Male (IZCAS-Ar 43141): PL 2.4, PW 2.1, AW 0.8, OL 2.3, OW 1.5. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.07, PME 0.06, PLE 0.04, AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.05, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.12, AME–PME 0.07, ALE–PLE 0.06, clypeus AME 0.04, clypeus ALE 0.06. Palp and leg measurements: palp 2.7 (0.8, 0.4, 0.4, -, 1.1), I 6.4 (1.6, 0.9, 1.8, 1.3, 0.8), II 5.3 (1.5, 0.8, 1.2, 1.1, 0.7), III 5.0 (1.4, 0.8, 1.0, 1.1, 0.7), IV 7.2 (1.7, 0.9, 1.7, 1.9, 1.0). Leg formula 4123. Spination of palp and legs: palp 130, 000, 1010; femora I p012, d122, II p012, d111, r011, III p012, d111, r012, IV p002, d111, r112; patellae I–II 000, III–IV 001; tibiae I p010, r010, v22222, II p010, r010, v22222, III p111, d111, r111, v222, IV p111, d111, r111, v222; metatarsi I p010, r010, v222, II p010, r010, v222, III p112, d010, r112, v222, IV p112, d010, r122, v322. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal, 4 + 1 retromarginal teeth, without denticles. Retromargin of chelicerae close to fang base with 1 bristle. Tarsi and metatarsi without scopula. Claw tufts arising separately, but intermingled distally. Leg claws I with 3(2) and II with 3(1) secondary teeth. Position of tarsal organ: I 0.66, II 0.54, III 0.49, IV 0.75.

Palp (Fig. 2A–C). Patella with distinct retrolateral apophysis. RTA protruding at an almost right angle from tibia in ventral view, with two short apices, both dorso-distal. Cymbium tip slightly conical, prolatero-proximally with distinct extension. Embolus arising in a 6.30-o’clock-position from tegulum, with a distinct membranous seam. Conductor arising in a 12-o’clock-position from tegulum, bending retrolaterally. Tegular apophysis situated subcentrally on tegulum, moderately excavated at its dorsal side.

Figure 1.  

Distribution records of new and newly-recorded ctenid species from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden in Yunnan Province, China. 1. Amauropelma yunnan sp. nov.; 2. Ctenus banna sp. nov.; 3. C. robustus Thorell, 1897; 4. C. yulin sp. nov.

Figure 2.  

Amauropelma yunnan sp. nov., holotype male. A Palp, prolateral view; B Palp, ventral view; C Palp, retrolateral view. C = conductor, E = embolus, PCB = prolateral cymbial bulge, RPA = retrolateral patellar apophysis, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, TA = tegular apophysis. Scale bar: 0.20 mm (A–C).

Colour (Fig. 3C and D). Yellowish-brown. Dorsal prosoma with eyes marked with black rings, faint radial markings, appearing as indistinct longitudinal bands, narrow dark margin indistinct, fovea distinct, reddish-brown. Chelicerae same colour as dorsal prosoma. Sternum, labium, gnathocoxae, ventral coxae yellowish-brown without pattern. Legs yellowish-brown. Dorsal and lateral opisthosoma yellowish with patches. Ventral opisthosoma yellowish without pattern, except for around spinnerets.

Figure 3.  

Amauropelma yunnan sp. nov. A Paratype female, epigyne, ventral view; B Paratype female, vulva, dorsal view; C Holotype male, habitus, dorsal view; D Holotype male, habitus, ventral view; E Paratype female, habitus, dorsal view; F Paratype female, habitus, ventral view. ET = epigynal teeth, FD = fertilisation duct, IF = internal fold, SP = spermathecae, SS = slit sensillum. Scale bars: 0.20 mm (A, B), 1.00 mm (C–F).

Female (IZCAS-Ar 43144): PL 2.4, PW 1.8, AW 1.0, OL 2.5, OW 1.6. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.11, PME 0.06, PLE 0.05, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.07, PME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.17, AME–PME 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.09, clypeus AME 0.04, clypeus ALE 0.08. Palp and leg measurements: palp 2.4 (0.8, 0.4, 0.5, -, 0.7), I 6.0 (1.7, 0.9, 1.5, 1.2, 0.7), II 5.6 (1.5, 0.9, 1.3, 1.2, 0.7), III 5.0 (1.4, 0.7, 1.1, 1.1, 0.7), IV 7.8 (2.0, 0.9, 1.8, 2.0, 1.1). Leg formula 4123. Spination of palp and legs: palp 130, 100, 221, 322; femora I p010, d111, II p111, d133, III p011, d111, r011, IV p001, d212, r001; patellae I–II 000, III–IV 100; tibiae I–II v22222, III p11, d111, r11, v222, IV p111, d111, r111, v322; metatarsi I–II v222, III p112, d010, r112, v222, IV p112, d010, r112, v222. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal, 4 retromarginal teeth, without denticle. Retromargin of chelicerae close to fang base with 1 bristle. Tarsi and metatarsi without scopula. Claw tufts arising separately, but intermingled distally. Palpal claw with 4 secondary teeth, leg claws I with 3, II with 2 and IV with 1 secondary teeth. Position of tarsal organ: I 0.58, II 0.54, III 0.50, IV 0.76.

Copulatory organ (Fig. 3A and B). Epigynal field with two slit sense organs anterior to epigynal plate. Epigynal plate width/length: 9.6/4.9, 9.8/4.7; anterior width/posterior width: 9.6/3.1, 9.8/3.4; posterior part with distinct concave lateral margins. Distal part of lateral teeth posteriorad. Internal duct system with round spermathecae fully visible, separated from each other by more than their diameter; fertilisation ducts laminar, mediad.

Colour (Fig. 3E and F). As in male, except for: chelicerae reddish-brown. Dorsal, lateral and ventral opisthosoma yellowish without pattern.

Variation: Males (IZCAS-Ar 43142, Ar 43143): PL 2.4–2.7, OL 2.3–2.7. Females (IZCAS-Ar 43145, Ar 43146): PL 1.9–2.2, OL 2.3–2.4.

Small Ctenidae (total length male 4.7–5.4, female 4.2–4.9). The species resembles A. staschi Jäger, 2012 (see Jäger 2012: figs. 187–192) by having similar male tegular apophysis, tegulum and RTA (Fig. 2A–C), but can be easily distinguished by the embolus arising in a 6.30-o’clock-position from tegulum (Fig. 2B; 9-o’clock-position in A. staschi), by the conductor arising in a 12-o’clock-position from tegulum (Fig. 2B; 1 to 1.30-o’clock-position in A. staschi), by the tegulum with sclerotised, triangular distal apophysis (Fig. 2B; absent in A. staschi) and by the patella of palp with distinct retrolateral apophysis (Fig. 2B; without distinct apophysis, retrolateral side slightly swollen in A. staschi).

The specific name refers to the type locality and is a noun in apposition.

China (Yunnan, type locality; Fig. 1).

Male (IZCAS-Ar 43147): PL 6.7, PW 5.3, AW 2.5, OL 5.8, OW 4.0. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.25, ALE 0.22, PME 0.29, PLE 0.26, AME–AME 0.14, AME–ALE 0.33, PME–PME 0.20, PME–PLE 0.39, AME–PME 0.16, ALE–PLE 0.15, clypeus AME 0.17, clypeus ALE 0.62. Palp and leg measurements: palp 7.1 (2.6, 1.0, 1.3, -, 2.2), I 21.3 (5.6, 2.6, 5.8, 5.4, 1.9), II 19.3 (5.4, 2.4, 4.8, 4.9, 1.8), III 15.8 (4.4, 2.2, 3.2, 4.4, 1.6), IV 23.4 (5.8, 2.5, 5.8, 7.4, 1.9). Leg formula 4123. Spination of palp and legs: palp 141, 100, 1010; femora I p121, d111, r112, II p122, d121, r212, III p112, d111, r012, IV p112, d111, r012; patellae 101; tibiae I p011, d111, r110, v22222, II p100, d101, r102, v22222, III–IV p11, d111, r11, v222; metatarsi I–II p111, r111, v223, III p112, r112, v222, IV p112, d010, r112, v2222. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal, 4 retromarginal teeth and with elongated patch of 23 tiny denticles along entire cheliceral furrow. Retromargin of chelicerae close to fang base with 4–5 bristles. Sparse scopula restricted almost entirely to tarsi, only metatarsi I–II with sparse scopula hairs. Right leg claw I with 4 secondary teeth. Position of tarsal organ: I 1.82, II1.46, III 1.19, IV 1.56.

Palp (Fig. 4A–C). Palpal tibia with strong RTA, with broad base and blunt tip. Cymbium tip slightly conical, retro-proximally with distinct pointed extension. Embolus arising at 7.30-o’clock-position, short and with three apophyses, its tip situated in distal half of tegulum. Conductor arising at 12-o’clock-position distally, partly fused with tegulum. Tegular apophysis arising at 6-o’clock-position from tegulum, distinctly excavated on prolateral side (arrowed in Fig. 4A).

Figure 4.  

Ctenus banna sp. nov., holotype male. A Palp, prolateral view, arrow points at excavation; B Palp, ventral view; C Palp, retrolateral view. C = conductor, E = embolus, RCB = retrolateral cymbial bulge, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, TA = tegular apophysis. Scale bar: 0.20 mm (A–C).

Colour (Fig. 5F and G). Reddish-brown to yellowish with darker patterns. Dorsal prosoma with light median band with characteristic widening behind eyes and some white hairs; with distinctly marked fovea and indistinct radial markings. Sternum, ventral coxae III + IV and gnathocoxae yellowish, with dark patterns, labium brown with dark patterns, coxae I + II yellowish without patterns. Chelicerae with longitudinal lines in proximal half and with dark distal half. Leg femora and patellae reddish-brown-yellowish, tibia to tarsi yellowish. Dorsal opisthosoma yellowish, mottled with dark spots. Lateral opisthosoma yellowish with dark spots. Ventral opisthosoma black with white patches; epiandrium and muscle sigilla light. Anterior lateral spinnerets dark, posterior lateral and median spinnerets and anal tubercle light.

Figure 5.  

Ctenus banna sp. nov. A Paratype female, epigyne, ventral view; B Paratype female, vulva, dorsal view; C Holotype male, leg III, prolateral view, arrow points at hump; D Holotype male, femur III, ventral view, arrow points at hump; E Holotype male, tibia III + metatarsus III, ventral view; F Holotype male, habitus, dorsal view; G Holotype male, habitus, ventral view; H Paratype female, habitus, dorsal view; I Paratype female, habitus, ventral view. ET = epigynal teeth, FD = fertilisation duct, SP = spermathecae, SS = slit sensillum. Scale bars: 0.20 mm (A, B), 1.00 mm (C–E), 2.00 mm (F–I).

Female (IZCAS-Ar 43149): PL 6.0, PW 4.7, AW 3.0, OL 5.8, OW 4.1. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.23, ALE 0.16, PME 0.31, PLE 0.27, AME–AME 0.21, AME–ALE 0.40, PME–PME 0.25, PME–PLE 0.46, AME–PME 0.16, ALE–PLE 0.20, clypeus AME 0.13, clypeus ALE 0.52. Palp and leg measurements: palp 5.9 (2.0, 1.1, 1.2, -, 1.6), I 13.5 (3.6, 2.3, 3.5, 2.9, 1.2), II 13.3 (3.6, 2.3, 3.3, 3.0, 1.1), III 11.3 (3.4, 1.7, 2.3, 2.8, 1.1), IV 16.0 (3.9, 2.2, 3.8, 4.6, 1.5). Leg formula 4123. Spination of palp and legs: palp 131, 100, 1111, 2101; femora I p021, d111, r111, II p112, d111, r 111, III p212, d111, r112, IV p101, d111, r001; patellae I–II 000, III–IV p010, r010; tibiae I–II v22222, III p11, d110, r11, v222, IV p11, d111, r11, v222; metatarsi I–II v222, III p112, r112, v222, IV p112, d010, r112, v2222. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal, 4 retromarginal teeth and with elongated patch of 22 tiny denticles along entire cheliceral furrow. Retromargin of chelicerae close to fang base with 5 thin bristles. Sparse scopula restricted almost entirely to tarsi, only metatarsi I–II with sparse scopula hairs. Palpal claw with 5 secondary teeth. Right leg claw I with 2 secondary teeth. Position of tarsal organ: I 1.01, II 0.94, III 0.89, IV 1.16.

Copulatory organ (Fig. 5A and B). Epigynal field with two separate anterio-lateral patches, close to these patches two slit sense organs. Median plate narrowed anteriorly, widening medially and narrowing posteriorly again, posteriorly with subparallel margins, lateral teeth situated at widest part. Posterior epigyne with indistinct lateral furrows. Internal duct system with two large lateral folds running diagonally from medially to laterally. Spermathecae separated from each other by more than their diameter, with a small round chamber between spermathecae and fertilisation ducts, the latter pointing medially.

Colour (Fig. 5H and I). As in male, except for: sternum dark brown, ventral coxa IV yellowish with dark pattens, labium and gnathocoxae brown. Chelicerae reddish-brown.

Variation: Paratype male (IZCAS-Ar 43148): PL 5.7, OL 4.7. Second female paratype (IZCAS-Ar 43150): PL 6.4, OL 6.8.

Medium Ctenidae (total length male 10.4–12.5, female 11.8–13.2). The species resembles C. theodorianum Jäger, 2012 (see Jäger 2012: figs. 92–115) by having similar male RTA (Fig. 4B) and female copulatory organ (Fig. 5A and B), but can be easily distinguished by tegular apophysis undivided in ventral view (Fig. 4B; divided in two parts in C. theodorianum) and with distinct excavation prolaterally (arrowed in Fig. 4A; indistinct excavation on dorsal side in C. theodorianum), by the embolus with three apophyses, its tip situated in distal half of tegulum (Fig. 4B; embolus with two apophyses, its tip situated almost centrally in C. theodorianum), by the leg III in males with indistinct and not strongly swollen ventral hump covered by small stout spines on the proximal femur (arrowed in Fig. 5C and D; more distinctly swollen in C. theodorianum) and by the tibia III in males without ventral cone-shaped humps (Fig. 5C and E; present in C. theodorianum).

The specific name refers to the type locality (Banna is a short name for Xishuangbanna) and is a noun in apposition.

China (Yunnan, type locality, Fig. 1).

see Jäger (2012).

see Jäger (2012).

Myanmar (type locality), Laos, China (Yunnan, Fig. 1).

Male (IZCAS-Ar 43154): PL 3.6, PW 2.8, AW 1.4, OL 3.4, OW 2.2. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.13, PME 0.19, PLE 0.18, AME–AME 0.11, AME–ALE 0.24, PME–PME 0.17, PME–PLE 0.26, AME–PME 0.10, ALE–PLE 0.15, clypeus AME 0.10, clypeus ALE 0.31. Palp and leg measurements: palp 4.2 (1.6, 0.6, 0.8, -, 1.2), I 12.2 (3.2, 1.4, 3.3, 3.0, 1.3), II 10.9 (3.0, 1.4, 2.8, 2.6, 1.1), III 9.7 (2.8, 1.2, 2.1, 2.5, 1.1), IV - (3.8, 1.3, 3.4, 3.9, -). Leg formula 4123. Spination of palp and legs: palp 130, 000, 101; femora I p002, d111, r011, II p012, d110, r012, III p112, d111, r112, IV p012, d111, r002; patellae I–II 000, III–IV 101; tibiae I r100, v22222, II p010, r010, v22222, III p11, d111, r11, v222, IV p111, d110, r11, v222; metatarsi I p000, r011, v223, II p011, r111, v222, III p112, d010, r112, v222, IV p112, r112, v222. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal, 4 retromarginal teeth and with elongated patch of 8 tiny denticles along entire cheliceral furrow. Retromargin of chelicerae close to fang base with 1–2 bristles. Sparse scopula restricted almost entirely to tarsi. Leg claws I with 5, II–III with 4 secondary teeth. Position of tarsal organ: I 1.02, III 0.70.

Palp (Fig. 6A–C). Palpal tibia with strong RTA, distally with teeth and strongly swollen on proximal part (arrowed 2 in Fig. 6C). Cymbium tip slightly conical, retro-proximally with distinct pointed extension and proximally with distinct large retrolateral protuberance (arrowed 2 in Fig. 6B, arrowed 1 in Fig. 6C). Embolus arising in an 8-o’clock-position from tegulum, short, its tip situated in distal half of tegulum and with small membranous process distally (arrowed 1 in Fig. 6B). Conductor arising in a 12-o’clock-position from tegulum, almost completely transparent. Tegular apophysis arising at 6-o’clock-position from tegulum, distinctly excavated on dorsal side and strongly concave on ventral side (arrowed 3 in Fig. 6B).

Figure 6.  

Ctenus yulin sp. nov., holotype male. A Palp, prolateral view; B Palp, ventral view, arrow 1 points at membranous process, arrow 2 points at protuberance, arrow 3 points at concave; C Palp, retrolateral view, arrow 1 points at protuberance, arrow 2 points at strongly swollen. C = conductor, E = embolus, RCB = retrolateral cymbial bulge, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, TA = tegular apophysis. Scale bar: 0.20 mm (A–C).

Colour (Fig. 7C and D). Yellowish to reddish-brown with darker patterns. Dorsal prosoma with characteristic slightly lighter median band, widened behind eyes and with distinctly marked fovea and distinct radial markings. Sternum, labium, gnathocoxae, ventral coxae yellowish, without patterns. Chelicerae reddish-brown, with longitudinal lines in proximal half and with darker distal half. Palps and legs yellowish to reddish-brown. Dorsal opisthosoma yellowish with black patches, most fused into two parallel rows. Lateral opisthosoma spotted. Ventral opisthosoma yellowish, lateral and median with darker patterns. Spinnerets light and anal tubercle light.

Figure 7.  

Ctenus yulin sp. nov. A Paratype female, epigyne, ventral view; B Paratype female, vulva, dorsal view; C Holotype male, habitus, dorsal view; D Holotype male, habitus, ventral view; E Paratype female, habitus, dorsal view; F Paratype female, habitus, ventral view. ET = epigynal teeth, FD = fertilisation duct, SP = spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.20 mm (A, B), 1.00 mm (C–F).

Female (IZCAS-Ar 43156): PL 3.7, PW 2.7, AW 1.9, OL 3.8, OW 2.5. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.16, PME 0.20, PLE 0.23, AME–AME 0.15, AME–ALE 0.26, PME–PME 0.21, PME–PLE 0.32, AME–PME 0.13, ALE–PLE 0.16, clypeus AME 0.11, clypeus ALE 0.32. Palp and leg measurements: palp 3.5 (1.1, 0.7, 0.8, -, 0.9), I 9.2 (2.5, 1.4, 2.5, 1.9, 0.9), II 8.6 (2.3, 1.3, 2.2, 1.9, 0.9), III 8.2 (2.1, 1.2, 1.9, 2.0, 1.0), IV 11.4 (3.0, 1.3, 2.6, 3.3, 1.2). Leg formula 4123. Spination of palp and legs: palp 130, 100, 1101, 2102; femora I p002, d111, r010, II p011, d111, r010, III p111, d111, r112, IV p201, d111, r001; patellae I–II 000, III–IV 101; tibiae I–II v22222, III p11, d11, r11, v222, IV p11, d111, r11, v222; metatarsi I–II v222, III–IV p112, d010, r112, v222. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal, 4 retromarginal teeth and with elongated patch of 6 tiny denticles along entire cheliceral furrow. Retromargin of chelicerae close to fang base with 2 bristles. Sparse scopula restricted almost entirely to tarsi. Palpal claw with 7 secondary teeth, leg claws I with 5, II–III with 4 and IV with 5 secondary teeth. Position of tarsal organ: I 0.68, II 0.65, III 0.50, IV 0.65.

Copulatory organ (Fig. 7A and B). Epigynal field laterally with two separate long nearly elliptic patches. The anterior of median plate is as wide as posterior, lateral teeth nearly triangular, situated posteriorly at widest part. Internal duct system with two small lateral folds. Spermathecae separated by less than their diameter, with a large round chamber between spermathecae and fertilisation ducts, the latter pointing medially.

Colour (Fig. 7E and F). As in male, except for: dorsal prosoma with light median band and without distinct radial markings. Chelicerae dark reddish-brown, with longitudinal lines. Leg I femur with indistinct dark rings, legs II–IV femora, patellae and tibia with distinct dark rings.

Variation: Paratype male (IZCAS-Ar 43155): PL 3.1, OL 2.8. Second paratype female (IZCAS-Ar 43157): PL 3.9, OL 4.5.

Small Ctenidae (total length male 5.9–7.0, female 7.5–8.4). The new species can be easily distinguished from all known congeners by the embolus with small membranous process distally (arrowed 1 in Fig. 6B), by the tegular apophysis strongly concave on ventral side (arrowed 3 in Fig. 6B), by the cymbium with distinct large proximal protuberance (arrowed 2 in Fig. 6B, arrowed 1 in Fig. 6C), by the RTA strongly swollen on proximal part (arrowed 2 in Fig. 6C) and by the vulva spermathecae large, two chambers of spermathecae nearly rounded and distinct (Fig. 7B).

The specific name is a Chinese pinyin word for rainforest (yǔ lín) and is a noun in apposition.

China (Yunnan, type locality, Fig. 1).