Biodiversity Data Journal :
Research Article
|
Corresponding author: Richard Hrivnák (richard.hrivnak@savba.sk)
Academic editor: Gianniantonio Domina
Received: 12 Jul 2022 | Accepted: 17 Oct 2022 | Published: 26 Oct 2022
© 2022 Richard Hrivnák, Benjamín Jarčuška, Ivan Jarolímek, Judita Kochjarová, Jana Májeková, Katarína Hegedüšová Vantarová, Michal Slezák
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Hrivnák R, Jarčuška B, Jarolímek I, Kochjarová J, Májeková J, Hegedüšová Vantarová K, Slezák M (2022) Comparative diversity of vascular plants in black alder floodplain and swamp forests of Central European biogeographical regions. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e90281. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e90281
|
Plant species diversity of black alder-dominated forests was studied in three biogeographical regions (Alpine, Continental and Pannonian) of Central Europe. They were represented by regions of the Polish Plain (Continental), the High Western Carpathians and Matricum of the Western Carpathians (Alpine) and the Pannonian lowland (Pannonian). We analysed 35 plots per region in order to identify: i) local alpha (α) diversity defined as the counted number of plant taxa occurring in a single sampling plot, ii) amongst-site beta (β) diversity, iii) regional (γ) diversity defined as the total species richness of all sampling plots and iv) zeta diversity (ζ) as a generalisation of beta diversity. We recorded a total of 432 vascular plant taxa in all bioregions; more than 13% were alien plants. Statistically significant differences in species richness (α) of both native and alien plants were found between assemblages of the regions. The High Western Carpathians showed the highest native and the lowest alien plant species richness. Total β-diversity was high in all regions, but significantly differed amongst regions only for alien plant species. Cumulative native and alien species richness (γ) was the highest and lowest in the High Western Carpathians and Matricum of Western Carpathians, respectively. Our results identified the High Western Carpathians as a hotspot for diversity of native plants in Central European black alder-dominated forests.
Alnus glutinosa, forest vegetation, species richness, beta and gamma diversity, Pannonian lowland, Polish Plain, Western Carpathians Mts
Species diversity is an important characteristic of biotic communities related to environmental drivers and human activities (
Research on plant diversity in forests has a long tradition in Central Europe, especially using vegetation-plot data in the most abundant beech forests (e.g.
Floodplain and swamp forests dominated by black alder (Alnus glutinosa) are widespread throughout Europe (
Our study area is situated along a latitudinal gradient (45.8085° to 52.6115°) in Central Europe (from southern Hungary and Slovakia to central Poland), including the Alpine, Continental and Pannonian bioregions (
Descriptive statistics of altitudinal and climatic characteristics for sampled vegetation plots in the riparian and swamp alder forests in studied biogeographical regions. The climatic variables were retrieved from WorldClim version 2 (
Mean |
SD |
Min |
Max |
|
Altitude [m] |
||||
Pannonian lowland |
149.0 |
37.3 |
97.6 |
246.9 |
Matricum Western Carpathians |
249.3 |
65.0 |
112.4 |
384.3 |
High Western Carpathians |
561.5 |
139.7 |
294.0 |
869.6 |
Polish Plain |
143.6 |
48.6 |
62.0 |
224.6 |
Mean annual temperature [°C] |
||||
Pannonian lowland |
10.6 |
0.3 |
10.0 |
11.2 |
Matricum WeCa |
8.9 |
0.5 |
8.0 |
10.6 |
High WeCa |
6.6 |
0.8 |
4.9 |
8.3 |
Polish Plain |
8.2 |
0.2 |
7.9 |
8.5 |
Total annual precipitation [mm] |
||||
Pannonian lowland |
622.3 |
33.9 |
563.0 |
702.0 |
Matricum WeCa |
558.1 |
37.2 |
518.0 |
669.0 |
High WeCa |
850.1 |
74.0 |
679.0 |
1025.0 |
Polish Plain |
537.6 |
20.8 |
514.0 |
583.0 |
The study was conducted in floodplain forests (Alnion incanae Pawłowski et al. 1928) and alder swamp forests (Alnion glutinosae Malcuit 1929) dominated by Alnus glutinosa, which cover azonal/intrazonal forest vegetation of periodically flooded floodplain areas and waterlogged sites on the banks of lentic ecosystems, marsh and mire margins (
Vegetation data were sampled in physiognomically and structurally homogeneous mature forest stands with a dominant cover (i.e. canopy cover of more than 50%) of Alnus glutinosa in the tree layer. Sampling plots were selected in the field based on literature sources (published data on the distribution of vegetation types) and the author’s expertise. All plots had uniform size (400 m2) with square or rectangular shapes driven mainly by river valleys’ morphology. Sampling density followed the environmental heterogeneity and the presence of different local vegetation types (
Each plot was assigned to a biogeographical region defined by the European Environmental Agency (
We used two climatic variables (mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation) as characteristics for the bioregions. They were retrieved from WorldClim version 2 (
Local alpha (α) diversity was defined as the counted number of plant taxa in a single sampling plot. Differences in local species richness between regions were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis (rank sum) test. Pairwise post-hoc comparison of differences between regions was conducted using the Wilcoxon (rank sum) test with Holm correction for the use of multiple analyses.
We assessed the effect of regional identity on the amongst-site beta (β) diversity of plant species between assemblages using a multivariate test for homogeneity of group dispersions implemented in the “betadisper” function in the vegan package (version 2.5-5;
Regional (γ) diversity corresponded to the total species richness of all sampling plots within a given sub-region. We used a unified framework linking rarefaction (interpolation) and prediction (extrapolation) of Hill numbers (
Zeta diversity (ζ) is a generalisation of beta diversity and it was determined as follows: i) zeta1 is the average number of species per plot (i.e. species richness or alpha diversity), ii) zeta2 is the average number of species shared by any two plots (i.e. the reverse of species turnover or beta diversity), iii) zeta3 is the average number of species shared by any three plots, etc. The number of shared species across plots is negatively associated with the order of zeta – zeta decline. The zeta ratio – retention rate (ratio of the number of species shared by i-plots to the number of species shared by i - 1-plots;
All analyses were performed using R software version 3.6.3 for Windows (
We recorded a total of 432 vascular plant taxa in all bioregions; more than 13% were alien plants. Except for Alnus glutinosa, the most frequent plants were exclusively native species, such as Urtica dioica (86%), Galium aparine (69%), Sambucus nigra (56%), Geum urbanum (54%), Rubus caesius (54%) and Poa trivialis (50%). The most common aliens were neophytes Impatiens parviflora (25%), Ribes rubrum agg. (24%), Bidens frondosa (15%) and archaeophyte species Chelidonium majus (19%). All regions had 238 taxa in common, with 37, 69, 35 and 31 taxa occurring only in PolaPlai, HighWeCa, MatrWeCa and Pannonia regions, respectively.
Statistically significant differences in local species richness (i.e. alpha diversity) of both native and alien plants were found between assemblages of the four regions (χ2 = 36.591, P < 0.001 and χ2 = 39.041, P< 0.001, respectively). Native species richness was significantly lower in the Pannonian region than in the other three regions. Species richness in PolaPlai was significantly lower compared to HighWeCa, but higher than in the Pannonian region. The HighWeCa region showed higher species richness than the other three regions. Contrary to the pattern of species richness observed for native species, alien species richness was significantly lowest in the HighWeCa region (0.7 per plot on average), while the other regions did not differ significantly (2.4 PolaPlai, 3.4 MatrWeCa and 2.1 Pannonian; Fig.
Native (a) and alien (b) plant species richness (alpha diversity) for each region (PolaPlai – Polish Plain, HighWeCa – High Western Carpathians, MatrWeCa – Matricum of Western Carpathians, Pannonian – Pannonian lowland). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences at P < 0.05.
Betadisper analysis followed by ANOVA showed no significant differences in beta diversity of the native plant assemblages in the four regions (F = 0.1596, P = 0.929) (Fig.
Jaccard dissimilarity (total β -diversity), its species replacement and species richness differences fractions (Podani family of coefficients) and relativised nestedness index for presence-absence data of native and alien plants, based on each region.
Bioregion |
Total β-diversity |
Replacement |
Richness differences |
Nestedness |
Native plant species |
||||
Polish Plain |
0.38 |
0.73 |
0.27 |
0.60 |
HighWeCa |
0.38 |
0.76 |
0.24 |
0.56 |
MatrWeCa |
0.38 |
0.72 |
0.28 |
0.58 |
Pannonian lowland |
0.38 |
0.75 |
0.25 |
0.56 |
Alien plant species |
||||
Polish Plain |
0.39 |
0.58 |
0.42 |
0.60 |
HighWeCa |
0.34 |
0.63 |
0.37 |
0.71 |
MatrWeCa |
0.43 |
0.55 |
0.45 |
0.45 |
Pannonian lowland |
0.44 |
0.62 |
0.39 |
0.32 |
Beta diversity of native (a) and alien (b) plant species assemblages in the bioregions by running the betadisper function. ANOVA was applied to test how these distances differed amongst the communities. PCoA1 and PCoA2 are the first and second sort axes in the “betadisper” analysis, respectively. PolaPlai – Polish Plain, HighWeCa – High Western Carpathians, MatrWeCa – Matricum of Western Carpathians, Pannonian – Pannonian lowland.
In the case of alien species, betadisper analysis showed significant differences in alien plant assemblages in studied regions (F = 6.4943, P < 0.001; Fig.
Native species richness was highest in the HighWeCa, followed by MatrWeCa and PolaPlain regions. The lowest values were found in the Pannonian region (Fig.
Sample-size-based rarefaction (solid line segment) and extrapolation (dashed line segment) curves for species richness (Hill number q = 0) with 95% confidence intervals of native (a) and alien (b) vascular plant species of the four studied regions. PolaPlai – Polish Plain, HighWeCa – High Western Carpathians, MatrWeCa – Matricum of Western Carpathians, Pannonian – Pannonian lowland.
The shift in plant assemblage structure of the four regions, estimated by the shape of the zeta declines, is similar for the native species because the zeta declines have the same pattern. The same is true for the shape of the zeta ratio between regions (Fig.
Zeta diversity of native (a) and alien (b) plant species. Zeta decline (rescaled between 0 and 1 for comparison; the x-axis is on a log-scale and stops at order 15 to highlight differences between assemblages of the four regions) (left) and the corresponding zeta ratio computing the retention rate (right). The x-axis of the zeta decline is on a log-scale for clarity. PolaPlai – Polish Plain, HighWeCa – High Western Carpathians, MatrWeCa – Matricum of Western Carpathians, Pannonian – Pannonian lowland.
Our results suggest that the highest alpha and gamma diversity of native vascular plants was found in the HighWeCa region. There are at least three mutually non-exclusive reasons which could explain these patterns. First, environmental heterogeneity (i.e. high climatic and bedrock variability in our study) should have a positive effect on plant diversity. We assume, in accordance with niche diversification hypothesis (
We also provided evidence that the MatrWeCa bioregion showed the highest alpha diversity of alien plants. In accordance with outcomes of previous biodiversity studies (e.g.
The overall β-diversity determined by the Jaccard dissimilarity index showed similar high values for native and alien plants in all studied regions. However, the heterogeneity of plant assemblages’ dissimilarity amongst regions was significant only for the alien species. Only 1.2% of all recorded species were found in more than 50% of plots and almost 75% of plants were found in less than 10% of plots. Moreover, more than a quarter (26.6%) of all plant species were recorded in only one plot and this high ratio of more or less random species is important. Species composition mirrors local ecological conditions, but regional factors, such as climatic characteristics or expansion patterns of Alnus glutinosa, also contribute to β-diversity (
The High Western Carpathians were found as a hotspot for diversity of native vascular plants in Central European riparian and swamp alder forests, while the other three studied regions (the Polish Plain, the Matricum of Western Carpathians and the Pannonian lowland) hosted much fewer species. On the contrary, alien plants were more abundant in the remaining three regions with the highest number being found in the Matricum of Western Carpathians.
The research was supported by the Science Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (VEGA 2/0016/19).
Richard Hrivnák, Michal Slezák: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing, Data curation, Funding acquisition. Benjamín Jarčuška: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing. Ivan Jarolímek, Judita Kochjarová, Jana Májeková, Katarína Hegedüšová Vantarová: Investigation, Writing – original draft.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.