Shell thick, ovoidal and grossly conical; spire with 4-5 convex coils; pattern reticulated, ranging from beige to light purple; operculum calcareous or chalky. Some specimens were collected on sandy-clayey slopes that line the road connecting Monte del Frate and Monte Adone, down to a depth of 60 cm. Others were collected at similar depths in the underbrush along a creek (Fosso Raibano); finally, some specimens were collected from the underbrush floor. The species is thermophilic and euryecious; it is widespread and present on calcareous soils, in meadows and underbrush, either uncultivated or cultivated, from hills to plains (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995). Drought periods of several months do not affect survival of this species (Welter-Schultes 2012). Recalling it is a burrowing species, it requires a loose substrate (Kerney and Cameron 1979), where it can dig at least 10 cm, to estivate or hibernate (Welter-Schultes 2012). This species has been described as xerophilic and calcicolous (Boato et al. 1984); moreover, it has been found in the Quaternary dune at Capo Mele (Savona, Italy) as a fossil (Boato et al. 1984).

Shell cylindrical, short, stubby, brownish; cervical callus thick; grooves thin and regular; normally the aperture shows eight folds and four palatal lamellae, visible from outside (Nardi and Niero 2013). A only single specimen was collected beside the road, at the surface, near Campiuno.

Shell cylindrical, short, stubby, brownish. Only one specimen out of four was collected at a depth of about 40 cm, near Campiuno on reddish soil. The subspecies is typically found on calcareous soils in the underbrush litter, as well as at the base of rocks, in sunny calcareous areas, on screes and walls (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Kerney and Cameron 1979, Welter-Schultes 2012, Nardi and Niero 2013). The subspecies can be found up to 1,300 m a.s.l. in Switzerland (Welter-Schultes 2012).

Shell cylindrical, short, stubby, brownish. Specimens were collected on the sandy underbrush soil, at the surface. The species inhabits environments with calcareous soils, provided that herbaceous or shrubby vegetation is present (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Nardi and Niero 2013). Granaria variabilis is a xerothermophilic species that dwells also on dry walls, from the sea level to 1,600 m a.s.l. (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Boato et al. 1984, Welter-Schultes 2012).

Shell small, grossly stubby and cylindrical; spire with 7-9 coils; four teeth are visible in the aperture, at different levels of development; peristome white; colour beige. Samples were collected on sandy soils beside the road to Monte Adone, at the surface, as well as in underbrush upstream to the road, near Campiuno. This subspecies inhabits calcareous soils and lives on grass and shrubs in sunny areas, as well as under rocks, in crevices and on screes (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995). Calcareous soils are populated by this subspecies from the plain to the mountain levels, in xeric environments, less commonly on grassy and shrubby vegetation (Kerney and Cameron 1979). It tolerates extensive grazing and can be found in sheep and goat pastures, up to 2,400 m a.s.l. in the Alps (Welter-Schultes 2012). It was also reported as a Pleistocene fossil from Varazze (Savona, Italy; Boato et al. (1984)).

Shell solid, globular, ranging from brown to reddish-brown; border of the aperture white; the last part of the last coil leans towards the aperture. Adult specimens of this subspecies inhabit moderately open and sunny habitats, avoiding excessive moisture, as is the case for the top of Monte Adone. It is possible, even if uncommon, to find individuals of this subspecies in deciduous woods, either in the leaf litter or on trunks or in hedgerows and scrub (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Girod 2011). It lives in shrubs, between leaves and semi-dry meadows at sunny slopes, up to 1,600 m a.s.l. (Welter-Schultes 2012).

Shell globular and thin, with a maximum of six coils; globally whitish and translucent, but the last coil is reddish around the peristome; umbilicus evident, but not completely open. Some specimens were collected down to a depth of 60 cm, below Campiuno. The species inhabits open environments, typically near water bodies and at lower elevations (Boato et al. 1984, Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Cossignani and Cossignani 2020). It is not found in woods, rather it lives in roadside verges, hedges (Kerney and Cameron 1979), railways, dunes and well-drained calcareous soils (Welter-Schultes 2012).

Shell delicate, whitish, sometimes beige; peristome edge shows a thin, brown-reddish band; more flattened than M. cantiana. Specimens were collected near to the high sandstone outcrops of Monte del Frate, at a depth of approximately 50 cm. This is a thermophilic species with a wide distribution, inhabiting meadows, cultivated fields, gardens, vineyards, roadsides and ruins (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Girod 2011, Welter-Schultes 2012); it also tolerates sheep or cattle grazing in grasslands (Welter-Schultes 2012). It is common to find this species even at hill elevations, albeit it becomes rare above 700 m (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Boato et al. 1984, Welter-Schultes 2012).

Shell ranging from whitish to cream, translucent, similar to other species of the genus Monacha, but the shell is more flattened. The species dwells in habitats with grassy vegetation, such as meadows, on calcareous substrates (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Welter-Schultes 2012).

Shell ranging from yellowish to brown-reddish, translucent; microsculpture reticulated, regular, very fine; aperture edge is normally reddish, with a whitish band inside; umbilicus very narrow, but open. This thermophilic subspecies (Girod 2011) can be found in moist environments, woods and hedges, in sunny areas, up to an elevation of 1,500 m a.s.l., especially when shrubby vegetation is present (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Girod 2011). Juveniles climb up plants and feed on rotting vegetation, while adults feed on dead leaves of plants near water bodies (Welter-Schultes 2012).

Background colour from yellowish to beige to greenish; normally 1-5 spiral brown bands are present, well evident, with yellow or white grooves; peristome white, the edge being more or less folded outside; umbilicus closed in adults. The single specimen was collected in the underbrush, at the surface, below the walls of Monte Mario. This species inhabits natural meadows, shrubs, dunes, cultivated fields, as well as gardens (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Welter-Schultes 2012). It is often a garden pest and has been artificially dispersed across Europe (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Welter-Schultes 2012).

Colour globally brown; shape globular; suture shallow; whorls thick and rounded; umbilicus open. Specimens were collected beside the road to Monte Adone-Brento, at the surface. This species inhabits grassy habitats, rocky areas and woodlands (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995). It can burrow in the soil and remain burrowed for long periods: in Crete, it appears for only a few days in a year at the first winter rainfall (Welter-Schultes 2012).

The shell is highly variable; typically, it is large, ranging from beige to brown in colour. Specimens were caught in a sandy underbrush, at the surface. This species is common in dense vegetation along water bodies, as well as in the underbrush, in mountain areas from Northern Apennine to Calabria, sometimes over the timberline (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Welter-Schultes 2012).

Shell medium-sized to small; ranging from white to grey, with a dark brown band and other patterns (bands or spots) on the lower region; 5-6 coils are present; peristome thick, sometimes with teeth; umbilicus narrow. Specimens were collected in the underbrush, close to the sandstone walls of Monte Mario, at the surface. Individuals of this subspecies perfer dry environments between rocks and rocky outcrops, dry meadows and walls (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Welter-Schultes 2012, Cossignani and Cossignani 2020) or, more generically, open habitats and areas where grasses were somewhat scraped, from the mountain plain to the vegetation limit in high altitude plain, up to 2,400 m (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Welter-Schultes 2012). This subspecies is also known as a Pleistocene fossil in the Verezzi area (Savona, Italy; Boato et al. (1984)).

Shell small, with white and brown stripes; shape somewhat flattened; umbilicus well open. Specimens were collected on sandy-clayey slopes in front of the road between Monte del Frate and Monte Adone, at the surface. Normally, this species lives in roadsides and screes, on coastal dunes, as well as in arid grasslands (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Cossignani and Cossignani 2020). Cernuella neglecta climbs herbal plants and trunks to estivate (Welter-Schultes 2012). The range characterisation of this species is hampered by misidentification in literature (Welter-Schultes 2012).

Shell with 5-7 coils, variable in colour and shape, with or without bands; umbilicus open; peristome brown in adults. The specimen was collected along the path in the underbrush through the small Raibano Valley, at the surface. The species inhabits dry, open places: arid meadows, ruderal habitats, hedgerows and grassland (Kerney and Cameron 1979). Cernuella virgata also lives on dunes (Kerney and Cameron 1979): in Romagna, specimens were collected on sandy dunes in the Rimini (Italy) area (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995). This species can live at roadsides, in harvested fields and railways; it ascends vertical walls and attaches to tall plants to escape bottom heat (Welter-Schultes 2012). In Italy, this taxon is highly polymorphic, both in terms of shell structure and genital morphology, so that doubt was cast whether it is a single species or a species complex (Boato et al. 1984).

The specimen was collected in the underbrush below the walls of Monte Mario, at the surface. This species typically inhabits cool, moist underbrushes, in rocky grasslands, even at high elevation on the Apennine Mountains (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Welter-Schultes 2012). This is the first report for the Northern Apennine and Emilia-Romagna areas.

Shell thick, smooth, medium-sized and flattened; 5-6 coils in adults; background colour white or white-yellowish, with variable bands, ranging from dark brown to black. Some specimens were collected below the walls of Monte Mario at a depth of about 40 cm. The subspecies is typical of xerothermophilic habitats, such as arid meadows (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995), but also dunes, vineyards, ruins, roadsides and railway dams (Welter-Schultes 2012). It is more active in winter than in summer, when it is active only at rainfalls (Welter-Schultes 2012). It attains up to 2,000 m in the Alps (Kerney and Cameron 1979); this is the first report for the Northern Apennine and Emilia-Romagna areas.

Shell medium-sized, very variable, ranging from grey to yellow, with variable bands and spots; 5-6 flattened coils are present; peristome whitish or reddish; umbilicus large. The species inhabits meadows, ruderal habitats, roadsides and margins of arable fields (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Welter-Schultes 2012, Cossignani and Cossignani 2020). It is common near coasts and in valleys, but it can inhabit sunny mountain slopes in rocky areas in Italy (Welter-Schultes 2012). This is the first report for the Tuscan-Emilian Apennine and Emilia-Romagna areas.

Shell medium-sized to small, hairy; umbilicus open; ranging from dark brown to brown; flattened above; peristome flattened; lips somewhat thick, white, with a callus in the aperture with three lobes. This subspecies is found in forests under fallen branches, leaf litter and between stones, usually on calcareous substrate; in the Alps, it may reach 1,900 m, but is rarely found above 1,500 m (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Giusti et al. 1985, Welter-Schultes 2012). It may weakly climb up tree trunks and hibernates in rotting wood logs (Welter-Schultes 2012). Hairs on the shell can reach 1 mm in length and are usually permanent (Welter-Schultes 2012).

The collection site of the present specimen is of particular interest, at the base of sandstone outcrops in a small, moist dell with abundant vegetation - a site which may represent a refugial micro-environment with respect to ecological features of this subspecies.

Shell medium-sized, globular; umbilicus deep; ranging from white to brown in colour. The specimen was collected in the underbrush, at the surface. The species inhabits open meadows, as well as wood leaf litter, edges of woods and bushes in moist habitats (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995), while it is normally absent from open, sunny sites, since it is sensitive to drought (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Welter-Schultes 2012). This species was also found in the Padan Plain (Boato et al. 1984). It feeds on dead leaves, herbs and mushrooms (Welter-Schultes 2012). This is the first report for the Tuscan-Emilian Apennine and Emilia-Romagna areas.

Shell with five coils; diameter of about 14 mm; deep sutures. The single specimen of M. g. glabra was collected in a sandy underbrush below the walls of Monte Mario. Normally, this subspecies is found in underbrush, rocks and screes on open hillsides, as well as in biotopes in front of caves and in open, moist environments, but also leaf litter of deciduous and coniferous forests (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Welter-Schultes 2012). It is mailny montane and can reach up to 1,850 m a.s.l. in Switzerland (Kerney and Cameron 1979). It feeds on plants and juvenile snails (Welter-Schultes 2012). This is the first report for the Northern Apennine and Emilia-Romagna areas.

Shell small, yellow-brown, lucent, flattened, with very few, packed coils. The specimen was collected in the underbrush. This species inhabits the leaf litter in broad-leaved, deciduous forests, as well as woods, fields, rocks and gardens; rarely it also inhabits acidic places, such as conifer plantations (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Cossignani and Cossignani 1995). It can also be found at water margins and in cultivated areas with moist meadows (Welter-Schultes 2012). This is the first report for the Tuscan-Emilian Apennine and Emilia-Romagna areas.

The shell is similar to O. alliarius, but the colour is darker. Both specimens were collected in the wood upstream to the road to Monte Adone-Brento, at a depth of 40-50 cm. This species inhabits the leaf litter in broad-leaved, deciduous forests; caves, even in depth; vegetation and rocky outcrops with a suitable level of moisture and sheltering (Boato et al. 1984, Cossignani and Cossignani 1995). It is also common in gardens, urban waste ground, roadside rubbish, compost heaps and greenhouses (Kerney and Cameron 1979, Welter-Schultes 2012). O. draparnaudi feeds on earthworms, juvenile slugs, juvenile snails, even cat and dog food (Welter-Schultes 2012). Fossils from genus Oxychilus were found in Quaternary sites near to Pietra Ligure and Capo Mele (Savona, Italy; Boato et al. 1984).

Shell yellowish-brown, dextral, medium-sized, thin, almost transparent, globular, with 5-6 coils; sutures well evident; umbilicus large, deep, funnel-shaped; peristome unfolded and thin. Some specimens were collected at a depth of up to 50 cm along the Raibano Valley path. Normally, R. o. olivetorum inhabits shady hill and mountain meadows in chestnut and olive woods (Cossignani and Cossignani 1995, Welter-Schultes 2012, Cossignani and Cossignani 2020). It can survive drought inside the soil and appears only during and after longer rainfalls (Welter-Schultes 2012).