Biodiversity Data Journal :
Research Article
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Corresponding author: Iksoo Kim (ikkim81@chonnam.ac.kr)
Academic editor: Rodolphe Rougerie
Received: 05 Jul 2022 | Accepted: 29 Aug 2022 | Published: 12 Sep 2022
© 2022 Jun Seong Jeong, Jeong Sun Park, Jae-Cheon Sohn, Min Jee Kim, Hyung Keun Oh, Iksoo Kim
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Jeong JS, Park JS, Sohn J-C, Kim MJ, Oh HK, Kim I (2022) The first complete mitochondrial genome in the family Attevidae (Atteva aurea) of the order Lepidoptera. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e89982. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e89982
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The superfamily Yponomeutoidea, one of the early-derived groups in the order Lepidoptera, consists of 11 families. However, mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences, popularly used for phylogeny and evolutionary tracing, are available for only seven species across six genera and five families. Thus, a larger variety of mitogenome sequences in Yponomeutoidea are required to improve our understanding of lepidopteran phylogeny and genomic evolution. In this study, we present the complete mitogenome of Atteva aurea (Fitch, 1856), the first species in the family Attevidae (superfamily Yponomeutoidea, order Lepidoptera) to be sequenced. The complete mitogenome comprises 16,329 bp and contains a typical set of genes and one non-coding region. Within Yponomeutoidea, the mitogenome of A. aurea has a unique trnI-trnM-trnQ arrangement at the A + T-rich region and ND2 junction and trnA-ND3 arrangement at the trnG and trnR junction. Twelve of the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of A. aurea have a typical ATN starting codon, whereas COI has the atypical CGA codon, which is frequently found in the starting region of lepidopteran COI. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the concatenated sequences of 13 PCGs and two rRNA genes, using the Maximum Likelihood method, revealed a sister relationship between Attevidae and Praydidae with moderately low nodal support (bootstrap support = 64%).
mitochondrial genome, Atteva aurea, phylogeny, Attevidae
The superfamily Yponomeutoidea is one of the earliest groups to develop external feeding mechanisms in the order Lepidoptera and comprises ~ 1,800 species across 11 families (
The ailanthus webworm (Atteva aurea Fitch, 1856) is a small, colourful moth predominantly found north of Costa Rica, across the USA and in southern Quebec and Ontario, Canada (
In this study, we present the complete mitogenome of A. aurea, the first species in the family Attevidae (superfamily Yponomeutoidea, order Lepidoptera) to be sequenced. The sequence was analysed in terms of its mitogenome characteristics and phylogenetic position within the superfamily Yponomeutoidea. Additionally, the DNA barcoding region of A. aurea was compared to that of previously-registered A. aurea and A. pustulella, which have been used for extensive phylogenetic analysis (
In 2011, a brood of A. aurea was collected from the Paint Branch Trail at the University of Maryland (College Park, MA, USA; 38°59’39’’N, 76°56’5’’W). In this study, DNA was extracted from the whole body of one adult male using the Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Using Lepidoptera-specific primers (Suppl. material
Individual SF sequences were manually assembled into complete mitogenomes using SeqMan (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA). The identification and boundary delimitation of each gene and secondary structure folding of tRNAs were performed using the MITOS Web Server (http://mitos.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de/index.py) and using the default search mode, Mito/Chloroplast as the searching source and the genetic code of invertebrate mitogenomes for tRNA isotype prediction (
Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using 25 available mitogenomes in 23 species (including A. aurea) in the superfamilies Gracillarioidea, Yponomeutoidea and Tineoidea. We selected Gracillarioidea and Tineoidea, along with Yponomeutoidea, because of the previously established sister-group relationship between Yponomeutoidea and Gracillarioidea and of the branching of Tineoidea as a lineage basal to these two superfamilies (
Genome sequence data used in this study are openly available from the GenBank database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) under the accession no. ON480203. All datasets used in this study were published at Zenodo on 03 July 2022 (Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6791899).
The complete 16,392-bp mitogenome of A. aurea is composed of typical gene sets (two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and 13 PCGs) and a major non-coding A + T-rich region (Table
Gene |
Nucleotide number |
Size |
Anticodon |
Start codon |
Stop codon |
O/S |
trnI |
1-64 |
64 |
GAT 29-31 |
|||
trnM |
65-132 |
68 |
CAT 96-98 |
-8 |
||
trnQ |
141-209 |
69 |
TTG 177-179 |
-41 |
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ND2 |
251-1276 |
1026 |
ATT |
TAA |
+2 |
|
trnW |
1275-1340 |
64 |
TCA 1305-1307 |
+8 |
||
trnC |
1333-1401 |
69 |
GCA 1369-1371 |
-7 |
||
trnY |
1409-1474 |
66 |
GTA 1441-1443 |
-5 |
||
COI |
1480-3015 |
1536 |
CGA |
TAA |
-54 |
|
trnL2 |
3070-3136 |
67 |
TAA 3100-3102 |
|||
COII |
3137-3818 |
682 |
ATG |
T-tRNA |
||
trnK |
3819-3889 |
71 |
CTT 3849-3851 |
+1 |
||
trnD |
3889-3954 |
66 |
GTC 3919-3921 |
|||
ATP8 |
3955-4116 |
162 |
ATC |
TAA |
+7 |
|
ATP6 |
4110-4781 |
672 |
ATG |
TAA |
+1 |
|
COIII |
4781-5569 |
789 |
ATG |
TAA |
-2 |
|
trnG |
5572-5640 |
69 |
TCC 5602-5604 |
-332 |
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trnA |
5973-6039 |
67 |
TGC 6002-6004 |
-103 |
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ND3 |
6143-6517 |
375 |
ATA |
TAA |
-28 |
|
trnR |
6546-6607 |
62 |
TCG 6573-6575 |
-4 |
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trnN |
6612-6677 |
66 |
GTT 6642-6644 |
+1 |
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trnS1 |
6677-6737 |
61 |
GCT 6698-6700 |
-23 |
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trnE |
6761-6826 |
66 |
TTC 6791-6793 |
+2 |
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trnF |
6825-6892 |
68 |
GAA 6856-6858 |
-3 |
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ND5 |
6896-8629 |
1716 |
ATT |
TAA |
||
trnH |
8630-8694 |
65 |
GTG 8659-8661 |
|||
ND4 |
8695-10036 |
1342 |
ATG |
T-tRNA |
+1 |
|
ND4L |
10036-10323 |
288 |
ATG |
TAA |
-2 |
|
trnT |
10326-10390 |
65 |
TGT 10357-10359 |
|||
trnP |
10391-10455 |
65 |
TGG 10424-10426 |
-1 |
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ND6 |
10457-10981 |
525 |
ATT |
TAA |
-3 |
|
CytB |
10985-12136 |
1152 |
ATG |
TAA |
-10 |
|
trnS2 |
12147-12215 |
69 |
TGA 12179-12181 |
+2 |
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ND1 |
12214-13170 |
957 |
ATG |
TAA |
-1 |
|
trnL1 |
13172-13238 |
67 |
TAG 13207-13209 |
|||
lrRNA |
13239-14559 |
1321 |
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trnV |
14560-14625 |
66 |
TAC 14594-14596 |
|||
srRNA |
14626-15393 |
768 |
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A + T–rich region |
15394-16392 |
999 |
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Non-underlined and underlined genes indicate forward and reverse transcriptional directions, respectively. tRNAs are denoted as one-letter symbols in accordance with the IUPAC-IUB single-letter amino acid codes, except those encoding leucine and serine, which are labelled L1 for the CTN, L2 for the TTR, S1 for the AGN and S2 for the TCN codon families. O/S denotes the number of the overlapping(+)/intergenic space sequence(-). |
The genes of A. aurea are interleaved with a total 627 bp, spread over 17 regions ranging in size between 1 and 332 bp (Table
Compared with that of other Lepidoptera species, the A. aurea mitogenome has a very rare trnI-trnM-trnQ arrangement (underlining indicates gene inversion) at the A + T-rich region and ND2 junction (Fig.
The comparison between the DNA barcoding sequences of current A. aurea and those of A. aurea previously registered on GenBank, including those registered by
Phylogenetic analysis revealed overall lower nodal supports for familial relationships within Yponomeutoidea. A sister relationship between the families Attevidae and Praydidae, each of which is represented by a single species, was supported, but the nodal support for this relationship was not high (bootstrap support (BS) = 64%; Fig.
Phylogenetic tree of the three ditrysian superfamilies included in this study: Tineoidea, Gracillarioidea and Yponomeutoidea. The number at each node indicates the bootstrap value. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. The GenBank accession number of each species is shown in brackets after its scientific name.
This mitogenome of A. aurea has a unique trnI-trnM-trnQ arrangement at the A + T-rich region and ND2 junction and trnA-ND3 arrangement at the trnG and trnR junction, which is unprecedented in Yponomeutoidea. Thus, additional mitogenome sequences are required from other genera, subfamilies and families to understand the taxonomic extent of this arrangement in Yponomeutoidea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a sister relationship between Attevidae and Praydidae, consistent with the results of a previous large-scale molecular phylogenetic study, but nodal support was not high in this study. The result of our DNA barcoding sequence comparison supports the finding of a previous study that A. aurea, occurring north of Costa Rica in the USA and southern Quebec and Ontario, is genetically distinct from A. pustulella distributed from Costa Rica south to Uruguay and Argentina. Including that of A. aurea, only nine mitogenome sequences, representing seven genera across six families, are currently available for the superfamily Yponomeutoidea. Thus, more mitogenome sequences from the early-derived groups of Lepidoptera, including Yponomeutoidea, are essential for a greater understanding of mitogenome evolution and phylogenetic relationships in this order.
This study was supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry through the Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Convergence Technologies Program and Educating Creative Global Leader Program, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (grant no. 321001-03).
This study was supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry through the Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Convergence Technologies Program and Educating Creative Global Leader Program, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (grant no. 321001-03).
Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
We declare that there are no violations of the guidelines of the authors’ respective institutions and local, national and international regulations.
Conceptualisation, J.-C.S., J.S.J. and I.K.; fieldwork, J.-C.S.; data analysis and interpretation, J.S.J., J.S.P., H.K.O. and M.J.K.; writing—original draft, J.S.J., J.-C.S., M.J.K. and I.K.; writing—review and editing, J.-C.S., J.S.P., H.K.O. and I.K.; supervision, I.K.; project administration, J.S.P. and I.K.; funding acquisition, I.K.
We declare no potential conflicts of interest.