Introduction

Materials and methods

Taxon treatment

Phaeoisaria laianensis Y. Liu, G.P. Xu, X.Y. Yan, D.M. Hu & Z.J. Zhai, sp. nov.

• MycoBank 844773

Material   Download as CSV 

Holotype:

1. scientificName:
   Phaeoisaria laianensis
   ; acceptedNameUsage:
   Phaeoisaria laianensis Y. Liu, D.M. Hu & Z.J. Zhai
   ; kingdom:
   Fungi
   ; phylum:
   Ascomycota
   ; class:
   Sordariomycetes
   ; order:
   Pleurotheciales
   ; family:
   Pleurotheciaceae
   ; taxonRank:
   species
   ; verbatimTaxonRank:
   species
   ; genus:
   Phaeoisaria
   ; specificEpithet:
   laianensis
   ; scientificNameAuthorship:
   Y. Liu, D.M. Hu & Z.J. Zhai
   ; continent:
   Asia
   ; country:
   China
   ; stateProvince:
   Anhui
   ; county:
   Laian
   ; locality:
   Wawuzhuang
   ; verbatimElevation:
   35
   ; locationRemarks:
   Label transliteration
   ; verbatimCoordinates:
   32.66 N, 118.65 E
   ; verbatimLatitude:
   32.66
   ; verbatimLongitude:
   118.65
   ; samplingProtocol:
   collecting
   ; eventDate:
   06-05-2021
   ; year:
   2021
   ; month:
   5
   ; day:
   6
   ; habitat:
   Freshwater
   ; recordedBy:
   Yu Liu
   ; identifiedBy:
   Yu Liu and Zhi-jun Zhai
   ; dateIdentified:
   2021
   ; type:
   PhysicalObject
   ; language:
   en
   ; rightsHolder:
   Dian-Ming Hu and Zhi-jun Zhai
   ; institutionID:
   HFJAU10040
   ; collectionID:
   LKJ17
   ; institutionCode:
   the Herbarium of Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University (HFJAU)
   ; collectionCode:
   Fungi
   ; ownerInstitutionCode:
   HFJAU
   ; occurrenceID:
   99B9C819-CA87-5634-AB08-7E7A79E1ADE0

Description

Saprobic on decaying wood submerged in freshwater habitats. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies effuse, solitary, scattered, dark brown to black, hairy, covered by white conidial mass. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed. Synnemata 290–848 × 9.3–30.7 µm (x̅ = 532 × 18.6, SD = 159 × 5, n = 20), erect, rigid, dark brown to black, velvety, smooth, composed of compactly and parallel adpressed conidiophores. Conidiophores 116.2–491.1 × 2–3.2 µm (x̅ = 276.1 × 2.4, SD = 96.7 × 0.5, n = 10), macronematous, synnematous, septate, branched, brown to dark brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells 8.3–27.5 × 2.3–3.8 µm (x̅ = 17.1 × 2.7, n = 10), polyblastic, integrated, terminal, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, denticulate, sympodial, each with several denticulate conidiogenous loci, 0.8–1.6 × 0.4–0.8 µm (x̅ = 1.3 × 0.7, n = 10). Conidia 5–7.2 × 1.7–2.9 µm (x̅ = 5.9 × 1.7, SD = 0.5 × 0.3, n = 50), ellipsoidal to obovoid, straight, rounded at the apex, obtuse and tapering towards base, hyaline, aseptate, guttulate, smooth-walled. (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.  

Phaeoisaria laianensis (HFJAU 10040, Holotype) a, b Colonies on wood; c, d Conidiophores; e, f Conidiogenous cells with conidia; g Germinating conidium; h Conidia; i, j Colony on PDA for 26 days from above and reverse. Scale bars: a, b = 100 µm, c, d = 50 µm, e–h = 10 µm.

Culture characteristics: Conidia germinated within 24 h in which germ tubes were produced from both ends or sides at 28℃ on PDA. The colony on PDA grows up slowly and reaches 24.5 mm in 26 days, periphery grey, surface folded, middle grey-green to black, raised with mycelium in the centre, covered with lots of white conidia, powdery, reverse grey to black.

Material examined: China, Anhui Province, alt. 35 m, near 32.66°N, 118.65°E, on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, 6 May 2021, Y. Liu, G.P. Xu and Z.J. Zhai, LKJ17 (HFJAU 10040, holotype), ex-type living culture, CCTCC AF 2022069 = CCTCC AF 2022073.

Etymology

The name reflects the district where this fungus was found.

Notes

Phylogenetic analysis shows that Phaeoisaria laianensis is a phylogenetically-distinct species, most closely related to P. dalbergiae and then to P. clematidis (Fig. 2). However, P. laianensis is easily distinguished from P. dalbergiae by its ellipsoidal to obovoid, rounded at the apex and tapering towards base conidia (Crous et al. 2021). In addition, P. laianensis has synnemata, which is absent in P. dalbergiae (Crous et al. 2021), also in P. curvata, P. glauca (de Hoog and Papendorf 1976), P. loranthacearum (Crous et al. 2015), P. annesophieae and P. fasciculata (Réblová et al. 2016) (Table 2). The new species is similar to P. clematidis in having resembling synnemata or conidia (Hughes 1958, Luo et al. 2018), while the former has shorter synnemata (290–848 µm vs. 1000–1500 µm) and smaller conidia (5–7.2 µm wide vs. 4–10 µm wide) than P. clematidis (Table 2). Likewise, P. laianensis has longer synnemata than P. siameneis (290–848 µm vs. 330–380 µm), smaller conidiophores than P. guttulata (Hyde et al. 2018) and P. aquatica (116.2–491.1 × 2–3 µm vs. 480–700 × 2–5 µm and 1028–1262 × 3.5–4.5 µm) (Luo et al. 2018) and smaller conidia (5–7.2 × 1.7–2.9 µm) than P. annesophiae (4.5–9 × 2–3.5 µm) (Crous et al. 2017), P. synnematica (4–11 µm long) (Boonmee et al. 2021) and P. siamensis (3–4 µm wide) (Table 2). In addition, it can be differentiated from P. filiforms by the indeterminate asexual morph of the latter species (Luo et al. 2019).

Table 2.

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XLSX

Synopsis 1 of asexual morphological characteristics of Phaeoisaria species. Note: Hyphens “-” are indeterminate or unavailable data.

Species	Synnemata (µm)	Synnemata characteristics	Conidiophores (µm)	Conidiophores characteristics	Conidia (µm)	References
Phaeoisaria laianensis	290‒848 × 9.3‒30.7	Erect, rigid, dark brown to black, velvety, smooth, composed of compactly and parallel adpressed conidiophores	116.2‒491.1 × 2‒3.2	Macronematous, synnematous, septate, branched, brown to dark brown, smooth	5‒7.2 × 1.7‒2.9	This study
P. aguilerae	-	-	-	-	18–29.5 × 4–5	Castañeda Ruiz et al. (2002)
P. annesophieae	-	-	Conidiophores indeterminate	Sometimes grouping in strands of 2–4 hyphae, a rising from aerial hyphae, cylindrical, hyaline to pale brown	4.5–9 × 2–3.5	Crous et al. (2017)
P. aquatica	-	Erect, rigid, dark brown to black, velvety, smooth	1028–1262 × 3.5–4.5	Macronematous, synnematous, brown to dark brown, smooth	6.5–7.5 × 2.5–3.5	Luo et al. (2018)
P. bambusae	-	Erect, rigid, dark brown toblack, velvety, smooth	-	Macronematous, synnematous, brown to dark brown, smooth	-	Höhnel (1909), Hyde et al. (2019), Luo et al. (2019), Réblová et al. (2016)
P. caffra	-	Synnemata composed of at least 10 adpressed hyphae	-	Conidiophores not tuberculate	7.5–12 × 2.5–3.5	Castañeda Ruiz et al. (2002), de Hoog and Papendorf (1976)
P. clavulata	-	Stiff synnemata, composed of parallel hyphae, packed with slender, curved conidiogenous cells with very thin, fragile conidiogenous rachides	-	-	1–2 long	Castañeda Ruiz et al. (2002), de Hoog and Papendorf (1976), Mason and Ellis (1953)
P. clematidis	1000–1500 × 20–80	Conidiomata scattered, indeterminate, erect, rigid, superficial, dark brown composed of compact appressed conidiophores	312–568 × 2.5–3.5	Macronematous, septate, branched, brown to dark brown, smooth	4–10 × 1.5–2.5	Castañeda Ruiz et al. (2002), Hughes (1958), Luo et al. (2018)
P. curvata	-	-	Conidiophores indeterminate	-	(4–)6–8(–11) × (1–)2–3	de Hoog and Papendorf (1976)
P. dalbergiae	-	-	10–50 × 1.5–2.5	Indeterminate, erect, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, 0–2-septate, unbranched or branched at apex	0.5 µm diam, (5 –)6–7 × (1.5–)2	Crous et al. (2021)
P. fasciculata	-	Synnemata absent	25–65 × 3.0–3.5	Macronematous, arising from brown, thick-walled cells, cylindrical, pale brown, subhyaline towards the apex, unbranched, smooth-walled	6.0–8.0 (–9.0) × 2.0	Réblová et al. (2016)
P. filiformis	-	-	-	-	-	Luo et al. (2019)
P. glauca	-	-	Conidiophores indeterminate	-	2.5–3.5 × 1.6–2.2	de Hoog and Papendorf (1976)
P. guttulata	-	Erect, rigid, dark brown to black, velvety, smooth, composed of compactly and parallel adpressed conidiophores	480–700 × 2–5	Macronematous, synnematous, erect, septate, smooth, mid-brown to dark brown	3.5–5.5 × 2.5–4.8	Hyde et al. (2018)
P. infrafertilis	-	Synnemata narrow, composed of only 5-6 brown adpressed hyphae	-	-	19.5–22 × 2–3	de Hoog and Papendorf (1976), Sutton and Hodges (1976)
P. loranthacearum	-	-	10–30 × 2–3	Arising from superficial hyphae, erect, solitary, branched at base or not, subcylindrical, straight to geniculate-sinuous, 1–3-septate, hyaline	(5)7– 8(9) × (1.5) 2(3)	Crous et al. (2015)
P. magnifica	-	Synnemata brush-like, synnemata with flaring hyphae at the tip	-	Growing well away from the column in the apical portion	5–6.5 × 4–4.5	de Hoog and Papendorf (1976), Deighton (1974)
P. microspora	35–238 µm long, 4–31 µm wide at the base, 5–35 µm wide at the apex	Erect, straight or flexuous, dark brown at base, pale brown at apex	25–225 × 1–3	Macronematous, synnematous, septate, branched at the apex, smooth, pale to dark brown	4.5–6.9 × 1.3–3.1	Hyde et al. (2017)
P. muscariformis	-	-	-	-	12–22 × 4	Castañeda Ruiz et al. (2002), Siboe et al. (1999)
P. pseudoclematidis	200–500 µm long, 40–80 µm wide at the base, 40– 60 µm wide in the middle, 20–30 µm wide at the apex	Erect, rigid, dark brown, velvety, smooth, composed of compactly and parallel adpressed conidiophores	50–500 × 2–3	Macronematous, synnematous, brown to dark brown, septate, branched, smooth	5–8.5 × 3–4	Liu et al. (2015)
P. sedimenticola	up to 4000 µm high or sometimes longer, 70– 90 µm wide	Erect, cylindrical to subulate, consisting of very regular, parallel, brown hyphae			aseptate (3.5–)4.5–5.5(–7.5) × (2.5–)3–4(–4.5) 1-septate (4.5–)5.5–6.5(–9) × (2–)2.5–3.5(–4.5)	Cheng et al. (2014)
P. siamensis	330–380 × 20–25(–30)	Conidiomata scattered, indeterminate, erect, rigid, superficial, dark brown composed of compactly appressed conidiophores	2–2.5(–3) µm wide	Macronematous, in synnematous conidiomata, scattered, synnemata subulate or cylindrical, indeterminate, at the base 13–15 µm beneath the fertile portion with conidiogenous cells, composed of medium to dark brown, smooth, septate parallel hyphae, splaying out at the middle to apex	5–8 × 3–4	Hyde et al. (2019)
P. sparsa	-	Synnemata composed of at least 10 adpressed hyphae	-	Not tuberculate	10–15.5 × 2.5–3.5	de Hoog and Papendorf (1976), Sutton (1973)
P. sparsa var. cubensis	-	-	-	-	(4–)7– 11(–17) ×(1.5–) 2– 3(–4)	Mercado-Sierra et al. (1997), Mel’nik (2012)
P. synnematica	399–960 × 12–30	Synnematal, erect, rigid, dark brown to olivaceous brown, composed of compactly parallel appressed conidiophores, cylindrical to clavate	1.5–960 × 1–3.5	Macronematous to semi- macronematous, highly geniculate, dark brown to olivaceous brown, synnematous, simple to dichotomously branched, emerging out at the apex and along the sides of the upper half or two thirds of each synnema, dark brown at the base, brown to pale brown	4–11 × 2–5	Boonmee et al. (2021)
P. tuberculata	-	Synnemata composed of at least 10 adpressed hyphae	-	Conspicuously tuberculate	8–13.5 × 1.5–2	Castañeda Ruiz et al. (2002), Sutton (1993)
P. uniseptata	-	-	-	-	(3.5–) 5.5– 7.5 (–10) × 1.5–3	de Hoog and Papendorf (1976), Mercado-Sierra (1984), Mel’nik (2012)
P. vietnamensis	330–380 µm high, 20–25(– 30) µm wide at the base	-	2–2.5(–3) µm wide	Macronematous, in synnematous conidiomata, scattered, synnemata subulate or cylindrical, indeterminate composed of medium to dark brown, smooth, septate parallel hyphae	18.5– 23.5 × 4.5–5	Mel’nik (2012)

Figure 2.  

Phylogenetic tree of Bayesian analysis, based on a concatenated alignment of ITS, LSU and SSU sequences. Branch support is shown at the nodes, Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support (BS, black) ≥ 60% and Bayesian posterior probability (PP, red) ≥ 0.95. Leotialubrica (AFTOLID 1) and Microglossum rufum (OSC100641) are selected as the outgroup taxa. The new species is marked in red and ex-type strains are in bold.

Analysis

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

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