Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomic Paper
|
Corresponding author:
Academic editor: Michael Skvarla
Received: 14 Jun 2016 | Accepted: 21 Jul 2016 | Published: 22 Jul 2016
© 2016 Jennifer Heron, Cory Sheffield
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Heron J, Sheffield C (2016) First Canadian record of the water mite Thermacarus nevadensis Marshall, 1928 (Arachnida: Acariformes: Hydrachnidiae: Thermacaridae) from hot springs in British Columbia. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e9550. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9550
|
Thermacarus nevadensis Marshall, 1928 is an uncommonly collected mite associated with hot spring environments in the western United States. Information on its distribution and ecology are incomplete.
In this paper, we report Thermacarus nevadensis from northern British Columbia. These records represent the first of Thermacaridae from Canada, the most northern records of this species in North America, and the most northern records for the family globally. We also provide short notes and images of the habitats in which specimens have been collected in Canada.
Hot springs, Acari, Thermacaridae, Canada, British Columbia, DNA barcode
Hot spring habitats, as defined by
There are over 115 hot springs in Canada. Most of these are western, with at least 100 reported from British Columbia alone (
Mites are among the most diverse groups of arthropods, with close to 10 thousand species occurring in Canada (
One family of hot spring-inhabiting mites is Thermacaridae, a monogeneric group with four currently recognized species. The family and genus Thermacarus were proposed by
In this paper, we report the first records of Thermacaridae from Canada. These Canadian records also represent the most northern occurrences for this family known globally.
The Liard River hot springs and the extensive hot spring swamps are located at kilometre 765 of the Alaska Highway in northeastern British Columbia within Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park (59.431, -126.1), and are the only known location for Hotwater Physa (Physella wrighti Te and Clarke, 1985), an endangered freshwater pulmunate snail (
The natural margins of Alpha Pool and Alpha Stream had extensive algal growth, both just above the surface and under the water, and many mites were observed crawling on these mats within 10 cm above the water-air interface in 2014 (Fig.
Several other hot springs in northeastern British Columbia were also examined during surveys conducted by the British Columbia Ministry of Environment to look for Hotwater Physa (
Grayling River hot spring at Grayling River Hot Springs Ecological Reserve, showing the dense algal mats on the surface. Although mites were not observed on the surface of these mats, there were specimens among the samples collected with aquatic insect nets. Photos by C. Sheffield.
The Deer River hot springs (59.504163, -125.956703) were also visited in 2014 and 2016, and are also located within Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park (Fig.
To contribute DNA barcodes to the ongoing Barcodes of Life campaign, tissue samples were taken from arthropods from all hot springs surveyed, including mites from both the Liard River and Grayling sites, and then sent to be processed and sequenced for the DNA barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (
All specimens examined in this study are deposited in the Royal Saskatchewan Museum (RSKM) entomology collection (Regina, SK). Upon completion, voucher material will also be deposited in the Royal British Columbia Museum (RBCM, Victoria, BC), the E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum, University of Alberta (Edmonton, AB), and the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes (CNC, Ottawa, ON).
Canada, United States
Thermacaridae can be recognized using the keys of
Thermacarus mites are apparently hot spring specialists as all four known species have been collected in waters of at least 40ºC (
Western Toads, Anaxyrus boreas in Alpha Stream and Delta/Epsilon and Gamma springs complex at Liard River Hotsprings Provincial Park. Photos by J. Heron.
There is also some evidence that larvae of T. nevadensis may be attracted to other vertebrates, as larva have been found on, though not attached to humans in hot springs (
There are many hot spring habitats within British Columbia, particularly in the cordillera regions, but many of these are threatened by increased residiential and/or recreational development (
From a conservation perspective, the presence of Thermacarus mites in Canada has evolutionary and ecological significance. As indicated by
We thank Al Hansen, Greg Wilson and Dave Fraser (BC Ministry of Environment (MoE), Parks and Protected Areas), and Claudia Copley and Darren Copley (Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC). Thanks to Qwest Helicopters for assistance in reaching some of the field sites. Thanks also to the journal editor and reviewers for their helpful comments.