI/SPA HR5000019 Gorski kotar i sjeverna Lika). The species distribution modelling predicts that this species could also be present in the Slovenian protected site of Snežnik (SAC SI3000231 Javorniki - Snežnik, SPA SI5000002 Snežnik - Pivka).
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This non-specialised species was collected in a single locality. It may be possible that the species occurs in other localities in the area. The true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.
The species is known only from one locality outside the cave of Smoganica, in the municipality of Most na Soči (Slovenian Littoral) (see Suppl. material
The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.
The population size and trend are unknown.
The species was collected just outside a cave. No additional information about the habitat was provided.
Not much is known about the ecology of this species. The female is unknown (
Unknown threats.
This species was considered as potentially threatened due to its rarity and included in the category R of the Slovenian Red List (
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
In
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.
The species is known in a few caves of Varaita Valley (Southern Cottian Alps) and in an isolated locality in Gesso Valley (Maritime Alps) (Piemonte, north-western Italy, detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
As seen in
As seen in
The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population (see
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species (
Due to the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and of the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats (data on gene flow from
Troglohyphantes delphinicus was mainly collected in the dark zone of natural caves characterised by mean annual temperature values ranging from 0 to 8°C, at an altitude ranging from 1000 to 2480 m. In very few occasions, individuals were collected outside, in the vicinity of cave entrances in deep litter or under big stones (
As seen in
According to thermal tests, this species shows a narrow thermal tolerance, reaching 50% mortality at temperature values 1°C above its cave temperature (
This species is potentially exposed due to its narrow geographic distribution range. As seen in
One of the caves where this species has been collected is within the borders of the protected area of the Maritime Alps (SAC/SPA IT1160056).
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in a few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
This species is known from three caves of mount Tisnik in Carinthia, and from four caves in Styria (northern Slovenia) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean environments, being collected also in shallow subterranean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected also in shallow subterranean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
Specimens have been mainly collected in subterranean environments and occasionally in shallow subterranean habitats. In the Huda Luknja Cave, a high concentration of specimens of T. diabolicus has been found among the debris of a decayed wooden bridge in the front section, not far from the entrance opening. In Knapovska jama, a deserted artificial pit, the spiders had their webs amongst wood debris and in holes in the floor left by buttress poles, 10-30 m from the entrance. Specimens have been collected also in small mammal burrows in beech forests.
Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life (
This species is potentially exposed due to its limited geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.
Troglohyphantes diabolicus was considered potentially threatened and listed in the Slovenian Red List, in the category R (
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are known for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species has been found in several localities on the Bergamasque Alps and Prealps (Lombardia, northern Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been mainly found in shallow subterranean and epigean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species has been mainly found in shallow subterranean and epigean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species has been found in both shallow subterranean and epigean habitats, such as rocky lands, alpine prairies, Rhododendron scrublands, at high altitudes up to 2,200 m.
Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (
The existence of direct threats is unknown for this species.
This species has been recorded within the Natura 2000 network (SAC IT2060009 Val Nossana - Cima di Grem, SPA IT2060401 Parco Regionale Orobie Bergamasche).
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species has a wide distribution encompassing most of Slovenia and northern Croatia. It has also been recorded in the southern part of Carinthia (southern Austria) and in the area of Trieste in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (north-eastern Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
Troglohyphantes excavatus has been recorded in a wide range of habitats, both hypogean and epigean. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
Troglohyphantes excavatus has been recorded in a wide range of habitats, both hypogean and epigean. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
There are no currently known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
In Slovenia, Croatia, and Italy specimens have been mainly collected in subterranean environments, both in deep caves and close to cave entrance, but also in shallow subterranean habitats, under big stones, usually in forests. On the contrary, in Austria this species has been recorded from surface localities, in moss and meadows, in spruce or mixed forests and on stream banks in forests.
The habitats colonised by T. excavatus are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life (
The existence of threats is unknown for this species.
The potential distribution of T. excavatus is covered by several national parks, protected areas, and sites of the Natura 2000 network. In Austria, this species is listed in the category R of the Red List of endangered spiders for Carinthia (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This spider is known exclusively from the type locality, where it has been repeatedly collected. In light of the high subterranean specialisation of this species and in view of the intensive sampling conducted in other caves in the same area, it is hardly expected that the range could be significantly expanded by new findings.
This species is known only from Cava di Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella, in the Lessini Mountains (province of Verona, Veneto, north-eastern Italy) (see Suppl. material
The single cave where this species was found is threatened by quarrying activities, which are expected to cause changes in microclimatic conditions and decrease of habitat quality. In addition, according to
The single cave where this species was found is threatened by quarrying activities, which are expected to cause changes in microclimatic conditions and decrease of habitat quality. In addition, according to
This species is known only from a single location, currently subjected to quarrying activities, which are likely to represent a major threat to the survival of the species. Moreover, the cave where this species occurs is exposed to possible changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to both quarrying activities and future climate change (see
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of highly subterranean adapted Troglohyphantes (
No estimates of population size exist.
For this species we identified a single subpopulation.
This species has been found in an artificial subterranean habitat. Specimens have been collected in areas of complete darkness, were they are rather abundant.
The nearby quarrying activities may cause environmental alterations of the cave where this species occurs. In addition, as seen in
This species shows a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and regression of the eyes (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. Given the low tolerance to habitat changes of this subterranean organism, changes in the internal microclimate caused by the quarrying activities in the area of Cava di Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella may interfere with the species’ survival. Moreover, as seen for the species of the genus Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps (
Cava di Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella falls within the Special Area of Conservation of Monte Pastello (SAC IT3210021). However, there are no conservation measures in place for this species. This species may benefit from effective protection with strategies aiming to reduce the environmental impacts of the nearby quarrying activities.
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed. Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm future trends and to assess the impacts of the nearby quarrying activities.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
Troglohyphantes fagei is one of the most widespread species of the genus Troglohyphantes, being widely distributed in the Eastern Alps, from north-eastern Italy to Austria, with a few records from southern Germany (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been recorded both in hypogean and epigean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species has been recorded both in hypogean and epigean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
There are no currently known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
At lower latitudes, this species was mainly collected in caves. At higher latitudes, it has been mainly found in alpine environments above the tree line, such as in rock crevices in alpine screes, in alpine grasslands, and in dwarf mountain pine shrubs.
The habitats colonised by T. fagei are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
This species shows a minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life (
The existence of major threats is unknown for this species.
The potential distribution of this species is covered by several protected areas and sites of the Natura 2000 network. In Germany, due to its extreme rarity in the country, T. fagei was listed in the category R of the national Red List of spiders (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species is known from a few localities in the Prealps of Belluno, in Colli Euganei, and Montello (Veneto, north-eastern Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
The species has been collected both in epigean and hypogean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
The species has been collected both in epigean and hypogean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
Troglohyphantes fatalis has been found both in natural and artificial hypogean environments. Specimens have been collected also in surface habitats, such as damp and chestnut woods.
The habitats colonised by T. fatalis are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
The ecology of this species is unknown.
The existence of direct threats is unknown for this species.
There are several protected areas within the distribution range of this species (EUAP0243 Parco Regionale dei Colli Euganei and SAC/SPA IT3260017 Colli Euganei - Monte Lozzo - Monte Ricco, SAC/SPA IT3230022 Massiccio del Grappa, SAC/SPA IT3220036 Altopiano dei Sette Comuni, SAC/SPA IT3230090 Cima Campo - Monte Celado, SAC IT3240004 Montello). Species distribution modelling predicts that this species could be present in more protected areas.
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
This species was recorded only in two localities, in north-western Slovenia: Kristalna jama (Bled) in Upper Carniola, and the tunnel 'Kluža' near Bovec in Slovenian Littoral (see Suppl. material
The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this non-specialised species.
The population size and trend are unknown.
In the type locality (Kristalna jama), specimens were collected only in the most superficial parts of the cave, among stones and wood debris, in the descending entrance passage.
Troglohyphantes gamsi is one of the most pigmented Troglohyphantes (
Unknown threats.
Due to its rarity, T. gamsi is considered as potentially threatened and included in the category R of the Slovenian Red List of endangered plant and animal species (
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Despite the relatively high number of records of this non-specialised species, the distribution range predicted by the models was found to be unreliable by our own expert opinion. In view of this, only the observed distribution range is presented.
This species is very common in the caves of the Brescia Prealps (Lombardia, northern Italy) while in the province of Bergamo its distribution is confined to the Sebino area and to the high valley of Scalve (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
Troglohyphantes gestroi has been collected both in surface and subterranean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised Troglohyphantes (
Troglohyphantes gestroi has been collected both in surface and subterranean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised Troglohyphantes (
There are no currently known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species has been mainly collected in natural and artificial caves, but it also occurs in epigean environments such as fir woods and open habitats.
The habitats colonised by T. gestroi are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life (
This species is potentially exposed due to its limited geographic distribution range. However, the existence of direct threats is unknown for this species.
Part of the distribution of this species falls within several protected areas (SAC IT2060004 Alta Val di Scalve, SPA IT2060401 Parco Regionale Orobie Bergamasche, SAC IT2070018 Altopiano di Cariadeghe).
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
There are only two records known for this spider, both referring to the MSS (Milieu Souterrain Superficiel, see
This species is known only from MSS habitat in the area of the hypogean complex of the Pugnetto caves, in the municipality of Mezzenile, and from the Natural Park of Colle del Lys (Province of Torino, Piemonte, north-western Italy) (see Suppl. material
According to
According to
This species has been recorded in two localities, which are interpreted as a single location as they are both affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the possible consequent narrow thermal tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each occurrence reasonably represents a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified two subpopulations: the first one occurring in the Pugnetto hypogean complex, in the Lanzo Valleys (Northwestern Alps), and the second subpopulation in the Natural Park of Colle del Lys, an alpine pass located between the lower Valle di Susa and Valle di Viù (Graian Alps). These subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.
Specimens of T. giachinoi were collected in MSS habitat, using subterranean sampling devices installed at depths between 0.40 and 0.80 m and pitfall traps placed in deep beech forest leaf litter [see
MSS habitats, like other superficial subterranean habitats, are likely to be affected by the global temperature increase. It is expected that the temperature increase in superficial subterranean habitats will parallel the external one almost synchronically. Compared with the deep subterranean sectors, effects on the fauna in superficial subterranean habitats are expected to be more immediate (
Troglohyphantes giachinoi is among the smaller species of alpine Troglohyphantes, and its short legs and overall small body size may reflect a specialisation for inhabiting small habitat pores, such as the air-filled spaces in the MSS, deep leaf litter, and soil strata. Although this species co-exists with other two Troglohyphantes (T. bornensis and T. lucifuga) in the same hypogean complex, they exploit different habitats (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its low dispersal capacity. Superficial network of underground fissures where T. giachinoi occurs, are likely to be affected by the global temperature increase, which is expected to impact the current suitability of this adapted species. Compared with the deep subterranean sectors, effects of temperature increase on the shallow subterranean fauna are expected to be more immediate (
The distribution range of this species is included in a Special Area of Conservation (SAC IT1110048 Grotte del Pugnetto) and in a Regional Park (EUAP0883 Parco Naturale del Colle del Lys).
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of T. gracilis are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.
This species has been collected in three caves (Podpeška jama, Pasjica pri Predolah, and Jama pod cesto) in Lower Carniola (Central Slovenia) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
Even though this species occurs in three caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and of the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean environments, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified three different subpopulations, corresponding to the three caves where the species has been collected. These subpopulation are likely to be impacted by climate change.
There is poor information on the habitat of this species. Specimens have been collected in caves.
As seen in
This spider shows a high degree of specialisation to subterranean life, with absence of pigmentation (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for the species of the genus Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps (
This species was listed in the first IUCN Red List (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed. Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm inferred trends.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in three localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
This species is known from only two localities in Upper Carniola (Slovenia) and from another locality in Carinthia (southern Austria) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species was collected in small mammal burrows in mixed forest (Fagus-Castaneus). No additional information about the habitat was provided.
This spider shows minor morphological adaptations to the subterranean life (
The existence of threats is unknown for this species.
Due to its rarity, T. helsdingeni was considered as potentially threatened and listed in the category R of the Slovenian Red List (
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species has been found in a few localities. Due to the limited number of surveys carried out in this area, it seems likely that the species may occur elsewhere nearby. The known distribution range should be taken with caution.
This species is known from a few localities of the departments of Drôme and Isère (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, south-eastern France) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
Even though this species occurs in some caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation can reasonably occur in a single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified two subpopulations: a southern subpopulation in the commune of Bouvante, Drôme department, and a northern one occurring in a few caves in the commune of Presles, Isère department. Future climate change is expected to affect both of them.
Troglohyphantes henroti has been collected in hypogean habitats. It has not been specified if in the deep portion or near the entrance, however in caves.
As seen in
Specimens show subterranean specialisation to the hypogean life, namely loss of pigmentation and reduction of the eye apparatus (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for the Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This subterranean specialised species was collected in a few localities spread in a relatively wide range. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known distribution range of this species is underestimated.
This species has been recorded in a few collection sites spread in a wide distribution range, spanning from the Southwestern Alps to the Tuscanian Apennines (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population (see
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
This species was found both in caves and in shallow subterranean habitats. Specimens have been mainly collected close to the cave entrance, dwelling among debris. Cave openings are located in Fagus or Castanea woods.
This spider shows an intermediate degree of morphological specialisation to subterranean life (
As seen for the western alpine species of the genus Troglohyphantes (
This species has been recorded within several protected areas (EUAP0229 Parco Alpi Apuane and SPA IT5120015 Praterie primarie e secondarie delle Apuane, SAC IT1160020 Bosco di Bagnasco, SAC IT1343520 Zona Carsica Cassana, SAC IT5120014 Monte Corchia - Le Panie). Given the wide distribution of this species, it is reasonable to assume that it may occur in other protected areas and sites covered by the Natura 2000 network.
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of its high level of specialisation, we assume that the known records of T. jamatus are good proxies for defining the EOO and AOO of this species.
This highly adapted subterranean species was recorded in seven caves in Inner Carniola and Littoral (western Slovenia) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
Even though this species occurs in seven caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T. jamatus reasonably occurs in a single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified six subpopulations. These subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.
The species is strictly relegated to cave habitat. No additional information about the habitat was available.
As seen in
This species shows a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and eye reduction (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for the Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps (
Due to its rarity, this species was considered as potentially threatened and listed in the Slovenian Red List of endangered plant and animal species (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of T. juris are good proxies for defining the EOO and AOO of this species.
Troglohyphantes juris was found in six caves in the Carnic Prealps (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, north-eastern Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
Even though this species occurs in six caves, these are interpreted as a single location as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T. juris can reasonably occur in a single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified three subpopulations occurring in the province of Pordenone, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. These subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.
This species was collected in deep cave habitats. No additional information on the habitat has been provided.
As seen in
This spider shows a considerable eye reduction and absence of pigmentation (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for the Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range observed in its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
This species is only known from the type locality, Jama na Babi, Jezersko (Upper Carniola, northern Slovenia), and from two localities in Carinthia (southern Austria) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected both at a cave entrance and in epigean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected both at a cave entrance and in epigean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
Specimens collected in the type locality, Jama na babi in Upper Carniola, have been found near the entrance of the cave, in a chamber with the floor covered by wood, stony debris, and leaf litter. The specimens from Carinthia have been collected in montane and subalpine zone, among crevices in boulder screes or in alpine grasslands.
Specimens show eye regression and absence of pigmentation (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range. However, the existence of direct threats to this species is unknown.
This species was considered as potentially threatened due to its rarity and included in the category R in the Slovenian Red List (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.
This species is known from several caves and military bunkers in the Maritime Alps, between Gesso and Vermenagna Valleys (Piemonte, north-western Italy). Moreover, it was recently found in France, in a blockhouse near Brigue (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur). Detailed occurrences and relative references are in Suppl. material
As seen in
As seen in
The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population (see
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species (
Because of the subterranean adaptation and the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation reasonably occurs in a single isolated or in a few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified four subpopulations in the range, three of them occurring in Valle Vermenagna and Valle Gesso, and a southern isolated subpopulation in the French Maritime Alps. All the subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.
This species has been found at the ground level amid stones, in small interstices or on webs on the walls in caves, military bunkers, and blockhouses. Most of the cave openings are located in beech forests.
As seen in
This high subterranean specialised spider is totally depigmented, microphthalmic, and shows a rich spination (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range. As seen for other species of the genus Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps (
Part of the distribution of this species is within the borders of the Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area of the Maritime Alps (SAC/SPA IT1160056).
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species has been found in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Karlovac, Lika-Senj, and Zadar counties in Croatia, and in north-western Bosnia and Herzegovina (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been collected in caves and shallow subterranean habitats as well as under stones and in animal burrows in moist leaf litter. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species has been collected in caves and shallow subterranean habitats as well as under stones and in animal burrows in moist leaf litter. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species has been found on the ceiling and the walls of caves, mainly at no more than 50 meters from the entrance, and in small animal burrows and under stones in forest habitats. In Lika, in the western part of the range, this species was found only in caves.
Not much is known about the ecology of this species. All the individuals are depigmented (even the ones collected outside the caves), and have normally developed eyes circled with black pigmentation of variable width (
This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.
This species has been found in several protected areas and sites of the Natura 2000 network. The species distribution modelling predicts that it could also be present in further protected areas.
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.
This species is restricted to six caves of the Monte Fenera hypogean complex, a limestone cave complex in the Northwestern Alps (province of Vercelli, Piemonte, north-western Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
As seen in
As seen in
The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population (see
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and of the narrow thermal tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified a single subpopulation occurring in the Monte Fenera hypogean complex.
Specimens of T. lanai have been found among stony debris in the caves of the complex of Monte Fenera (limestone with intercalated sandstone), in the Pennine Alps (north-western Italy). All caves have openings into beech woods, with a prevalent northerly aspect to the cave opening, The temperatures in the caves are constantly about 9°C (
As seen in
This species shows particularly remarkable subterranean traits, such as pronounced eye regression and absence of pigmentation (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for other western alpine Troglohyphantes species (
The species range falls entirely within the Natural Park of Monte Fenera (SAC IT1120003). However, there are no conservation measures in place for this species.
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
This species has been documented only in a few localities between Carinthia (southern Austria) and Upper Carniola (northern Slovenia) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
Habitat loss and land use change due to urbanisation and infrastructure development in some of the localities where this species has been collected (
Habitat loss and land use change due to urbanisation and infrastructure development in some of the localities where this species has been collected (
Two locations, corresponding to the Austrian subpopulations, are threatened by urbanisation and infrastructure development.
The population is threatened by habitat loss and land use change due to urbanisation and infrastructure development in part of its range.
Based on the data available, for this species we identified three subpopulations: two of them occurring in southern Austria and one in northern Slovenia. The Austrian subpopulations are affected by habitat loss and land use change due to urban and transport infrastructure development.
This species has been collected in different habitats in the medium montane belt, from 500 up to 1,300 m, such as pastures, prairies, broadleaf, and conifer forests. It has also been found in rock crevices in boulder fields.
Some of the habitats where this species has been found are threatened by urban, industrial, and transport infrastructure development (
This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (
This species currently faces threats of habitat loss and land use change due to urbanisation and due to railway and road infrastructure development (
The records from Slovenia fall within the Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area of the Julian Alps (SAC SI3000253, SPA SI5000019). In Austria, T. latzeli has been listed in the 59th Regulation of the Carinthian State Government of 2015 (LGBl. Nr. 59/2015), which amends the Carinthian Nature Conservation Act 2002 (LGBl. Nr. 79/2002).
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Despite the relatively high number of records of this non-specialised species, the species distribution predicted by the models was found to be unreliable by our own expert opinion. In view of this, only the observed distribution range is presented.
This species has been found in several caves in the Lessini Mountains, Monte Baldo, and other localities of the Venetian Prealps, and in the southern Trentino-Alto Adige (north-eastern Italy). New records were recently collected in epigean habitats in the Brenta Dolomites, extending considerably the distribution of this species northwards (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been mainly found in caves, but several specimens have been recorded in epigean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species has been mainly found in caves, but several specimens have been recorded in epigean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
Troglohyphantes lessinensis was collected mainly in natural and artificial hypogean habitats. However, specimens have been recently found also in high altitude rocky lands and alpine screes.
The habitats colonised by T. lessinensis are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
Specimens are characterised by a pronounced microphthalmy (
This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.
This species has been found within the Natura 2000 network (SAC/SPA IT3210040 Monti Lessini - Pasubio - Piccole Dolomiti Vicentine, SAC/SPA IT3210039 Monte Baldo Ovest, SAC/SPA IT3210041 Monte Baldo Est, EUAP0930 and SAC IT3120177 Dolomiti di Brenta, SPA IT3120159 Brenta).
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of its subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of T. liburnicus are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.
Troglohyphantes liburnicus has been collected in several caves in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar county and in the northern part of the Island of Cres (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
Most of the potential distribution of this species corresponds to the coastal area of the Croatian Littoral, where the urban infrastructure development and the industrial pollution are resulting in large-scale alterations of the natural environment, which affect the habitat of this species (
Most of the potential distribution of this species corresponds to the coastal area of the Croatian Littoral, where the urban infrastructure development and the industrial pollution are resulting in large-scale alterations of the natural environment, which affect the habitat of this species (
Some of the caves where this species occurs are located in an area heavily impacted by urban development, tourism and industrial pollution. However, all the caves where this species occurs are affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is considered the most serious plausible threat expected to impact the whole population (see
Habitat loss and degradation due to urban development and pollution affects the population of T. liburnicus. In addition, in view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T. liburnicus reasonably occurs in a single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified three to six subpopulations. Urbanisation and industrialisation are affecting most of them throughout this species' range.
This species has been found both in the twilight zone and in the deepest part of the caves, in the recesses or between rocks and stalagmites on the ground. In the pit Jama kod Škalnice, specimens occurred in webs on a steep slope covered with wood debris and pieces of rock.
Most of the localities where this species occurs are threatened by habitat loss and degradation due to urban infrastructure development and residential and industrial pollution (
Specimens show pronounced morphological specialisation to the subterranean habitat, such as eyes regression, leg elongation, and absence of pigmentation (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. Habitat loss and degradation due to urban infrastructure development and due to pollution from commercial and industrial facilities, represents an ongoing threat to T. liburnicus. Pollution by solid and liquid municipal waste from illegal landfills causes the degradation of cave ecosystems (
This species is listed as Vulnerable in the Red Book of Croatian Cave Dwelling Fauna (
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed. Population status and habitat quality should be monitored.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in a few localities in the Western Alps. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated. Given this situation, any modelling of the current habitat suitability is unreliable.
This species occurs both in hypogean and epigean localities in the alpine districts of Northern Cottian and Southern Graian Alps (Piemonte, north-western Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected in the vicinity of the cave entrance or in shallow subterranean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected in the vicinity of the cave entrance or in shallow subterranean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to this species.
Troglohyphantes lucifer has been collected in floors and walls of the twilight zone of natural caves, in block fields in beech forests, and in various shallow subterranean habitats, leaf litter, deep soil strata, MSS, and rocky accumulations. According to
This species is not exclusively restricted to deep subterranean habitats, being collected in the vicinity of the cave entrance or in shallow subterranean habitats. Specimens show minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life, with eyes normally developed and abdominal pattern present (
The existence of threats is unknown for this species.
This species has been recorded in the Natura 2000 sites SAC/SPA IT1110006 Orsiera Rocciavré, SAC IT1110029 Pian della Mussa (Balme), and SAC IT1110048 Grotta del Pugnetto. In one case, Grotte del Pugnetto, the entrance is strictly regulated, accessible by permission only and in guided tours, and is restricted to 8 months a year. It is possible that its true range would be covered by other protected ares.
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species is distributed in Val d’Aosta and northern Piemonte (north-eastern Italy). The presence of this species in Switzerland is testified by historical records in Wallis (Bourg Saint Pierre and Zermatt) and Tessin (Frasco). Troglohyphantes lucifuga has also been found in Haute-Savoie (south-eastern France). Conversely, the record of this species in Seine-et-Marne (northern France), is unreliable. Detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected in the vicinity of the cave entrance or in shallow subterranean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected in the vicinity of the cave entrance or in shallow subterranean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known major threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
Troglohyphantes lucifuga was generally found in debris and among rocks very close to cave entrances, but also in moist shaded places, deep leaf litter, and other shallow subterranean habitats. Cave openings are located in different habitats, such as Castanea and Fagus woods, alpine screes, rocky lands, and alpine grasslands.
The habitats colonised by T. lucifuga are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (
This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.
Part of the potential range of this species is inside protected areas and sites of the Natura 2000 network.
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
There are only two records known for this subterranean species. It may be possible that the species occurs in other caves in the area. The known distribution range should be taken with caution.
This species is restricted to two caves in the Bergamasque Prealps (Lombardia, northern Italy): Grotta di Nala di Cà Maquela, in the municipality of Sant'Omobono (Province of Bergamo), and Grotta I Ching, in the municipality of Mandello del Lario (province of Lecco) (see Suppl. material
According to
According to
The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population (see
The population size is unknown. However, in view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
There is poor information on species habitat. Specimens have been collected in caves.
As seen in
This species shows a high degree of adaptation to deep subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and pronounced eye regression (
As seen for other subterranean specialised species of Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps (
Part of the ditribution range of this species falls within the Regional Park of Grigna Settentrionale (SAC IT2030001).
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.
This species has been recorded in some hypogean localities of the Graian Alps (Gran Paradiso Massif and Lanzo Valleys in province of Torino, and Valle dell'Elvo in province of Biella, Piemonte), and in an epigeic locality in Colle dell’Arietta (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
As seen in
As seen in
The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population (see
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and of the narrow therrmal tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified seven subpopulations occurring in the Graian Alps, north-western Italy. All these subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.
Specimens have been found hanging on webs on cave walls. All records refer to cold caves, ranging from 2°C to maximum 6°C mean annual temperature. Holotype comes from an epigeic locality at 2,900 m. Most of the cave openings are located in alpine screes or Fagus woods.
As seen in
This spider lives mainly on webs on cave walls. Specimens show a moderate degree of morphological specialisation, with absence of pigmentation and eye regression (
This species is potentially exposed due to its narrow geographic distribution range. As seen for other western alpine species of Troglohyphantes (
Part of the distribution range of this species is included in the National Park, Special Area of Conservation and Special Protected Area of Gran Paradiso (EUAP0006 and SAC/SPA IT1201000).
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
Troglohyphantes noricus has been frequently recorded in Austria. It is also known from Bavaria, in southern Germany (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been mainly collected in forests and alpine prairies. Many of the environments that this spider inhabits are affected by forestry and silvicultural measures, and by land use change due to agriculture and road infrastructure development (
This species has been mainly collected in forests and alpine prairies. Many of the environments that this spider inhabits are affected by forestry and silvicultural measures, and by land use change due to agriculture and road infrastructure development (
No known major threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
Specimens of T. noricus occur under dead wood, in moist soil, in small mammal burrows, and in deep leaf layers of mixed beech-fir and beech-oak forests, of ravine forests, rocky gorges, spring meadows and avalanche erosion gullies, which have a microclimatically favourable crevice system in the soil due to blocks, rocky elements, or deadwood. In addition, some records have been collected in larch-spruce forests at higher altitudes. In the Berchtesgaden Alps and in the Tennen Mountains, this species also lives in the alpine belt far above the timberline.
Even though some of the habitats where this species occurs are affected by land use change (
Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows a lower degree of specialisation to subterranean life (
No known major threats to this species.
There are several national parks, protected areas, and sites of the Natura 2000 network within the potential geographic range of the species. In Germany, T. noricus is listed in the category R of the national Red List of spiders (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in very few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
This rare species is known from one cave (Raudnerhöhle) and a few epigean localities in Styria and Carinthia (southern Austria), and from one cave in an unspecified locality in northern Slovenia (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected both in hypogean and epigean localities. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected both in hypogean and epigean localities. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known major threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to this species.
In the type locality, T. novicordis has been found in hypogean habitat. Other records have been collected in moss and under the rocks in spruce forests, and in high altitude shrublands and rocky lands.
This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (
The existence of threats for this species is unknown.
This species has been listed in the 59th Regulation of the Carinthian State Government of 2015 (LGBl. Nr. 59/2015), among the species fully protected according to the Carinthian Nature Conservation Act 2002 (LGBl. Nr. 79/2002).
Basic research is needed to know the current distribution, population size and trends, ecology and traits of this species, and its possible threats.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in two localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. It may be possible that the species occurs in other localities in the area. The true range is therefore unknown and not possible to model with confidence.
This species was previously recorded only from the type locality in the Monte Ragogna, municipality of Muris (province of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, north-eastern Italy). More recently, this species was found also in Lavina, municipality of Tambre (province of Belluno, Veneto, north-eastern Italy), extending considerably its distribution westwards (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.
The population size and trend are unknown.
This species has been found in epigean habitats. No additional information on the habitat has been provided.
Specimens lack pigmentation (
Unknown threats.
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Caves in Southwestern Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.
This subterranean specialised species is restricted to three caves in Piemonte (north-western Italy), namely Grotta di Bossea and Pozzo del Rospo in Corsaglia Valley, and Pozzo del Villaretto in Tanaro Valley (see Suppl. material
As seen in
As seen in
Even though this species occurs in different caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of this species, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation. Accordingly, for this species we identified three subpopulations occurring in the province of Cuneo (Piemonte, north-western Italy). All the subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.
Specimens have been found in the deepest part of the cave among stony debris on the ground or on webs among stalactites. Cave openings are located in beech woods.
As seen in
This subterranean specialised species shows pronounced eye reduction and absence of abdominal pigmentation (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range. As seen for other western alpine species of the genus Troglohyphantes (
Part of the distribution of this species is included in a Special Area of Conservation (SAC IT1160026 Grotte di Bossea). Management of the subpopulation occurring in the touristic cave would be needed by means of a strict code of conduct for the activities in caves, and of both communication to the general public and training of touristic agents.
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed. Monitoring of population and habitat are important to confirm projected trends.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This non-specialised species was collected in a few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its known distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
This species has been found in some caves of Corsaglia Valley and the high Tanaro Valley (province of Cuneo, Piemonte, north-western Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
There are no currently known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species has been mostly collected in the nearby of the cave entrance. However, in several cases, specimens have been also observed in true hypogean habitats. Caves hosting this species encompass a broad altitudinal gradient, from roughly 800 to more than 2,000 m. The population of Balma Ghiacciata del Mondolé is found in the twilight zone of the cave. The cave is characterised by very cool microclimatic condition, sustaining a perennial snowfield near the entrance (
This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to the subterranean habitat, with partially pigmented abdominal pattern and eyes normally developed (
The existence of threats is unknown for this species. One of the caves where the species occurs (Grotte del Caudano) is opened to tourism (approximately 3,000 tourists per year). Consequently, a potential impact for this subpopulation could derive from touristic activities.
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple sites are recorded for this non-specialised species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species has a widespread distributional range in Upper Carniola (Slovenia). It has also been recorded in Carinthia (southern Austria) and in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (north-eastern Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
Troglohyphantes poleneci has been mainly collected in epigean habitat. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
Troglohyphantes poleneci has been mainly collected in epigean habitat. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species has been mainly found in beech and mixed beech-fir forests, in small burrows. The record from Carinthia has been collected in alpine rocky slopes with crevice vegetation.
The habitats colonised by T. poleneci are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
This spider shows minor morphological adaptation to subterranean life (
This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.
In Solvenia, T. poleneci was considered as potentially threatened due to its rarity and included in the category R of the national Red List (
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of T. polyophthalmus are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.
This species has been collected in several hypogean localities in Slovenia (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
Even though this species occurs in several caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
A decrease in the number of subpopulations is inferred due to the impacts of climate change.
This species was mainly collected on the walls and crevices of caves, both at the entrances and in deeper sections of the caves.
As seen in
This species shows a high degree of adaptation to subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation, leg elongation, and eye regression (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for the species of the genus Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps (
This species was considered as potentially threatened due to its rarity, and included in the category R of the Slovenian Red List of endangered plant and animal species (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of T. regalini are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.
This deep subterranean species is restricted to five caves in the Bergamasque Alps, in northern Italy (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
Even though this species occurs in different caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each locality can reasonably host a single isolated subpopulation of T. regalini. Accordingly, for this species we identified five subpopulations, four of them occurring in the Sebino Bergamasco region, on the western shore of the Iseo Lake (province of Bergamo), and a fifth isolated subpopulation on the eastern shore of the Iseo Lake (province of Brescia). These subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.
Specimens have been collected in caves, but there is no additional information about the habitat.
As seen in
Specimens show a high degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats, with pronounced eye regression and absence of pigmentation (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for the species of Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are available for this non-specialised species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species had been found in several epigean and hypogean localities in Lessini Mountains, Monte Grappa, Colli Berici and southern Trentino (north-eastern Italy) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been collected both in surface and subterranean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species has been collected both in surface and subterranean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species has been collected on cave floors and other subterranean habitats, but it also has been found outside the caves, such as in beech forests and broadleaf woods. No additional information about the habitat was provided.
The habitats colonised by T. ruffoi are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
Specimens show a very low morphological adaptation to the subterranean life (
This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.
Specimens of T. ruffoi have been recorded within the territory of several Natura 2000 sites (EUAP0243 Parco Regionale dei Colli Euganei and SAC/SPA IT3260017 Colli Euganei - Monte Lozzo - Monte Ricco, SAC/SPA IT3210040 Monti Lessini - Pasubio - Piccole Dolomiti Vicentine, SAC/SPA IT3230022 Massiccio del Grappa, SAC IT3220037 Colli Berici, SAC IT3120127 Monti Tremalzo e Tombea, SAC IT3120173 Monte Baldo di Brentonico).
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are available for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species is predicted to be present in the Venetian Prealps, Julian Alps and Prealps, and Carnic Prealps (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been collected both in hypogean and epigean environments. It is plausible that climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species has been collected both in hypogean and epigean environments. It is plausible that climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
In north-eastern Italy and in north-western Slovenia, this species has been mainly found in caves. Conversely, in southern Austria the known localities occur in mixed beech and spruce forests of the montane and subalpine zone, under stones in the soil.
The habitats colonised by T. sbordonii are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
This species shows minor morphological adaptation to subterranean life (
This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted geographic distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.
Part of the potential range of this species is inside protected areas and sites of the Natura 2000 network. In Austria, T. sbordonii is listed in the category R of the Red List of endangered spiders for Carinthia (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are known for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
The range of T. sciakyi encompasses the Bergamasque Alps and Prealps, and the Southern Rhaetian Alps, in Lombardia and Trentino Alto-Adige, northern Italy (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been mainly collected in Alpine epigean habitats above 1,700 m, which are particularly vulnerable to climatic variations due to climate change. However, considering the low level of specialisation and the high altimetric range of its distribution, we assume a lower risk compared to subterranean specialised species.
This species has been mainly collected in Alpine epigean habitats above 1,700 m, which are particularly vulnerable to climatic variations due to climate change. However, considering the low level of specialisation and the high altimetric range of its distribution, we assume a lower risk compared to subterranean specialised species.
No known major threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to this species.
There is no information on the number of the subpopulations of this species.
This species has been found predominantly in rocky habitats and alpine screes at high altitudes. Some specimens have been collected in hypogean habitat.
Not much is known about the ecology of this orophile species. This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (
Some of the habitats where this species has been found are vulnerable to climatic variations due to climate change. However, considering the relatively high dispersal ability of this species, T. sciakyi is not expected to experience any decline.
Most of the predicted distribution range of this species falls within several protected areas (EUAP0017 and SPA IT2040044 Parco Nazionale dello Stelvio, SPA IT3120157 Stelvio, SAC/SPA IT3110038 Ultimo - Solda nel Parco Nazionale dello Stelvio, EUAP0930 and SAC IT3120177 Dolomiti di Brenta, SPA IT3120159 Brenta, SAC IT2060009 Val Nossana - Cima di Grem, SAC IT2060005 Val Sedornia - Val Zurio - Pizzo della Presolana, SAC IT2060004 Alta Val di Scalve, SPA IT2060401 Parco Regionale Orobie Bergamasche, SAC IT3120001 Alta Val di Rabbi).
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of T. scientificus are good proxies for defining the EOO and AOO of this species.
This species has been found in a few caves in Friuli Venezia Giulia (north-eastern Italy) and in Upper Carniola (western Slovenia) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
Even though this species occurs in different caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T. scientificus can reasonably occur in a single isolated or few contiguous subpopulations. Accordingly, for this species we identified 11 subpopulations, most of them in the province of Udine, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy), and a further isolated subpopulation occurring in Upper Carniola (Slovenia). These subpopulations are likely to be impacted by climate change.
Not much is known on the habitat of this species. Specimens were collected in hypogean environments.
As seen in
Troglohyphantes scientificus shows pronounced eyes regression and absence of pigmentation (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for the species of the genus Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps (
Due to its rarity in Slovenia, T. scientificus was considered as potentially threatened and included in the category R of the national Red List (
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of the high subterranean specialisation of this species, it is not expected that new findings could significantly expand its known geographic range.
This species is known only from the type locality, Lukova jama pri Zdihovem, a cave in Lower Carniola, southern Slovenia, near the border with Croatia (see Suppl. material
According to
According to
The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes (
For this species we identified a single subpopulation.
Specimens have been collected in caves, but there is no specific information available about the habitat.
As seen in
Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. Specimens are weakly pigmented (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for the Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps (
Troglohyphantes similis was listed in the first IUCN Red List (
The taxonomical status of the species and possible synonymy with T. spinipes is going to be clarified (see Pavlek et al. in litteris). Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected only in three localities, scattered across a relatively wide geographic range. Its low level of subterranean specialisation possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Given this situation, any modelling of the current habitat suitability is unreliable, and the known distribution range should be taken with caution. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.
There are only three records for this species: two in Slovenia, Mežnarjevo brezno near Lož in Inner Carniola and Svinjska jama near Dolenji in Slovenian Littoral, and one in Croatia, at jama Bedara on Žumberak hill (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.
The population size and trend are unknown.
Specimens were all found in caves. In the type locality, Mežnarjevo brezno, a vertical cave of about 15 m depth, specimens have been collected on the bottom of a chamber between boulders and pieces of decaying wood, in almost absolute darkness.
Specimens show a minor specialisation to subterranean life, with a slight eye reduction (
Unknown threats.
In Slovenia, T. sketi was considered as potentially threatened due to its rarity and included in the category R of the national Red List (
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Despite the relatively high number of records of this non-specialised species, the species distribution predicted by the models was found to be unreliable by our own expert opinion. In view of this, only the observed distribution range is presented.
The currently known distribution of T. sordellii is centred in the Bergamasque Alps and Prealps, Brescia Prealps and Lugano Prealps, in northern Italy and southern Switzerland (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been collected both in epigean and hypogean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species has been collected both in epigean and hypogean environments. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
At lower altitudes this species is often found in caves, while at higher altitudes it is generally found in cool and shaded rocky habitats.
The habitats colonised by T. sordellii are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
This spider shows low morphological adaptation to subterranean life (
This species is potentially exposed due to its restricted distribution range. However, the existence of threats is unknown for this species.
The distribution of T. sordellii falls within several protected areas (SAC IT2010002 Monte Legnone e Chiusarella, SAC IT2010005 Monte Martica, SAC IT2060001 Valtorta e Valmoresca, SAC IT2060009 Val Nossana - Cima di Grem, SPA IT2010401 Parco Regionale Campo dei Fiori, SPA IT2070402 Alto Garda Bresciano, SPA IT2060401 Parco Regionale Orobie Bergamasche).
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in two localities within an isolated forest patch surrounded by intensively-managed agricultural lands. Its low level of subterranean specialisation possibly reflects a relatively high dispersal capacity. However, the intensive agriculture activities dominating the landscape in this area hampers the possible dispersal of this species.
This species was collected only in the cave Laca di Montorfen and in the nearby forests of Monte Orfano, in the province of Brescia (Lombardia, northern Italy) (see Suppl. material
This species is restricted to an isolated forest patch embedded in an intensively-managed agricultural area. We assume that high input agricultural activities characterising the area represent a potential threat for the survival of this species. Moreover, the intensive agriculture activities dominating the landscape in this area hampers the possible dispersal of this species towards suitable habitats.
This species is restricted to an isolated forest patch embedded in an intensively-managed agricultural area. We assume that high input agricultural activities characterising the area represent a potential threat for the survival of this species. Moreover, the intensive agriculture activities dominating the landscape in this area hampers the possible dispersal of this species towards suitable habitats.
The forested patch of Monte Orfano where this species has been found, is threatened by the intensive agricultural activities of the surrounding human dominated landscape.
A decline in population size is inferred from potential decline in EOO, AOO and habitat quality due to the high input agricultural activities.
Examining the known distribution range of this species and considering the intensively-managed agricultural matrix surrounding the forested patch where the species has been found, it is possible to identify a single subpopulation occurring in Monte Orfano.
This species has been collected in a cave and in the nearby forest. No additional information about the habitat has been provided.
The habitat of this species is inferred to be declining in area, extent and quality due to the intensive agriculture activities dominating the landscape in this area.
This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life (
Troglohyphantes spatulifer is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range. Moreover, the range of the species is restricted to Monte Orfano, a small isolated forested hill embedded within the vineyard region of Franciacorta, a human dominated landscape characterised by an intensive agricultural matrix. This intensively managed landscape may influence the dispersal of this species.
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of T. spinipes are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.
Troglohyphantes spinipes is known from a few caves in the Kočevje mountains (Lower Carniola, southern Slovenia) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
Even though this species occurs in different caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T. spinipes can reasonably occur in a single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified a single subpopulation occurring in a few caves in the Kočevje mountains, in Lower Carniola.
Specimens have been collected in caves, no additional information about the habitat was found in literature.
As seen in
This spider shows minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range. As seen for other Troglohyphantes species (
This species was listed in the first IUCN Red List (
The taxonomical status of the species and possible synonymy with T. similis is going to be clarified (see Pavlek et al. in litteris). Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species is known from multiple localities. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species is widespread in Austria. It has also been found in Trentino-Alto Adige (north-eastern Italy), in the Berchtesgaden Alps (southern Germany), and in Slovenia (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been mainly collected in forests, prairies, shrublands, and in river banks. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species has been mainly collected in forests, prairies, shrublands, and in river banks. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known major threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species occurs in forests, prairies, and shrublands (Rhododendron and Vaccinium) of the montane and subalpine belt, usually in shaded river and stream banks. Specimens have been collected in shaded overgrown rock-faults, in crevices of boulders, in moss, and in soil litter under rocks.
Many of the habitats that this spiders inhabits are affected by direct human activities, such as forestry and silvicultural measures, watercourse exploitation and water dynamics alterations due to hydraulic engineering and water use (
Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species. This spider shows a lower degree of specialisation to subterranean life (
No known major threats to this species.
The potential distribution of T. subalpinus falls within several national parks, protected areas, and sites of the Natura 2000 network. In Austria, this species has been listed in the 59th Regulation of the Carinthian State Government of 2015 (LGBl. Nr. 59/2015), among the species fully protected according to the Carinthian Nature Conservation Act 2002 (LGBl. Nr. 79/2002). In Germany, it figures in the category R of the national Red List of spiders (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the potential range would be needed.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in a few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
This species is known from a few epigean localities occurring in a small range in the Austrian Central-eastern Alps, from the High Tauern to the Lower Tauern, with a single southern record in a cave in the Villacher Alps (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
Many of the habitats that this spiders inhabits are affected by forestry and silvicultural measures.
Many of the habitats that this spiders inhabits are affected by forestry and silvicultural measures.
Data on the distribution range of this species are not enough to estimate the precise number of locations
Many of the localities of this spider are affected by forestry and silvicultural measures.
The population size is inferred to be declining probably due to the degradation of habitat caused by forestery and silvicultural practices.
This species has been mainly found in rock crevices, among rocky debris, and in moss under roots in montane forests. This species has been also found in a cave near Villach, in Dobratsch.
Many of the forest habitats where this spiders has been found are affected by forestry and silvicultural measures (
This spider shows minor specialisation to subterranean life (
The habitats where this species occurs are currently affected by alteration due to forestry and silvicultural measures (
Some of the localities fall within protected areas (WDPA ID 555596205, SAC/SPA AT3210001 Hohe Tauern, SPA AT2209000 Niedere Tauern, SAC/SPA AT2120000 Schütt - Graschelitzen). Troglohyphantes tauriscus was assessed in the category R of the Red List of endangered spiders for Carinthia, as considered extremely rare in the region (
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are recorded for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
This species has been mainly recorded in the Austrian Eastern Alps. In Slovenia, T. thaleri has been only found in a forest south of Ljutomer, Styria (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
Troglohyphantes thaleri has been collected in a wide range of epigean habitats, from forests to alpine pastures and rocky lands. It is plausible that climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
Troglohyphantes thaleri has been collected in a wide range of epigean habitats, from forests to alpine pastures and rocky lands. It is plausible that climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
There are no currently known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to this species.
This spider has been recorded in a wide range of habitats, such as in the litter of mixed beech-fir forests, in scrubby alpine pastures with mountain pines, in sparse spruce forests, and in rocky habitats such as at the base of detritus slope slides, in alpine screes and in dolines.
Despite some of the habitats where this species occurs are affected by direct human activities, such as forestry, silvicultural measures and watercourse exploitation (
Specimens show a low degree of morphological specialisation to subterranean life (
Some of the habitats in which T. thaleri occurs are currently affected by alteration due to forestry and silvicultural measures, and by watercourse exploitation and water dynamics alterations due to hydraulic engineering and water use (
The potential distribution of T. thaleri is covered by several protected areas and sites of the Natura 2000 network. In Slovenia, due to its extreme rarity, this species was considered as potentially threatened and included in the category R of the Slovenian Red List of endangered plant and animal species (
Research on basic information such as distribution, ecology, life cycle and possible threats throughout the range would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected in a few localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, together with the high altimetric range found in its distribution, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Consequently, it may be possible that the present known range of this species is underestimated.
Troglohyphantes trispinosus has been collected in a few epigean localities in Upper Carniola, Slovenia (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected in epigean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species is not strictly relegated to deep subterranean habitats, being collected in epigean habitats. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
Specimens have been found in humus and burrows of small mammals in thermophile beech forests.
Specimens show a low degree of morphological specialisation to subterranean life (
The existence of threats is unknown for this species.
This species was assessed as potentially threatened due to its rarity and listed in the category R of the Slovenian Red List of endangered plant and animal species (
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
In light of its high level of subterranean specialisation, we assume that the known records of T. typhlonetiformis are good proxies for defining the AOO and EOO of this species.
This species is known from four hypogean localities in Upper Carniola (northern Slovenia) and in Carinthia (southern Austria) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
According to
According to
Even though this species occurs in different caves, these are interpreted as a single location, as they are all affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change.
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of subterranean specialised Troglohyphantes species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and the narrow thermal tolerance of highly adapted Troglohyphantes, likely hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats, each subpopulation of T. typhlonetiformis can reasonably occur in single isolated or few contiguous localities. Accordingly, for this species we identified three subpopulations, two of them occurring in Upper Carniola (northern Slovenia), near the municipalities of Škofja Loka and Kranji, respectively (
This species has been found exclusively in cave habitats. No additional information on the habitat was provided.
As seen in
This species shows a high degree of specialisation to subterranean habitats, with absence of pigmentation and high regression of the eyes (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range and its presumably low dispersal capacity. As seen for the Troglohyphantes species of the Western Alps (
In Slovenia, this species has been considered as potentially threatened and included in the category R of the national Red List of endangered species (
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
This species was collected only in two localities. Its low level of subterranean specialisation, possibly reflects a higher dispersal capacity when compared to subterranean specialised species. Given this situation, any modelling of the current habitat suitability is unreliable, and the known distribution range should be taken with caution. Further research is needed on this species in order to assess its extinction risk.
This species is known exclusively from the Mount Ratitovec, in Upper Carniola, Slovenia (see Suppl. material
The data available are not enough to estimate the number of locations for this species.
The population size and trend are unknown.
Specimens have been found in small mammal burrows, in beech forest litter.
Not much is known about the ecology and life history of this species.
Unknown threats.
T. vicinus was considered as potentially threatened due to its rarity and included in the category R of the Slovenian Red List of endangered plant and animal species (
Research on basic information such as distribution, natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Caves in Western Alps have been extensively sampled, allowing to define EOO and AOO of this species with reasonable confidence.
Troglohyphantes vignai has an area of distribution ranging from the Cottian Alps to the Northern Ligurian Alps, with a large distribution gap in the Maritime Alps (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
As seen in
As seen in
The habitat where this species occurs is affected by changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change, which is expected to impact the whole population (see
In view of the reduced thermal tolerance of this species (
Because of the adaptation to the subterranean habitat and of the narrow physiological tolerance of this species, hampering dispersal through non-subterranean habitats (data on gene flow from
Troglohyphantes vignai has been mainly found in the dark zone of natural caves or artificial subterranean habitats such as mines and bunkers. The caves where this species has been found are located at the medium alpine montane belt, from 1,140 up to 2,471 m, and are characterised by mean annual temperature values ranging from 7.3 to 12.1°C. In very few occasions, specimens were collected outside, in the vicinity of cave entrances in deep litter or under big stones (
As seen in
Specimens of the southern subpopulations (Northern Ligurian Alps) exhibit a higher degree of specialisation to deep subterranean habitats compared with the northern subpopulations (Cottian Alps), with absence of pigmentation, eye reduction, and lowering of the cephalothorax profile (
This species is potentially exposed due to its extremely narrow geographic distribution range. As seen for other species of the genus Troglohyphantes of the Western Alps (
Some of the caves where T. vignai has been recorded are included in the Natura 2000 network (EUAP0214 and SAC/SPA IT1160057 Alte Valli Pesio e Tanaro, SAC/SPA IT1160058 Gruppo del Monviso e Bosco dell'Alevè, SAC IT1160035 M. Antoroto).
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Multiple collection sites are known for this species. Therefore, it was possible to perform species distribution modelling to predict its potential range with confidence limits. See Methods for details.
The distribution range of T. wiehlei extends from southern Austria across Slovenia to north-western Croatia (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been mainly found in epigean environments, although a few records have been collected in hypogean habitats. In Croatia, the most south-eastern part of the distribution, specimens have been collected exclusively in caves, not far from the cave entrance. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species has been mainly found in epigean environments, although a few records have been collected in hypogean habitats. In Croatia, the most south-eastern part of the distribution, specimens have been collected exclusively in caves, not far from the cave entrance. It is plausible that anthropogenic climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
This species has been mainly found in small mammal burrows, in moss, and under stones in mixed forests and shrublands. In the southern part of its range, it has been also collected in caves.
The habitats colonised by T. wiehlei are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
Specimens show minor morphological adaptations to the subterranean life, with pigmentation and eyes normally developed (
The threats to this species are unknown.
The potential distribution of T. wiehlei is covered by several national parks, protected areas and sites of the Natura 2000 network. In Austria, this species was listed in the category R of the Red List of endangered spiders for Carinthia (
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animalia | Arthropoda | Arachnida | Araneae | Linyphiidae |
Marc Milne
Paulo Borges
Pedro Cardoso
Suppl. material
Despite the relatively high number of records of this non-specialised species, the species distribution predicted by the models was found to be unreliable by our own expert opinion. In view of this, only the observed distribution range is presented.
This epigean species has a disjunct distribution in the Central Lombard Prealps and in the Colli Euganei, possibly relegated to the fragmentation of the original forest of the Po plain (Quercus–Carpinetum) (detailed occurrences and relative references in Suppl. material
This species has been mainly found in epigean environments, although a few records have been collected in hypogean habitats. It is plausible that climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
This species has been mainly found in epigean environments, although a few records have been collected in hypogean habitats. It is plausible that climate change may affect the habitat suitability of this species. However, in view of the relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability of non-specialised species of Troglohyphantes (
No known threats to this species.
There are no currently known threats to the species.
The subpopulation occurring in the southern part of the range (Colli Euganei), is highly isolated within an intensively-managed agricultural matrix, hampering exchanges with other subpopulations occurring north, in the Central Lombard Prealps.
Specimens of T. zanoni have been frequently found at lower elevation in forests, while at higher elevation they have been found in a variety of cool habitats. Individuals have been collected also in hypogean habitats.
The habitats colonised by T. zanoni are as yet not threatened by direct human activities.
Specimens show minor morphological specialisation to subterranean life, showing slight eye regression (
The existence of threats is unknown for this species.
The known records of T. zanoni fall within several sites of the Natura 2000 network (EUAP0243 Parco Regionale dei Colli Euganei and SAC/SPA IT3260017 Colli Euganei - Monte Lozzo - Monte Ricco, SAC IT2030002 Grigna Meridionale, SAC IT2060004 Alta Val di Scalve, SAC IT2060005 Val Sedornia - Val Zurio - Pizzo della Presolana, SAC IT2060009 Val Nossana - Cima di Grem, SPA IT2030601 Grigne, SPA IT2060401 Parco Regionale Orobie Bergamasche).
Research on basic information such as natural history, ecology and possible threats of the species would be needed.
In this work, we assessed the extinction risk of 66 species of spiders belonging to the genus Troglohyphantes occurring in the Alps and in the north-western Dinarides (Fig.
For 46 species, we derived geographic information, based on the known occurrences. In other cases (16 species), the number of occurrences allowed the application of Species Distribution Models. Four species were missing critical information to assess their status, being known on one or very few specimens or never being recorded after their original description (T. cavadinii, T. comottii, T. cruentus and T. pavesii).
Most of the species considered have a very narrow distribution range (14 species occurring in only 1–2 localities), with an estimated EOO < 20,000 km2 and AOO < 2,000 km2, meeting the thresholds for the inclusion in the threatened categories (Fig.
Geographic range measures of the Troglohyphantes species assessed in this study: a Extent Of Occurrence (EOO) and b Area Of Occupancy (AOO).
Twenty species cover more than one country (seven of them more than two), whereas most of the species are restricted to one single country: 30 species occur only in Italy, 11 in Slovenia, three in Croatia, one in Austria and one in France (Fig.
Trends in EOO, AOO and habitat quality were considered to be stable for 30 species (Fig.
Although most of the species showing poor adaptation to subterranean life have relatively low extinction risk in view of their relatively wide thermal tolerance and the relatively high dispersal ability, there are a number of species with a very restricted distribution, requiring further research attention and protection measures.
For 30 species, we inferred a decline in the EOO, AOO and habitat quality (Fig.
Quarrying activities represented the major threat to one species, T. exul, a highly adapted subterranean species occurring in a single cave, for which the nearby quarries are expected to cause critical damage to cave habitat, altering microclimate and decreasing overall habitat quality.
Habitat loss and land-use change due to urbanisation and infrastructure development are also considered to be important drivers of increased extinction risk in cave animals, although they were identified as the main reason for the declining AOO and EOO for two species only (T. latzeli and T. liburnicus). Urban development can impact habitats through physical degradation and fragmentation, pollution by solid and liquid municipal waste and railway and road construction, leading to drastic declines in natural populations.
The main factor in the decline of T. tauriscus was identified as forestry and silvicultural practices, which is expected to lead to a loss of habitat suitability in some subpopulations across the species’ range.
The high input agricultural activities represent the main threat for T. spatulifer, a species restricted to an isolated forest patch embedded in an intensively-managed agricultural landscape.
Forestry and intensive agricultural activities are also expected to negatively affect the habitat quality of other Troglohyphantes species in several areas, but it remains unclear whether they may represent major threats to the survival of these species.
For several subterranean species, a secondary impact has been recognised to be driven by tourism in caves. Cave tourism can have several impacts on the cave environment, such as physical modifications to cave habitats, marked fluctuations in temperature, changes in relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentrations and the possible accumulation of litter left by tourists in the cave (
The main threats to Troglohyphantes species are summarised in Fig.
A considerable proportion of the species assessed has been found in protected areas and in sites of the Natura 2000 network. More than 80% of the species (53) here considered had at least one record in a site belonging to the Natura 2000 network and many of the subterranean occurrences have been collected in sites identified as Annex I habitats “Caves not open to the public” (Habitat 8310). However, most of the species assessed have a narrow distribution range that seldom overlaps with protected areas and many habitats of high conservation value for the Troglohyphantes species are poorly represented in the Natura 2000 network. Therefore, several species do not benefit from the Habitats Directive.
In addition, only 14 species (21%) are mentioned in national and sub-national legislation (Austria and Croatia). Almost all of them (13 species) have been listed in the 59th Regulation of the Carinthian State Government of 2015 (LGBl. Nr. 59/2015) and are fully protected from capture, collection, killing and disturbance according to the Carinthian Nature Conservation Act 2002 (LGBl. Nr. 79/2002). One species, T. liburnicus, is strictly legally protected in Croatia according to the Nature Protection Act (Official Gazette 70/05, NN 139/2008).
Of all species considered in this study, 25 (38%) are mentioned in regional Red Lists. Fifteen species are listed in the Red List of Slovenia (
Three species (T. gracilis, T. similis and T. spinipes) are listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, based on their restricted geographical distribution (
One of the main shortfalls in the conservation of Troglohyphantes species is the general lack of biological information. As pointed out for spiders in Europe (
Long-term monitoring of species populations would be essential to provide key information on the population dynamics and their trends when assessing the species conservation (
According to the threats identified for Troglohyphantes species, active management of the habitats more sensitive to perturbation is considered a priority for the conservation of the species. Subterranean specialised species, in particular, could benefit from general effective measures aiming at preserving the subterranean ecosystems (see
Spiders have already been shown to be efficient and effective bioindicators in many terrestrial ecosystems (
SM was supported by the European Commission via the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowships programme (H2020-MSCA-IF-2019; project number 882221). We are grateful to Jana Bedek, Emanuele Biggi, Helena Bilandžija, Marko Lukić and Francesco Tomasinelli, for sharing their photos. Special thanks go to Ute Pöllinger, Umweltanwaltschaft Steiermark (Austria), for supporting a pre-study of IUCN protected arachnids in Austria. We are very grateful to Marc Milne, Paulo Borges and Pedro Cardoso for their help in improving the quality of the manuscript through their useful comments during the review process.