Biodiversity Data Journal :
Data Paper (Biosciences)
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Corresponding author: Virgílio Vieira (virgilio.ff.vieira@uac.pt), Paulo A.V. Borges (paulo.av.borges@uac.pt)
Academic editor: Rui Elias
Received: 05 Jul 2022 | Accepted: 31 Aug 2022 | Published: 25 Oct 2022
© 2022 Virgílio Vieira, Luísa Oliveira, António Soares, Paulo Borges, Isabel Borges, João Tavares
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Vieira V, Oliveira L, Soares AO, Borges PA.V, Borges I, Tavares J (2022) Diversity of Lepidoptera (Insecta) recorded in a forest nursery of Nordeste County on São Miguel Island (Azores). Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e89971. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e89971
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The diversity of moth species (Insecta, Lepidoptera) recorded in the forest nursery of Nordeste County on São Miguel Island (Azores) is given. Adults were sampled between March and December 2019 using three methods: (i) light trap to catch Noctuidae species, (ii) open-sided delta trap baited with a synthetic female sex pheromone lure to attract Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) males and (iii) entomological net to collect microlepidopteran moths. This contribution focuses mainly on the diversity of moths present in one forest nursery of Nordeste County of São Miguel Island (Azores), especially on the species associated with endemic and native plant species. It also contributes to better plan strategies for integrated protection and conservation measures, since nurseries host a great diversity of plants from the Laurel Forest, which may attract many lepidopteran species.
A total of 10160 adults belonging to 33 lepidopteran species were recorded and listed by families, including: Argyresthiidae, one species (3%), Crambidae, four species (12%), Erebidae, one species (3%), Geometridae, five species (15%), Noctuidae, 18 species (55%), Sphingidae, one species (3%), Tineidae, one species (3%) and Tortricidae, two species (6%). The families Noctuidae, Geometridae and Crambidae were the most diverse. Those with the highest abundance of adults were the Noctuidae family, followed by the Geometridae, Crambidae, Tortricidae and Tineidae. The number of caught adults was consistently higher during spring and summer, decreasing sharply in late autumn. For 13 species caught in the light trap, the adult sex ratio was favourable to females. An analysis of the colonisation status, feeding and primary hosts of these endemic, native or exotic moth species contributes to our understanding of the factors that may lead to their establishment in Laurel Forest environments and to what extent there is a need to monitor and control them mainly with biological control agents.
Lepidoptera, Argyresthiidae, Crambidae, Erebidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae, Sphingidae, Tineidae, Tortricidae, Azores Islands
The Laurel Forests of these islands have been significantly impacted by human activities, mainly due to dramatic land-use changes (only about 5% of the original forests remain;
Currently, the Official Forestry Services rear endemic and native Azorean plant species to seek the restoration of the Laurel Forest and areas with high erosion risk or sensitive from the hydrological point of view, to promote awareness-raising activities and support forestation by private landowners (
According to the most recent list of terrestrial organisms of the Azores (updated from
Most studies about Lepidoptera from the Azores focus on species description, ecology and distribution, providing crucial information for the conservation of this taxon (e.g.
This contribution focuses mainly on the diversity of moths present in one forest nursery of Nordeste County of São Miguel Island (Azores), especially species associated with endemic and native plant species. It also contributes to better plan strategies of integrated protection and conservation measures, since nurseries host a great diversity of plants from the Laurel Forest, which may attract many lepidopteran species.
Diversity of Lepidoptera recorded in a forest nursery of Nordeste County on São Miguel Island (Azores)
Virgílio Vieira, Luísa Oliveira, António O. Soares, Paulo A. V. Borges, Isabel Borges, João Tavares
The current study was performed in São Miguel Island (ca. 750 km2), the largest in the Archipelago of the Azores, located in the North Atlantic, roughly between the coordinates 37°54'38'' to 37°42'13''N latitude and 25°08'03'' to 25°51'17''W longitude. The climate is temperate oceanic, with regular and abundant rainfall, high levels of relative humidity and persistent winds, mainly during the winter and autumn seasons. The study was conducted in the Nordeste Nursery Recreational Forest Reserve located in Nordeste County (
Data from pheromone trap, light trap and entomological net sampling were analysed to assess differences in species richness, abundance and phenology of lepidopteran species and families. Adult sex ratio expressed as percentage of females was calculated for 14 Noctuidae species captured in the light trap following the formula: % females = (number of females/total of adults) x 100. All statistical analysis were performed using SPSS Statistics v. 27 software.
Regional funds, through Official Forestry Services from Regional Government of the Azores, within the research project MoCIL “Monitorização e Controlo Integrado de Lepidópteros em Viveiros Florestais (Nordeste e Furnas) na ilha de São Miguel - Açores”, FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the project UIDP/05292/2020 and UIDB/05292/2020 and AZORESBIOPORTAL–PORBIOTA (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072) (2019-2022).
The study covers the nocturnal lepidopterans that attack endemic and native Azorean forest plants reared in the nursery.
Samples of adult moths were collected between March and December 2019 (i.e. 38 weeks), as generally few lepidopteran species are active during winter. Adults were monitored from dusk (18:00 h) to dawn (06:00 h) using an omnidirectional light trap, equipped with a TLD 18W lightbulb, according to the methodology used by
Throughout the study, adults were collected weekly in both trap types and lures changed once a month. In addition, the plants reared in the forest nursery were sampled once a week to collect microlepidopteran moths using a standard entomological net (35 cm diameter, 140 cm handle), which were immediately identified and released on site if the specimens did not need to be observed more carefully in the laboratory. Sweeping occurred during day hours.
All individuals caught in the traps were first sorted by Virgílio Vieira, João Tavares or Luisa Oliveira. Current taxonomic affiliation follows Vives-Moreno (
The study was conducted in the Nordeste Nursery Recreational Forest Reserve located in Nordeste County (
37°46'19.2'' and 37°49'55.2''N Latitude; 25°8'16.8'' and 25°15'3.6''W Longitude.
The sampling programme targeted lepidopteran species (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Rank | Scientific Name | Common Name |
---|---|---|
family | Lepidoptera | Moths |
21 March 2019 - 12 December 2019
The following data include all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) is structured as a sample event dataset, with two tables: in the current event table, the data in this sampling event resource have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains three records (eventID). This IPT (integrated publishing toolkit) archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download from
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
eventID | Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset. |
stateProvince | Name of the region of the sampling site. |
islandGroup | Name of archipelago. |
island | Name of the island. |
country | Country of the sampling site. |
countryCode | ISO code of the country of the sampling site. |
municipality | Municipality of the sampling site. |
locality | Name of the locality. |
verbatimLocality | The original textual description of the place. |
minimumElevationInMetres | The upper limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in metres. |
samplingProtocol | The sampling protocol used to capture the species. |
decimalLatitude | Approximate centre point decimal latitude of the field site in GPS coordinates. |
decimalLongitude | Approximate centre point decimal longitude of the field site in GPS coordinates. |
geodeticDatum | The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based. |
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres | Uncertainty of the coordinates of the centre of the sampling plot. |
coordinatePrecision | Precision of the coordinates. |
georeferenceSources | A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources. |
habitat | The habitat of the sample. |
samplingEffort | The numeric amount of time spent in each sampling. |
eventDate | Date or date range the record was collected. |
year | Year of the event. |
sampleSizeValue | A numeric value for a measurement of the size (time duration, length, area or volume) of a sample in a sampling event. |
sampleSizeUnit | The unit of measurement of the size (time duration, length, area or volume) of a sample in a sampling event. |
The following data include all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) is structured as a sample event dataset, with two tables: in the current event table, the data in this sampling event resource have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains 33 records (occurrenceID). This IPT (integrated publishing toolkit) archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download from
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
eventID | Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset. |
type | Type of the record, as defined by the Public Core standard. |
licence | Reference to the licence under which the record is published. |
institutionID | The identity of the institution publishing the data. |
collectionID | The identity of the collection publishing the data. |
institutionCode | The code of the institution publishing the data. |
collectionCode | The code of the collection where the specimens are conserved. |
datasetName | Name of the dataset. |
basisOfRecord | The nature of the data record. |
occurrenceID | Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier. |
recordedBy | A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who performed the sampling in the field. |
identifiedBy | A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who assigned the Taxon to the subject. |
organismQuantity | Number of individuals. |
organismQuantityType | The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms. |
lifeStage | The life stage of the organisms captured. |
establishmentMeans | The process of establishment of the species in the location, using a controlled vocabulary: 'native', 'introduced', 'endemic', "uncertain". |
dateIdentified | The date on which the subject was determined as representing the Taxon. |
scientificName | Complete scientific name including author and year. |
kingdom | Kingdom name. |
phylum | Phylum name. |
class | Class name. |
order | Order name. |
family | Family name. |
genus | Genus name. |
specificEpithet | Specific epithet. |
infraspecificEpithet | Subspecific epithet. |
taxonRank | Lowest taxonomic rank of the record. |
scientificNameAuthorship | Name of the author of the lowest taxon rank included in the record. |
The present paper deals with the lepidopteran fauna that have been recorded during fieldwork at Nordeste County in São Miguel Island. Throughout the 38 weeks’ trials, a total of 10160 adults belonging to 33 lepidopteran species were recorded and listed alphabetically by families, including one species of Argyresthiidae (3%), four of Crambidae (12%), one of Erebidae (3%), five of Geometridae (15%), 18 of Noctuidae (55%), one of Sphingidae (3%), one of Tineidae (3%) and two of Tortricidae (6%) (Table
List of moth species sampled in Nordeste County and their overall and seasonal abundance during the study period. Legend: S = species richness per family, N = abundance, % = relative frequency.
Moth Species (S) |
N |
% |
Season (N) |
|||||
Spring |
% |
Summer |
% |
Autumn |
% |
|||
Argyresthiidae (1) |
||||||||
Argyresthia atlanticella Rebel, 1941 |
20 |
0.20 |
7 |
0.14 |
9 |
0.20 |
4 |
0.50 |
Crambidae (4) |
||||||||
Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Duponchel, 1834) |
1 |
0.01 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0.02 |
0 |
0 |
Eudonia interlinealis (Warren, 1905) |
14 |
0.14 |
7 |
0.14 |
6 |
0.13 |
1 |
0.12 |
Palpita vitrealis (Rossi, 1794) |
72 |
0.71 |
27 |
0.56 |
45 |
0.99 |
0 |
0 |
Udea ferrugalis (Hübner, 1796) |
199 |
1.96 |
134 |
2.77 |
65 |
1.44 |
0 |
0 |
Erebidae (1) |
||||||||
Hypena obsitalis (Hübner, 1813) |
19 |
0.19 |
19 |
0.39 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Geometridae (5) |
||||||||
Ascotis fortunata azorica Pinker, 1971 |
4 |
0.04 |
4 |
0.08 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Costaconvexa centrostrigaria (Wollaston, 1858) |
1 |
0.01 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0.02 |
0 |
0 |
Cyclophora azorensis (Prout, 1920) |
4 |
0.04 |
4 |
0.08 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Haworth, 1809) |
1 |
0.01 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0.02 |
0 |
0 |
Xanthorhoe inaequata Warren, 1905 |
2 |
0.02 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0.02 |
0 |
0 |
Noctuidae (18) |
||||||||
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) |
104 |
1.02 |
61 |
1.26 |
26 |
0.57 |
17 |
2.12 |
Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) |
97 |
0.95 |
88 |
1.82 |
9 |
0.20 |
0 |
0 |
Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758) |
114 |
1.12 |
72 |
1.49 |
42 |
0.93 |
0 |
0 |
Ctenoplusia limbirena (Gueneé, 1852) |
94 |
0.93 |
68 |
1.41 |
26 |
0.57 |
0 |
0 |
Galgula partita Guenée, 1852 |
244 |
2.40 |
138 |
2.85 |
106 |
2.34 |
0 |
0 |
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) |
11 |
0.11 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
0.24 |
0 |
0 |
Mesapamea storai (Rebel, 1940) |
1 |
0.01 |
1 |
0.02 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) |
4255 |
41.88 |
2346 |
48.5 |
1526 |
33.7 |
383 |
47.82 |
Noctua atlantica (Warren, 1905) |
1 |
0.01 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0.02 |
0 |
0 |
Noctua carvalhoi (Pinker, 1983) |
1 |
0.01 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0.02 |
0 |
0 |
Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758) |
2502 |
24.63 |
1245 |
25.74 |
1251 |
27.7 |
6 |
0.75 |
Peridroma saucia (Hübner, 1808) |
664 |
6.54 |
190 |
3.93 |
472 |
10.4 |
2 |
0.25 |
Phlogophora furnasi Pinker, 1971 |
9 |
0.09 |
9 |
0.19 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Phlogophora interrupta (Warren, 1905) |
43 |
0.42 |
27 |
0.56 |
16 |
0.35 |
0 |
0 |
Phlogophora meticulosa (Linnaeus, 1758) |
53 |
0.52 |
21 |
0.43 |
32 |
0.71 |
0 |
0 |
Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre, 1827) |
5 |
0.05 |
3 |
0.06 |
2 |
0.04 |
0 |
0 |
Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775) |
101 |
0.99 |
16 |
0.33 |
79 |
1.75 |
6 |
0.75 |
Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus, 1758) |
1285 |
12.65 |
219 |
4.53 |
744 |
16.45 |
322 |
40.20 |
Sphingidae (1) |
||||||||
Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758) |
4 |
0.04 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0.09 |
0 |
0 |
Tineidae (1) |
||||||||
Opogona omoscopa (Meyrick, 1893) |
129 |
1.27 |
117 |
2.42 |
12 |
0.27 |
0 |
0 |
Tortricidae (2) |
||||||||
Epiphyas postvittana (Walker, 1863) |
104 |
1.02 |
12 |
0.25 |
32 |
0.71 |
60 |
7.49 |
Rhopobota naevana (Hübner, 1817) |
2 |
0.02 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0.04 |
0 |
0 |
Total |
10160 |
100 |
4836 |
100 |
4523 |
100 |
801 |
100 |
Species richness, absolute and relative abundance of Lepidoptera families. Legend: S = species richness, N = abundance, % = relative frequency.
Families |
Taxa (S) |
% |
N |
% |
Argyresthiidae |
1 |
3 |
20 |
0.20 |
Crambidae |
4 |
12 |
286 |
2.81 |
Erebidae |
1 |
3 |
19 |
0.19 |
Geometridae |
5 |
15 |
12 |
0.12 |
Noctuidae |
18 |
55 |
9584 |
94.33 |
Sphingidae |
1 |
3 |
4 |
0.04 |
Tineidae |
1 |
3 |
129 |
1.27 |
Tortricidae |
2 |
6 |
106 |
1.04 |
Total |
33 |
100 |
10160 |
100 |
The number of trapped adults was consistently higher during spring and summer, decreasing sharply in late autumn (Table
In S. Miguel Island, 108 species of moth species are known. Fig.
The most abundant noctuid species were M. unipuncta (41.88%), N. pronuba (24.63%), X. c-nigrum (12.65%), P. saucia (6.54%) and G. partita (2.40%), as had been observed in previous studies (
Weekly abundance of the most frequent nocturnal lepidopterans were similar to those observed in previous studies conducted in the Azores (e.g.
Concerning sex ratio, for 13 moth species caught in the light trap, it was biased towards females, namely: A. gamma (65%), A. ipsilon (67%), A. segetum (63%), C. limbirena (67%), M. unipuncta (60%), N. pronuba (62%), T. orichalcea (62%), P. saucia (65%), P. interrupta (70%), P. meticulosa (57%), H. armigera (55%), S. nonagrioides (60%) and A. convolvuli (75%). The biased ratio of females to males in these species may occur periodically and is probably related to their non-seasonal migratory movements (see also
Regarding E. postvittana, 104 males were captured in the sex pheromone trap (Table
Sampling of Microlepidoptera moths on young forest plants reared in the Nordeste Nursery using an entomological net showed that the most common moths are endemic species that appear associated with their known host plants (Table
Colonisation status, diet and group of host plants potentially attacked by the moth species. END = Endemic, NAT = Native, INT = Introduced, I(nat) = Introduced (naturalised), P = Polyphagous, S = Specialist.
Species |
Colonisation Status |
Diet |
Group of host plants |
||
Laurel Forest (LF) |
Endemic/ Native (N) |
Not Native (NN) |
|||
Argyresthia atlanticella Rebel, 1941 |
END |
P |
LF |
N |
|
Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Duponchel, 1834) |
NAT |
P |
NN |
||
Eudonia interlinealis (Warren, 1905) |
END |
S |
LF |
N |
|
Palpita vitrealis (Rossi, 1794) |
NAT |
P |
LF |
N |
NN |
Udea ferrugalis (Hübner, 1796) |
NAT |
P |
N |
NN |
|
Hypena obsitalis (Hübner, 1813) |
NAT |
S |
NN |
||
Ascotis fortunata azorica Pinker, 1971 |
END |
P |
LF |
N |
|
Costaconvexa centrostrigaria (Wollaston, 1858) |
NAT |
P |
NN |
||
Cyclophora azorensis (Prout, 1920) |
END |
S |
LF |
N |
|
Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Haworth, 1809) |
NAT |
P |
LF |
N |
NN |
Xanthorhoe inaequata Warren, 1905 |
END |
S |
LF |
N |
|
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) |
I(nat) |
P |
N |
NN |
|
Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) |
I(nat) |
P |
N |
NN |
|
Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NAT |
P |
NN |
||
Ctenoplusia limbirena (Gueneé, 1852) |
NAT |
P |
NN |
||
Galgula partita Guenée, 1852 |
NAT |
S |
N |
NN |
|
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) |
I(nat) |
P |
NN |
||
Mesapamea storai (Rebel, 1940) |
END |
S |
LF |
N |
|
Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) |
NAT |
P |
N |
NN |
|
Noctua atlantica (Warren, 1905) |
END |
S |
LF |
N |
|
Noctua carvalhoi (Pinker, 1983) |
END |
S |
LF |
N |
|
Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NAT |
P |
N |
NN |
|
Peridroma saucia (Hübner, 1808) |
NAT |
P |
N |
NN |
|
Phlogophora furnasi Pinker, 1971 |
END |
S |
LF |
N |
|
Phlogophora interrupta (Warren, 1905) |
END |
S |
LF |
N |
|
Phlogophora meticulosa (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NAT |
P |
N |
NN |
|
Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre, 1827) |
INT |
P |
NN |
||
Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775) |
NAT |
P |
NN |
||
Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NAT |
P |
N |
NN |
|
Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NAT |
P |
NN |
||
Opogona omoscopa (Meyrick, 1893) |
INT |
P |
NN |
||
Epiphyas postvittana (Walker, 1863) |
INT |
P |
LF |
N |
NN |
Rhopobota naevana (Hübner, 1817) |
INT |
P |
LF |
N |
NN |
Table
According to previous studies and our field observations, many of the moth species recorded in this study (see Tables
Our results provide information on the diversity of moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera) present in Nordeste County, whose adults were sampled in the Nordeste Forest Nursery. A total of 10160 adults belonging to 33 lepidopteran species were recorded and listed by families, including: Argyresthiidae, Crambidae, Erebidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae, Sphingidae, Tineidae and Tortricidae.
In general, the temporal profile of the abundance of adults caught in a light trap and a sex pheromone trap reveals that the Noctuidae, followed by the families Geometridae and Crambidae, have the highest species diversity and that these have high population densities during spring and summer, decreasing sharply in late autumn. In addition, for 13 species caught in the light trap, the adult sex ratio was favourable to females.
From the literature and our field observations, we conclude that many of the moth’s species recorded have little economic importance in the Azores Archipelago, but others may constitute a potential risk as pests (e.g. species from families of Noctuidae, Tortricidae and Crambidae) of introduced/naturalised and/or endemic/natives plants. In fact, the high abundance of adult moths observed for some species whose larvae feed preferentially on native and/or exotic herbaceous plants does not generally represent very serious damage to endemic and native forest plants of the Azores.
Some biological control agents are present in the field, for example, parasitising the larvae of E. postvittana (i.e. Braconidae species of Meteorus ictericus (Nees, 1811) and Microgaster opheltes Nixon, 1968) and of M. unipuncta (i.e. Glyptapanteles militaris Walsh, 1861), as well as preying on several Noctuidae larvae (e.g. Calosoma olivieri Dejean, 1831, Coleoptera, Carabidae).
An analysis of the colonisation status of the lepidopteran moth species and their feeding and primary host plants associated with the Laurel Forest, native or non-native Azorean plants, suggests that forest nurseries may help us to understand the establishment of lepidopteran moths (endemic, native or exotic species) in Laurel Forest environments.
Finally, more studies are needed to understand two fundamental objectives; first, to know the potential damage caused by moth species on endemic and native Azorean plants; second, to assess the conservation status of all these moth species and to advise on possible future research and conservation actions critical to the long-term survival of the most endangered species.
This research was supported by the Official Forestry Services from the Regional Government of the Azores, through the research project MoCIL “Monitorização e Controlo Integrado de Lepidópteros em Viveiros Florestais (Nordeste e Furnas) na ilha de São Miguel - Açores”, in direct collaboration with the Forestry Engineers Carina Nóbrega and Catarina Quintela, by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the project UIDP/05292/2020 and UIDB/05292/2020 and by AZORESBIOPORTAL – PORBIOTA (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072) (2019-2022). Special thanks are due to laboratory technician Manuel Fernando Almeida for his help in the fieldwork.
Virgílio Vieira, Luísa Oliveira, Isabel Borges, João Tavares collected the samples. Virgílio Vieira and João Tavares identified the specimens. Virgílio Vieira and António O. Soares managed the database. Paulo A.V. Borges assisted us in managing the database to GBIF. All the authors revised the final text.