Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomy & Inventories
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Corresponding author: Yu-Zhou Du (yzdu@yzu.edu.cn)
Academic editor: Jean-Luc Gattolliat
Received: 20 Sep 2022 | Accepted: 25 Oct 2022 | Published: 11 Nov 2022
© 2022 Qing-Bo Huo, Abdur Rehman, Meng-Yuan Zhao, Yu-Ben Yang, Ya-Nan Xiang, Yu-Zhou Du, Jian-Feng Wang, Dávid Murányi, Valentina A. Teslenko
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Huo Q-B, Rehman A, Zhao M-Y, Yang Y-B, Xiang Y-N, Du Y-Z, Wang J-F, Murányi D, Teslenko VA (2022) Additions to the fauna and biology of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Taizi River Basin, Liaoning, with seven new species records to China. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e95120. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e95120
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An investigation report of stonefly fauna in Benxi Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province, northeast China (used to be called Manchuria, now includes Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang Provinces and parts of Inner Mongolia, which are adjacent to the Russian Far East and the Korean Peninsula). Materials were studied with field observation in 2018 and 2019.
This paper records five families, nine genera and 14 species of stoneflies from Taizi River, Liaoning Province. Nine species have been recorded for the first time in China and the biology of several common species is also reported for the first time.
Plecoptera, Liaoning, Leuctridae, Nemourinae, Chloroperlidae, Perlidae, Perlodidae, northeast China
Taizi River is located in northeast China and is the largest freshwater river in Liaoning Province. Its source is located in the Benxi Manchu Autonomous County to Huanren County in the east of Liaoning, belonging to the Changbai Mountains. There are multiple hills and branches of streams on both sides of Taizi River, with mixed broadleaf-conifer forest (
From 2018 to 2019, more localities of Taizi River Basin including Xiaodonggou (near Yanghugou Village), Tianguan Virgin Forest and Daomugou (Fig.
The map of the sampling localities in Taizi River (map provided by www.tianditu.gov.cn).
Perlomyia smithae Nelson & Hanson, 1973, Perlomyia baei Murányi & Hwang, 2017 and Perlomyia koreana Murányi & Hwang, 2017. A–C P. smithae, male head and pronotum; terminalia, dorsal and ventral view; D P. baei, female terminalia, ventral view; E P. koreana, female terminalia, ventral view.
Specimens were collected by hand, sweep net and light trap and preserved in 75% ethanol. Abdominal segments of specimens were examined and illustrated by KEYENCE VHX-5000. Photographs were taken with a Canon camera (EOS 5D Mark III & PowerShot SX730 HS) and optimised by Adobe Photoshop CS6. The materials are deposited in the Insect Collection of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Province, China.
Materials examined are from these localities: Site A1: Xiaodong Gou Village (Painter′s Village), Benxi County, Liaoning Province, 3-5-VII-2018, 705 m alt.,
The identification of the stonefly fauna is based on previous taxonomic literature including
Family |
Species |
Sites |
Number |
Figures |
Distribution |
Leuctridae |
Perlomyia baei Murányi & Hwang, 2017 |
A2 |
10 females |
Fig. |
South Korea; China* |
Perlomyia koreana Murányi & Hwang, 2017 |
A2 |
2 females |
Fig. |
South Korea; China* |
|
Perlomyia smithae Nelson & Hanson, 1973 |
A2 |
5 males |
Fig. |
China; North Korea; South Korea; Russia |
|
Nemourinae |
Amphinemura coreana Zwick, 1973 |
A2 |
6 males, 2 females |
Fig. |
South Korea; Kazakhstan; North Korea; Russia; China* |
Amphinemura verrucosa Zwick, 1973 |
B |
2 males, 1 female |
Fig. |
Russia; South Korea; China |
|
Nemoura papilla Okamoto, 1922 |
A2 |
3 males, 4 females |
Fig. |
Japan; Russia; South Korea; China |
|
Nemoura tau Zwick, 1973 |
A2 |
2 males, 2 females |
Fig. |
South Korea; China* |
|
Chloroperlidae |
Alloperla joosti Zwick, 1972 |
A1, B |
4 females |
Fig. |
Russia; Mongolia; South Korea; China* |
Alloperla mediata (Navás, 1925) |
A1 |
2 females |
Fig. |
Russia; China; Japan; South Korea; Mongolia |
|
Suwallia asiatica Zhiltzova & Levanidova, 1978 |
A1, A2, B |
17 males, 20 females |
Fig. |
Russia; China |
|
Perlidae |
Neoperla coreensis Ra, Kim, Kang & Ham, 1994 |
A1, |
2 females |
Fig. |
South Korea; China* |
Oyamia nigribasis Banks, 1920 |
A1, A2, C |
25 males, 32 females, 20 nymphs/shed skins |
Fig. |
China; Russia; South Korea |
|
Perlodidae |
Isoperla flavescens Zhiltzova & Potikha, 1986 |
A1, A2, B |
5 males, 3 females |
Fig. |
Russia; South Korea; China* |
Stavsolus manchuricus Teslenko, 1999 |
A1, A2, B |
18 males, 20 females |
Fig. |
Russia; China; South Korea |
Emergence and parasite
The emergence sites are located on riverside plants and structures. Only Oyamia nigribasis and Stavsolus manchuricus always emerge in the broad mainstream of Taizi River, but other smaller-sized species are more common in the tributaries of width less than 3 m. All the Leuctridae, Nemourinae, Chloroperlidae and Neoperla there can be collected on grasses or shrubs (height<3 m) by the river, while Oyamia nigribasis, Stavsolus manchuricus and Isoperla flavescens often fly to the higher tree canopy (height>4 m).
In addition, Oyamia nigribasis is the primary carrier of water mites (Hydryphantidae sp.) and each adult can carry dozens of mites of different instars (Fig.
Most of the above species are ready to mate after eclosion in early June (the emergence date of Neoperla coreensis is still unknown) and large numbers of females with egg masses can still be observed by early July (Table
Taxon/ Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Leuctridae |
||||||||||||
Perlomyia martynovi |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Perlomyia secunda |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Perlomyia smithae |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Nemourinae |
||||||||||||
Amphinemura coreana |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Nemoura hamulata |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Nemoura transversospinosa |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Nemoura tau |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Chloroperlidae |
||||||||||||
Alloperla acietata |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Alloperla kurilensis |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+♀ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Alloperla mediata |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+♀ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Suwallia asiatica |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Perlidae |
||||||||||||
Neoperla coreensis |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+♀ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Oyamia nigribasis |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Perlodidae |
||||||||||||
Isoperla flavescens |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Stavsolus manchuricus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+♀ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
In June, females of Chloroperlidae will fly to the river to lay eggs before it becomes dark (19:00 - 19:20 h, Beijing time). In early July, when the sun is setting, but the afterglow can still illuminate the entire river surface (19:30 - 19:50 h, Beijing time), Oyamia nigribasis females carrying eggs will fly and crash into the river during this time period from the mountains on both sides of the river (Fig.
Amongst the above species, Leuctridae, Nemourinae and Neoperla coreensis were not attracted and collected by light traps. Oyamia nigribasis and Stavsolus manchuricus have weak phototaxis, even being photonegative to the extent that females carrying eggs were seldom found under the light (n < 5 per night) and immediately changed flight direction or rushed into the river when illuminated by an electric torch. In addition, Alloperla spp. and Suwallia asiatica are the most phototactic species there (Fig.
Most of the stonefly species mentioned in this article were originally recorded only in the Russian Far East, Korea Island or Mongolia. The Changbai Mountains is on the border with North Korea and close to the Russian border. Therefore, this study presents the potential local diversity of stonefly species and more neighbouring species may be discovered in northeast China in the future.
This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32170459; 31872266; 31071958) and China Scholarship Council. We express our gratitude to Prof. Liu Guang-Chun for organising the investigation in Liaoning and we thank our colleagues, Gao Peng, Zhang Zhuo, Zhang Jiao and Yu Dan for helping to collect materials. We also thank Prof. Guo Jian-Jun for identifying the mites.