Literature-based occurrences data of marine species in Venezuela

Ana Carolina Peralta Brichtova; Joxmer Scott-Frías; Carlos Carmona-Suarez; Carmen Rodriguez; Jeannette Perez-Benítez; Adriana Lopez-Ordaz; Brightdoom Marquez-Rojas; Carlos Lira; Santiago Gómez Acevedo; Yusneyi Carballo Barrera; Bladimir Rodríguez; Francoise Cavada-Blanco; José Delgado; Eduardo Klein

doi:10.3897/BDJ.11.e98213

Biodiversity Data Journal : Data Paper (Biosciences)

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Data Paper (Biosciences)

Literature-based occurrences data of marine species in Venezuela

Ana Carolina Peralta Brichtova^‡, Joxmer Scott-Frías^§, Carlos Carmona-Suarez^|, Carmen Teresa Rodriguez^¶, Jeannette Perez-Benítez^#, Adriana Lopez-Ordaz^¤, Brightdoom Marquez-Rojas^«, Carlos Lira^», Santiago Gómez Acevedo^˄, Yusneyi Carballo Barrera^˅, Bladimir Rodríguez^¦, Francoise Cavada-Blanco^ˀ, José Ramón Delgado^ˀ, Eduardo Klein^ˁ

‡ INTECMAR, Caribbean OBIS, Fundación Caribe Sur, Caracas, Venezuela

§ Línea de Investigación del Plancton, Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

| IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela

¶ BioMaC, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela

# Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caribbean OBIS, Caracas, Venezuela

¤ Universidad Simón Bolívar - INTECMAR, Caracas, Venezuela

« Universidad de Oriente - IOV, Cumana, Venezuela

» Universidad de Oriente - ECAM, Boca del Río, Venezuela

˄ Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

˅ Centro de Enseñanza Asistida por Computador (CENEAC), Escuela de Computación, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

¦ Fundación Museo del Mar, Boca del Río, Venezuela

ˀ Fundación Caribe Sur, Caracas, Venezuela

ˁ Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caribbean OBIS, Caracas, Venezuela

Corresponding author: Ana Carolina Peralta Brichtova (anacarolaperaltab@gmail.com)

Academic editor: Anne Thessen

Received: 30 Nov 2022 | Accepted: 17 Jan 2023 | Published: 03 Feb 2023

© 2023 Ana Carolina Peralta Brichtova, Joxmer Scott-Frías, Carlos Carmona-Suarez, Carmen Rodriguez, Jeannette Perez-Benítez, Adriana Lopez-Ordaz, Brightdoom Marquez-Rojas, Carlos Lira, Santiago Gómez Acevedo, Yusneyi Carballo Barrera, Bladimir Rodríguez, Francoise Cavada-Blanco, José Delgado, Eduardo Klein

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Peralta Brichtova AC, Scott-Frías J, Carmona-Suarez C, Rodriguez CT, Perez-Benítez J, Lopez-Ordaz A, Marquez-Rojas B, Lira C, Gómez Acevedo S, Carballo Barrera Y, Rodríguez B, Cavada-Blanco F, Delgado JR, Klein E (2023) Literature-based occurrences data of marine species in Venezuela. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e98213. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e98213

Abstract

Background

Venezuela has suffered a severe academic and research management crisis and funding opportunities for marine research and data management have been practically absent. This has worsened over the past five years and, as a result, libraries and other institutional spaces have been repeatedly vandalised, with hundreds of records, specimens and historical data stolen, destroyed or burned. To avoid the loss of irreplaceable data on Venezuelan biodiversity, an initiative was promoted, aimed at digitising information to create a rich dataset of biodiversity records, with emphasis on marine protected areas for the country, as well as to fill gaps in the distribution and status of marine biodiversity in Venezuela. Nighteen (19) institutions in the country focusing on marine science have consistently produced a wealth of information about Venezuela’s marine biodiversity in the form of specimen collections, unpublished sampled data and research theses through the work of hundreds of researchers and students. An inventory of available data sources at these national institutions was conducted under the National Biodiversity Data Mobilization Grant and the Biodiversity Information for Development Program, together with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) support. All recovered and processed datasets were published in the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) repositories.

New information

This occurrences data collection represents a major contribution to the marine biodiversity inventory in Venezuela. It is based on numerous published papers, reports, books and checklists provided by experts, covering a broad taxonomic collection from which we obtained species occurrences (present and absent), organised into 59 datasets containing 40,881 records. This represents a 28.49% contribution to the records of the Venezuelan marine biodiversity reported to the OBIS (143,513 records in the OBIS until November 2022). The extracted data showed 3,041 marine species, with representatives of each of the six kingdoms: Animalia, Chromista, Bacteria, Plantae, Fungi and Protozoa. The datasets provide information on occurrence since 1822, extending the temporal coverage of the species occurrence inventory for Venezuela, which was established in 1879 before this project. The number of records for Venezuela increased by 41.3% compared with the data available before the project. Most of the occurrences (63.47%) were registered in Marine Protected Areas. Data collection included records of non-native species, descriptions of new species and species listed under different IUCN categories.

Keywords

occurrence data, marine species, biodiversity, data digitisation, Animalia, Chromista, Bacteria, Plantae, Fungi, Protozoa, OBIS, GBIF, Venezuela, southern Caribbean.

Introduction

Venezuela is amongst the top ten countries with the greatest biodiversity in the world (Aguilera et al. 2003, Grande 2018). However, due to the enormous impact of human activities, such as tourism, overexploitation of marine resources, physical alteration and pollution, marine environments are at great risk and their biodiversity is highly threatened (Miloslavich et al. 2003). Coastal area management involves assessing changes in the distribution and abundance of coastal and marine species. However, the Venezuelan Integrated Plan for Coastal Management (Plan de Ordenamiento y Gestión Integral de Zonas Costeras) reveals a lack of information related to biodiversity attributes and indicators, which forms the basis for projecting risks and identifying actions to reduce coastal vulnerability (Minamb 2013, Peralta Brichtova 2021). On the other hand, Venezuela is suffering a severe academic and research management crisis and funding opportunities for marine research and data management have been practically absent (Requena 2003, Requena 2012, Bull and Rosales 2020, Van Roekel and De Theije 2020, Garcia Zea 2020, Requena 2021). This has worsened over the past five years and, as a result, libraries and other institutional spaces have been repeatedly vandalised with hundreds of records, specimens and historical data stolen, destroyed or burned. To preserve the information that will serve assessments, planning and management, an initiative for mobilising marine data was promoted by Fundación Caribe Sur. Through the “Rescuing the knowledge base of Venezuela’s marine biodiversity” project supported by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and funded by the European Union via the Biodiversity Information for Development Programme-BID, the project managed to identify and digitise the Venezuelan marine biodiversity data found in articles and grey literature stored in many national academic institutions. This article summarises the rescued dataset collections derived from this project, which are hosted in the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) and GBIF to date. The resulting data collection is composed of 59 datasets (occurrence and sampling events) with 40,881 records of marine organisms from a broad range of taxonomic categories registered within the Venezuelan maritime area, including some of its islands (Table 1).

Table 1.

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Data collection from Venezuela used in the compilation, including number of records and references from OBIS/GBIF.

Partial dataset	Dataset title	No. records	Resource type	Resource citation
1	Benthic macroalgae from the coasts of Venezuela 1822-2021	10,438	Occurrence	Gómez Acevedo and Carballo Barrera (2022)
2	Zooplankton of Morrocoy National Park 2000-2002	8,066	Sampling event	Zoppi de Roa et al. (2022)
3	Diversidad de Foraminiferos en Venezuela	4,506	Occurrence	Carvajal-Chitty (2022)
4	Records of the vertical distribution of planktonic copepods in the Southern Caribbean	2,268	Sampling event	Cervigón and Scott-Frías (2022)
5	Spatial and temporal characterisation of zooplankton in Los Roques Archipelago (Venezuela)	1,824	Sampling event	Casanova et al. (2022)
6	Esponjas asociadas a raíces de Rhizophora mangle del Parque Nacional Morrocoy	1,414	Sampling event	Pérez (2022)
7	IOV - Distribución espacial y temporal del fitoplancton en el Golfo de Cariaco	1,144	Sampling event	Calvo-Trujillo et al. (2022)
8	Biodiversidad Marina del Parque Nacional Laguna de La Restinga	1,019	Occurrence	Lira (2022e)
9	Marine Fishes from Archipielago los Roques, Venezuela	861	Occurrence	Rodriguez et al. (2022)
10	Megabenthos biodiversity of the northwest coast of Paraguana Peninsula (Venezuela)	807	Sampling event	Lopez (2022)
11	IOV Fitoplancton del Saco del Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela	739	Sampling event	Márquez-Rojas et al. (2022a)
12	Biodiversidad de Moluscos de la isla de Margarita	647	Occurrence	Lira (2022f)
13	Macroalgas del Parque Nacional Laguna de La Restinga, isla de Margarita, Venezuela	613	Sampling event	Lira (2022d)
14	Peces asociados a los arrecifes Coralinos del Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela	608	Sampling event	Rodriguez-Quintal et al. (2022b)
15	Peces de las lagunas costeras de Isla Margarita, Venezuela	475	Sampling event	Lira (2022c)
16	IOV Copépodos del Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela	447	Sampling event	Marquez et al. (2022a)
17	Poliquetos criptobentonicos en Orbicella annularis en arrecifes coralinos del PNA de Los Roques Venezuela	386	Sampling event	Rodriguez Fernandez et al. (2022)
18	Poliquetos fondos arenosos de Arrecifes de Coral en el PN Archipiélago de Los Roques, Venezuela	382	Sampling event	Diaz-Diaz et al. (2022)
19	IOV-UDO-ZOOPLANCTON-PLAYA COLORADA	371	Sampling event	Marquez et al. (2022b)
20	Peces asociados a raíces de manglar en el PN Morrocoy, Venezuela	279	Sampling event	López (2022)
21	Crustaceos decapodos asociados a Stichodactyla helianthus Isla Larga, Carabobo, Venezuela	263	Sampling event	Mariño et al. (2022)
22	Algunos Copépodos de la Fachada Atlántica de Venezuela	255	Sampling event	Camisotti and Pérez (2022)
23	Corales escleractínidos de La Orchila, Venezuela, 1976	207	Sampling event	Pérez and Urich (2022)
24	Demospongias de la Laguna La Restinga, Venezuela	199	Sampling event	Lira (2022a)
25	Componentes biológicos estudiados en el área de influencia del tramo D, poliducto SUFAZ. La primera fase del Plan de Monitoreo y Seguimiento en el marco del proyecto SUFAZ	197	Occurrence	Peralta Brichtova (2022)
26	Peces asociados a una pradera de fanerógamas marinas en el PN Archipiélago Los Roques	196	Sampling event	López et al. (2022)
27	Macroalgas del área de influencia del terminal marino de la empresa Salinera Sacosal, Araya, Estado Sucre, Venezuela	179	Sampling event	Barrios-Montilla (2022a)
28	Diversity, abundance and other ecological features of littoral brachyuran crabs from Falcon State, Venezuela	168	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022b)
29	Marine Invasive Species of Venezuela	158	Occurrence	Gonzalez (2022)
30	Peces de arrecifes coralinos de Isla Larga y Alcatraz, PN San Esteban, Venezuela	154	Sampling event	Rodríguez-Quintal et al. (2022)
31	Distribución espacial y abundancia de la Familia Corycaeidae Dana, 1852 (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) en el Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela	149	Sampling event	Márquez-Rojas et al. (2022b)
32	Abundancia y distribución de los Branchiopoda (cladóceros) marinos del Parque Nacional Mochima, estado Sucre, Venezuela	141	Sampling event	Bravo and Marquez-Rojas (2022)
33	Community features of Swimming crabs (Portunidae) from Golfete de Cuare- Falcón- Venezuela	124	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022c)
34	Cnidarios y Poriferos del Parque Nacional San Esteban, Venezuela	117	Sampling event	Rodriguez-Quintal et al. (2022b)
35	Biodiversity of Crustacea Decapoda from La Blanquilla Island- Venezuela	96	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022d)
36	Peces Criptobentonicos en los arrecifes coralinos del PN Archipiélago de Los Roques Venezuela	89	Sampling event	Rodriguez-Quintal et al. (2022a)
37	Composición y abundancia del plancton de la costa noreste de la bahía El Tablazo	89	Sampling event	Guerrero-Rios and Hernandez (2022a)
38	Moluscos Arrecifes Coralinos San Esteban Carabobo Venezuela	88	Sampling event	Alvarez-Barco et al. (2022)
39	Abundancia y Distribución de Temora turbinata y Temora stylifera en el Parque Nacional Mochima, Venezuela	81	Sampling event	Colina-Romero and Marquez-Rojas (2022)
40	Macroalgas de la bahía de Macuro, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Estudio de línea base previo a la mejora del muelle de Macuro	63	Sampling event	Barrios-Montilla (2022b)
41	Cnidarios Arrecifes Coralinos de Playa Mero, Cayo Sombrero y Peraza PN Morrocoy, Venezuela	59	Sampling event	Rodriguez-Quintal et al. (2022a)
42	Diversity and geographic distribution of brachyuran crabs from the Callapidae family in Venezuela	55	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022e)
43	Crustaceos decapodos de islotes Caribe y Los Lobos, Venezuela	50	Sampling event	Lira (2022b)
44	Swimming crabs, Portunidae, from La Vela de Coro- Falcon-Venezuela	42	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022h)
45	Peces presentes en praderas de fanerogamas en Boca Seca (PN Morrocoy) y Laguna de Yapascua (PN San Esteban) Venezuela	39	Sampling event	Rodriguez Fernandez et al. (2022)
46	Records of cephalopod paralarvae (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Caribbean and Venezuelan Atlantic Ocean	38	Sampling event	Stella Chacin and Scott-Frías (2022)
47	Diversity of littoral peneid shrimps in Falcon State, Venezuela	37	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022f)
48	Composition and abundance of decapod crustaceans in mixed seagrass meadows in the Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela	34	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022g)
49	Geographical distribution and abundance of the land blue crab Cardisoma guanhumi (Brachyura, Gecarcinidae) in Venezuela	34	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022a)
50	Diversidad de Corales y especies asociadas en el ecosistema coralino de Adícora, Península de Paraguaná, Venezuela	33	Sampling event	Gomez (2022)
51	Ictioplancton en cinco puntos del sector San Carlos del Lago de Maracaibo: composición distribución y abundancia	32	Sampling event	Guerrero-Rios and Hernandez (2022b)
52	Poliquetos holoplanctónicos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de la plataforma norte de la península de Paria y golfo de Paria, Venezuela	26	Sampling event	Cardenas-Oliva et al. (2022)
53	Macroinvertebrados bentónicos en un transecto ubicado entre Punta Espada y Punta Macolla, Golfo de Venezuela	20	Sampling event	Hernández (2022a)
54	Macroinvertebrados bentónicos del muro de San Carlos- Zulia- Venezuela	20	Sampling event	Hernández (2022b)
55	Population features of Cardisoma guanhumi in Nueva Carenero- Miranda State- Venezuela	16	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022i)
56	Spatial distribution and population features of the decorator crab Omalacantha bicornuta (former Microphrys bicornutus) in Buchuaco- Falcon State- Venezuela	15	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022j)
57	Diversity and ecological features of Majidae crabs from Morrocoy National Park - Venezuela	12	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022l)
58	Diversity, abundance and ecological features of swimming crabs (Brachyura; Portunidae) from Boca de Hueque, Venezuela	8	Sampling event	Carmona-Suarez (2022k)
59	A new species of the Stenopodidean shrimp genus Spongicola, representing the first record of the genus from the Atlantic Ocean	4	Sampling event	Rodriguez-Quintal and Goy (2022)

General description

Project description

Title:

Rescuing the knowledge base of Venezuela’s marine biodiversity

Personnel:

Ana Carolina Peralta Brichtova, Joxmer Scott-Frías, Carlos Carmona-Suárez, Carmen Rodriguez, Jeannette Perez, Adriana Lopez Ordaz, Brightdoom Marquez, Carlos Lira, Santiago Gómez Acevedo, Yusneyi Carballo Barrera, Bladimir Rodríguez, Francoise Cavada-Blanco, José Ramón Delgado and Eduardo Klein Salas

Design description:

Fundación Caribe Sur, supported by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility-GBIF, carried out the project “Rescuing the knowledge base of Venezuela’s marine biodiversity”. This Project convened researchers affiliated to seven national academic institutions and two NGOs (Universidad Simón Bolívar, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Universidad de Carabobo, Universidad de Oriente, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda, Universidad del Zulia, Fundación Museo del Mar - Museo Marino de Margarita, Fundación Caribe Sur) to safeguard the largest amount of information on marine biodiversity that has been produced in the country. The project participants rescued data on marine biodiversity from most Venezuelan marine areas by digitising and mobilising information on marine biodiversity found in each of the national institutions mentioned above. Consequently, the project integrated national researchers into the community of contributors and users of georeferenced biodiversity data of Venezuelan marine environments.

Funding:

The resources to undertake this project have been received from the European Union and GBIF under the National Biodiversity Data Mobilisation Grant and the Biodiversity Information for Development Programme - BID implemented in the Caribbean region (led by GBIF), under Proyecto GBIF-Caribe Sur / ID: BID-CA2020-025-NAC "Rescate de la Data sobre Biodiversidad Marina en Venezuela"

Sampling methods

Sampling description:

Data collection, curation and digitisation were performed by a team of 14 researchers affiliated to the most important universities, scientific research centres and NGOs that deal with marine science and marine management in Venezuela. The work contains literature-based sampling information on marine organism occurrences collected from institution libraries from which theses, research project reports and journal publications were reviewed (Table 2) to obtain data on the taxonomic groups, location of occurrence, collection dates, measurements of habitat features (such as physical and chemical parameters of the environment), biotic measurements (e.g. body size, abundance and biomass) and details regarding the nature of the sampling or observation methods, equipment and sampling effort.

Table 2.

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Sampling information source.

Data source	Number of records	%
Scientific journal	21,754	53.21
Grey literature *	16,243	39.73
Books	1,863	4.56
Catalogues	1,021	2.50

* Technical reports, Project reports and Thesis.

Quality control:

All data were structured into the Darwin Core Biodiversity Standard (Wieczorek et al. 2012), adopting the OBIS Darwin Core template and OBIS-ENV-DATA structure (OBIS 2022). The datasets were created according to the data source, taxonomic groups, home institution and professional expertise of the scientists involved in data digitisation.

Geographic coverage

Description:

The data coverage was extracted directly from the literature and checked for any misreported georeferences, covered the entire Venezuelan mainland coast and some of its islands, including diverse marine coastal habitats, such as coral reefs, mangroves, rocky shores, sandy beaches, seagrass beds, coastal lagoons, sandy bottoms, oceanic water column and sea floor. Most occurrences (63.45%) were registered within marine protected areas, including seven national parks (Morrocoy, La Restinga, Archipiélago de Los Roques, San Esteban, Mochima, Médanos de Coro and Península de Paria) and four wildlife refuges (Cuare, Boca de Caño, Hueque-Sauca and Isla de Aves) (Table 3, Fig. 1). However, some MPAs (Laguna de Tacarigua, Turuépano, and Mariusa) still show important gaps in their biodiversity records. This project recorded new occurrences from areas that traditionally lacked biodiversity information, such as the Orinoco Delta and Atlantic Front, Paria Peninsula and coastal areas of western Venezuela states (Falcón and Zulia).

Table 3.

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Occurrences recorded within Marine Protected Areas (MPA).

MPA	No. of records
Morrocoy National Park	11,548
Archipiélago Los Roques National Park	6,389
Laguna de la Restinga National Park	2,587
Cuare Wildlife Refuge	2,393
Mochima National Park	1,605
San Esteban National Park	988
Península de Paria National Park	188
Médanos de Coro National Park	103
Ciénaga Los Olivitos National Park	71
Laguna Boca de Caño Wildlife Refuge	50
Laguna de Tacarigua National Park	13
Isla de Aves Wildlife Refuge	3
Hueque-Sauca Wildlife Reserve	2

Figure 1.

Location and aggregation of occurrences reported in this work for the Venezuelan coast and its islands. Dark blue regions represent MPAs: A Ciénaga de los Olivitos National Park; B Médanos de Coro National Park, Laguna Boca de Caño Wildlife Refuge and Hueque-Sauca Wildlife Reserve; C Morrocoy and San Esteban National Parks, Cuare Wildlife Refuge; D Laguna de Tacarigua National Park; E Mochima National Park; F Laguna de La Restinga National Park; G Archipiélago de Los Roques National Park; H Península de Paria and Turuépano National Parks; I Mariusa National Park and Delta del Orinoco Biosphere Reserve.

Coordinates:

8.612 and 15.676 Latitude; -71.939 and -57.705 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

Description:

The taxonomic structure of the Venezuelan marine biodiversity collection at the time of publication represents a total of 30 Phyla, belonging to the kingdoms Animalia (17), Chromista (6), Plantae (4), Bacteria (1), Fungi (1) and Protozoa (1) (Table 4). The total number of records identified at the species level was 34,615, representing 84.67% of all the records. The remaining 15% of the records were identified at the family and genus levels.

Table 4.

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Number of records by Phylum represented in this collection.

Phylum	No. Records	Proportion of total records (%)
Arthropoda	10,642	26.03
Rhodophyta	6,306	15.43
Chordata	4,657	11.39
Foraminifera	4,619	11.30
Chlorophyta	3,163	7.74
Ochrophyta	2,478	6.06
Mollusca	1,879	4.60
Porifera	1,743	4.26
Cnidaria	1,264	3.09
Annelida	1,212	2.96
Myxozoa	987	2.41
Chaetognatha	789	1.93
Echinodermata	239	0.58
Haptophyta	236	0.58
Platyhelminthes	125	0.31
Hemichordata	87	0.21
Ciliophora	77	0.19
Bryozoa	64	0.16
Euglenozoa	56	0.14
Cyanobacteria	54	0.13
Nemertea	46	0.11
Phoronida	35	0.09
Nematoda	19	0.05
Rotifera	10	0.02
Ctenophora	7	0.02
Charophyta	5	0.01
Tracheophyta	5	0.01
Basidiomycota	2	< 0.01
Brachiopoda	1	< 0.01
Cryptophyta	1	< 0.01

A total of 3,041 species are reported. Most records belong to the phylum Arthropoda (10,642 records, 375 spp.) and phylum Rhodophyta (6,306 records, 322 spp.), while the least represented phylum were Bacteroidetes, Brachiopoda, Cryptophyta and Planctomycetes, with one single record each.

The data included records of non-native species, new species descriptions (Spongicola liosomatus, Haplophragmoides venezuelanus and Neopateorislopsis chichirivensis) and 78 species listed under different Threatened and Near Threatened IUCN categories (IUCN 2021): five species Critically Endangered (CR), nine Endangered (EN), 43 Vulnerable (VU) and 21 Near Threatened (NT) (Table 5).

Table 5.

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Considering the IUCN Red List categories.

IUCN	Species	No. Records	Phylum and family
Critically Endangered (CR)	Acropora cervicornis	11	Cnidaria, Acroporidae
	Acropora palmata	11	Cnidaria, Acroporidae
	Sphyrna lewini	4	Chordata, Sphyrnidae
	Sphyrna mokarran	3	Chordata, Sphyrnidae
	Epinephelus striatus	2	Chordata, Serranidae
Endangered (EN)	Orbicella annularis	22	Cnidaria, Merulinidae
	Orbicella faveolata	11	Cnidaria, Merulinidae
	Pseudobatos percellens	4	Chordata, Rhinobatidae
	Carcharhinus perezii	3	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Carcharhinus signatus	3	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Carcharhinus plumbeus	2	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Isurus oxyrinchus	2	Chordata, Lamnidae
	Aetobatus narinari	1	Chordata, Myliobatidae
	Carcharhinus obscurus	1	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
Vulnerable (VU)	Hippocampus erectus	10	Chordata, Syngnathidae
	Pomatomus saltatrix	9	Chordata, Pomatomidae
	Agaricia lamarcki	5	Cnidaria, Agariciidae
	Coryphopterus personatus	5	Chordata, Gobiidae
	Carcharhinus falciformis	4	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Dichocoenia stokesii	4	Cnidaria, Meandrinidae
	Carcharhinus limbatus	4	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Ginglymostoma cirratum	4	Chordata, Ginglymostomatidae
	Lachnolaimus maximus	4	Chordata, Labridae
	Carcharhinus signatus	3	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Coryphopterus lipernes	3	Chordata, Gobiidae
	Negaprion brevirostris	3	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Orbicella franksi	3	Cnidaria, Merulinidae
	Epinephelus morio	2	Chordata, Serranidae
	Lutjanus cyanopterus	2	Chordata, Lutjanidae
	Mycetophyllia ferox	2	Cnidaria, Faviidae
	Mycteroperca interstitialis	2	Chordata, Serranidae
	Carcharhinus plumbeus	2	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Epinephelus morio	2	Chordata, Serranidae
	Lutjanus cyanopterus	2	Chordata, Lutjanidae
	Mycetophyllia ferox	2	Cnidaria, Faviidae
	Mycteroperca interstitialis	2	Chordata, Serranidae
	Alopias superciliosus	1	Chordata, Alopiidae
	Carcharhinus leucas	1	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Coryphopterus tortugae	1	Chordata, Gobiidae
	Cynoscion acoupa	1	Chordata, Sciaenidae
	Dendrogyra cylindrus	1	Cnidaria, Meandrinidae
	Epinephelus itajara	1	Chordata, Serranidae
	Rhizoprionodon lalandii	1	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Rhomboplites aurorubens	1	Chordata, Lutjanidae
	Alopias superciliosus	1	Chordata, Alopiidae
	Coryphopterus tortugae	1	Chordata, Gobiidae
	Dendrogyra cylindrus	1	Cnidaria, Meandrinidae
	Epinephelus itajara	1	Chordata, Serranidae
	Megalops atlanticus	1	Chordata, Megalopidae
	Rhizoprionodon lalandii	1	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Rhomboplites aurorubens	1	Chordata, Lutjanidae
Near Threatened (NT)	Lutjanus synagris	18	Chordata, Lutjanidae
	Lupinoblennius vinctus	15	Chordata, Blenniidae
	Porites branneri	14	Cnidaria, Poritidae
	Lutjanus analis	13	Chordata, Lutjanidae
	Scarus guacamaia	11	Chordata, Scaridae
	Albula vulpes	10	Chordata, Albulidae
	Narcine brasiliensis	8	Chordata, Narcinidae
	Mycteroperca bonaci	6	Chordata, Serranidae
	Balistes vetula	4	Chordata, Balistidae
	Galeocerdo cuvier	4	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Hypanus americanus	4	Chordata, Dasyatidae
	Agaricia tenuifolia	3	Cnidaria, Agariciidae
	Carcharhinus altimus	2	Chordata, Carcharhinidae
	Gymnura micrura	2	Chordata, Gymnuridae
	Mustelus norrisi	2	Chordata, Triakidae
	Hexanchus griseus	1	Chordata, Hexanchidae
	Hexanchus nakamurai	1	Chordata, Hexanchidae
	Hypanus guttatus	1	Chordata, Dasyatidae
	Mustelus canis	1	Chordata, Triakidae
	Mycteroperca venenosa	1	Chordata, Serranidae
	Prionace glauca	1	Chordata, Carcharhinidae

Traits coverage

Temporal coverage

Data range:

1822-1-01 - 2022-4-13.

Notes:

The data records extracted from literature have at least a year of collection. They include records from 1822 to 2022 (Fig. 2). Most occurrences were registered in the 1960s onwards, with the largest number of documented records in the 2000 decade.

Figure 2.

Historical series for Venezuelan marine species occurrences.

Collection data

Usage licence

Usage licence:

Other

IP rights notes:

Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 License

Data resources

Data package title:

Rescuing the knowledge base of Venezuela’s marine biodiversity

Resource link:

https://www.gbif.org/project/BID-CA2020-025-NAC/rescuing-the-knowledge-base-of-venezuelas-marine-biodiversity#datasets

Number of data sets:

Data set name:

Events and occurrences of marine species data digitisation in Venezuela

Download URL:

https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.4tu8q5

Data format:

DwC & GBIF API terms; UTF-8 character encoding

Data format version:

Darwin Core Archive 1.6

Description:

The database provides information on observations since 1822, including a broad taxonomic group of marine organisms compiled from 59 datasets (Table 1) with a total of 40,881 records. Most datasets are structured using Event Core Schema with Occurrences and Extended Measurements or Facts (eMOF) extensions; therefore, they contain not only georeferenced occurrence records, but also sampling protocols and environmental and biotic measurements.

Column label	Column description
identifier	A related resource that is referenced, cited or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.
licence	A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
basisOfRecord	The specific nature of the data record.
occurrenceID	An identifier for the Occurrence (as opposed to a particular digital record of the occurrence). In the absence of a persistent global unique identifier, construct one from a combination of identifiers in the record that will most closely make the occurrenceID globally unique.
occurrenceStatus	A statement about the presence or absence of a Taxon at a Location.
eventDate	The date-time or interval during which an Event occurred. For occurrences, this is the date-time when the event was recorded. Not suitable for a time in a geological context.
year	The four-digit year in which the Event occurred, according to the Common Era Calendar.
scientificNameID	An identifier for the nomenclatural details of a scientific name.
scientificName	The full scientific name, with authorship and date of information, if known. When forming part of an Identification, this should be the name in the lowest level taxonomic rank that can be determined. This term should not contain identification qualifications, which should instead be supplied in the IdentificationQualifier term.
kingdom	The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified.
taxonRank	The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName.
decimalLatitude	The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive.
decimalLongitude	The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive.
language	A language of the resource.
waterBody	The name of the water body in which the Location occurs.
country	The name of the country or major administrative unit in which the Location occurs.
countryCode	The standard code for the country in which the Location occurs.
datasetName	The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived.
phylum	The full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the taxon is classified.
class	The full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified.
order	The full scientific name of the order in which the taxon is classified.
family	The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified.
genus	The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified.
genericName	The genus part of the scientificName without authorship.
specificEpithet	The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName.
continent	The name of the continent in which the Location occurs.

Additional information

Some of the datasets compiled for this project have additional columns (Table 6).

Table 6.

Download as

CSV

XLSX

Additional columns present in some of the datasets compiled.

Column label	Column description
scientificNameAuthorship	The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode.
institutionCode	The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record.
collectionCode	The name, acronym, coden or initialism identifying the collection or dataset from which the record was derived.
catalogNumber	An identifier (preferably unique) for the record within the dataset or collection.
recordedBy	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations responsible for recording the original Occurrence. The primary collector or observer, especially one who applies a personal identifier (recordNumber), should be listed first.
individualCount	The number of individuals present at the time of the Occurrence.
lifeStage	The age class or life stage of the Organism(s) at the time the Occurrence was recorded.
preparations	A preparation or preservation method for a specimen.
disposition	The current state of a specimen with respect to the collection identified in collectionCode or collectionID.
associatedReferences	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, bibliographic reference, global unique identifier, URI) of literature associated with the Occurrence.
associatedTaxa	A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers or names of taxa and the associations of this Occurrence to each of them.
occurrenceRemarks	Comments or notes about the Occurrence.
organismRemarks	Comments or notes about the Organism instance.
eventID	An identifier for the set of information associated with an Event (something that occurs at a place and time). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the data set.
parentEventID	An identifier for the broader Event that groups this and potentially other Events.
eventTime	The time or interval during which an Event occurred.
month	The integer month in which the Event occurred.
day	The integer day of the month on which the Event occurred.
verbatimEventDate	The verbatim original representation of the date and time information for an Event.
habitat	A category or description of the habitat in which the Event occurred.
samplingProtocol	The names of, references to, or descriptions of the methods or protocols used during an Event.
sampleSizeValue	A numeric value for a measurement of the size (time duration, length, area or volume) of a sample in a sampling event.
sampleSizeUnit	The unit of measurement of the size (time duration, length, area or volume) of a sample in a sampling event.
samplingEffort	The amount of effort expended during an Event.
eventRemarks	Comments or notes about the Event.
locationID	An identifier for the set of location information (data associated with dcterms:Location). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the dataset.
island	The name of the island on or near which the Location occurs.
stateProvince	The name of the next smaller administrative region than country in which the Location occurs.
locality	The specific description of the place.
locationAccordingTo	Information about the source of this Location information.
locationRemarks	Comments or notes about the Location.
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres	The horizontal distance (in metres) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location.
coordinatePrecision	A decimal representation of the precision of the coordinates given in the decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude.
footprintWKT	A Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the shape (footprint, geometry) that defines the Location.
georeferencedBy	A person, group or organisation who determined the georeference (spatial representation) for the Location.
georeferencedDate	The date on which the Location was georeferenced.
georeferenceProtocol	A description or reference to the methods used to determine the spatial footprint, coordinates and uncertainties.
georeferenceSources	A map, gazetteer or other resource used to georeference the Location.
georeferenceRemarks	Notes or comments about the spatial description determination, explaining assumptions made in addition or opposition to the those formalised in the method referred to in georeferenceProtocol.
identificationQualifier	A brief phrase or a standard term to express the determiner's doubts about the Identification.
typeStatus	A nomenclatural type (type status, typified scientific name, publication) applied to the subject.
identifiedBy	A list of names of people, groups or organisations who assigned the Taxon to the subject.
identificationReferences	A list of references used in the Identification.
identificationRemarks	Comments or notes about the Identification.
acceptedNameUsage	The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the currently valid (zoological) or accepted (botanical) taxon.
infraspecificEpithet	The name of the lowest or terminal infraspecific epithet of the scientificName, excluding any rank designation.
verbatimTaxonRank	The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName as it appears in the original record.
verbatimIdentification	A string representing the taxonomic identification as it appeared in the original record.
minimumDepthInMetres	The lesser depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in metres.
maximumDepthInMetres	The greater depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in metres.

Acknowledgements

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Moluscos Arrecifes Coralinos San Esteban Carabobo Venezuela

1.12

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

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Barrios-Montilla JE (2022a)

Macroalgas del área de influencia del terminal marino de la empresa Salinera Sacosal, Araya, Estado Sucre, Venezuela

1.6

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

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Barrios-Montilla JE (2022b)

Macroalgas de la bahía de Macuro, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Estudio de línea base previo a la mejora del muelle de Macuro

1.6

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

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Bravo F, Marquez-Rojas B (2022)

Abundancia y distribución de los Branchiopoda (cladóceros) marinos del Parque Nacional Mochima, estado Sucre, Venezuela

1.5

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

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IOV - Distribución espacial y temporal del fitoplancton en el Golfo de Cariaco

1.7

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

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Camisotti H, Pérez J (2022)

Algunos Copépodos de la Fachada Atlántica de Venezuela

1.11

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

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Cardenas-Oliva AV, Díaz-Díaz OF, Marquez-Rojas B (2022)

Poliquetos holoplanctónicos (Annelida: Polychaeta) de la plataforma norte de la península de Paria y golfo de Paria, Venezuela

1.4

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

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Carmona-Suarez C (2022a)

Geographical distribution and abundance of the land blue crab Cardisoma guanhumi (Brachyura, Gecarcinidae) in Venezuela

1.11

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/zrbpzj

Carmona-Suarez C (2022b)

Diversity, abundance and other ecological features of littoral brachyuran crabs from Falcon State, Venezuela

1.8

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingeven

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/h4ex9v

Carmona-Suarez C (2022c)

Community features of Swimming crabs (Portunidae) from Golfete de Cuare- Falcón- Venezuela

1.9

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/6mdxdk

Carmona-Suarez C (2022d)

Biodiversity of Crustacea Decapoda from La Blanquilla Island- Venezuela

1.8

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/8knbc5

Carmona-Suarez C (2022e)

Diversity and geographic distribution of brachyuran crabs from the Calappidae family in Venezuela

1.15

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/chzmsc

Carmona-Suarez C (2022f)

Diversity of littoral peneid shrimps in Falcon State, Venezuela

1.9

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/cfcygs

Carmona-Suarez C (2022g)

Composition and abundance of decapod crustaceans in mixed seagrass meadows in the Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela

1.7

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/geb937

Carmona-Suarez C (2022h)

Swimming crabs, Portunidae, from La Vela de Coro- Falcon-Venezuela

1.8

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/2ebnn3

Carmona-Suarez C (2022i)

Population features of Cardisoma guanhumi in Nueva Carenero- Miranda State- Venezuela

1.7

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/b3spzq

Carmona-Suarez C (2022j)

Spatial distribution and population features of the decorator crab Omalacantha bicornuta (former Microphrys bicornutus) in Buchuaco- Falcon State- Venezuela

1.7

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/qcfk96

Carmona-Suarez C (2022k)

Diversity, abundance, and ecological features of swimming crabs (Brachyura; Portunidae) from Boca de Hueque, Venezuela

1.10

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/v9ubpc

Carmona-Suarez C (2022l)

Diversity and ecological features of Majidae crabs from Morrocoy National Park - Venezuela

1.8

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/2a84xu

Carvajal-Chitty H (2022)

Diversidad de Foraminiferos en Venezuela

1.20

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Occurrence

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/k78gtj

Casanova E, Zoppi de Roa E, Montiel E, Scott-Frías J (2022)

Spatial and temporal characterization of zooplankton in Los Roques Archipelago (Venezuela)

1.14

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/22yzcn

Cervigón F, Scott-Frías J (2022)

Records of the vertical distribution of planktonic copepods in the Southern Caribbean

1.10

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/jzyssw

Colina-Romero HM, Marquez-Rojas B (2022)

Abundancia y Distribución de Temora turbinata y Temora stylifera en el Parque Nacional Mochima, Venezuela

1.5

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/sp7ws7

Diaz-Diaz O, Bone D, Lopez-Ordaz A, Rodriguez C (2022)

Poliquetos fondos arenosos de Arrecifes de Coral en el PN Archipiélago de Los Roques, Venezuela

1.10

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Sampligevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/hj69b4

Garcia Zea D (2020)

Brain drain in Venezuela: the scope of the human capital crisis

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(

188

‑

195

. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2019.1708156

Gómez Acevedo S, Carballo Barrera Y (2022)

Benthic macroalgae from the coasts of Venezuela 1822-2021

1.12

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Occurrence

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/pjezmu

Gomez E (2022)

Diversidad de Corales y especies asociadas en el ecosistema coralino de Adícora, Península de Paraguaná, Venezuela

1.5

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/asddp5

Gonzalez V (2022)

Marine Invasive Species of Venezuela

1.10

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Occurrence

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/bm7fh8

Grande J (2018)

Biodiversity in Venezuela

. In: Pullaiah T (Ed.)

Global Biodiversity. Selected Countries in the Americas and Australia

Apple Academic Press, Inc.

413-512

pp. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429433634-11

Guerrero-Rios R, Hernandez N (2022a)

Composición y abundancia del plancton de la costa noreste de la bahía El Tablazo

1.11

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/svrjds

Guerrero-Rios R, Hernandez N (2022b)

Ictioplancton en cinco puntos del sector San Carlos del Lago de Maracaibo: composición distribución y abundancia

1.10

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/p6efr8

Hernández N (2022a)

Macroinvertebrados bentónicos en un transecto ubicado entre Punta Espada y Punta Macolla, Golfo de Venezuela

1.8

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/ncdeb9

Hernández N (2022b)

Macroinvertebrados bentónicos del muro de San Carlos- Zulia- Venezuela

1.7

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingeven

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/878pvc

IUCN (2021)

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-3.

https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on: 2022-3-01.

Lira C (2022a)

Demospongias de la Laguna La Restinga, Venezuela

1.2

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/s5k5vt

Lira C (2022b)

Crustaceos decapodos de islotes Caribe y Los Lobos, Venezuela

1.6

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/7u7ffm

Lira C (2022c)

Peces de las lagunas costeras de Isla Margarita, Venezuela

1.5

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/j3b7q8

Lira C (2022d)

Macroalgas del Parque Nacional Laguna de La Restinga, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela

1.7

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/3apmzx

Lira C (2022e)

Biodiversidad Marina del Parque Nacional Laguna de La Restinga

1.8

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Occurrence

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/3b7u3x

Lira C (2022f)

Biodiversidad de Moluscos de la isla de Margarita

1.17

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Occurrence

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/xka6nf

Lopez A, et al. (2022)

Megabenthos biodiversity of the northwest coast of Paraguana Peninsula (Venezuela)

1.13

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/d2jsfq

López A (2022)

Peces asociados a raíces de manglar en el PN Morrocoy, Venezuela

1.4

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/ujx72p

López A, Rodríguez JG, Ortaz M (2022)

Peces asociados a una pradera de fanerógamas marinas en el PN Archipiélago Los Roques

1.5

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/sum5em

Mariño J, Palacios M, Rojas W (2022)

Crustaceos decapodos asociados a Stichodactyla helianthus Isla Larga, Carabobo, Venezuela

1.9

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/n24x9m

Marquez B, Allen Peña T, Troccoli L, Marín B (2022a)

IOV Copépodos del Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela

1.7

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/akt3bc

Marquez B, Troccoli L, Marín B, Díaz-Ramos J (2022b)

Iov-udo-zooplancton-playa colorada

1.6

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/tqc9yg

Márquez-Rojas B, Troccoli L, Díaz-Ramos J (2022a)

IOV Fitoplancton del Saco del Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela

1.9

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/ghqmyp

Márquez-Rojas B, Díaz-Díaz O, Troccoli L, Morales J, Marcano LM (2022b)

Distribución espacial y abundancia de la Familia Corycaeidae Dana, 1852 (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) en el Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela

1.13

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/afw98k

Miloslavich P, Klein E, Yerena E, Martín A (2003)

Marine biodiversity in Venezuela: Status and perspectives

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275

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. [

Ministry of the People’s Power for the Environment, Plan for Ordering and Integral Coastal Management of Coastal Zones of Venezuela, Executive summary

Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente (Minamb)

Caracas

. [In

Spanish

OBIS (2022)

Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO

. www.obis.org

Peralta Brichtova A (2022)

Componentes biológicos estudiados en el área de influencia del tramo D, poliducto SUFAZ. La primera fase del Plan de Monitoreo y Seguimiento en el marco del proyecto SUFAZ

1.5

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Occurrence

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/2nbqsc

Peralta Brichtova AC (2021)

The case of Venezuela

. In: Garcia T, Iglesias-Campos A (Eds)

UNESCO-IOC Lessons learnt and best practices of managing coastal risk from local communities perspectives

Paris, UNESCO. (IOC Technical Series no 159)

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/42099

Pérez J (2022)

Esponjas asociadas a raíces de Rhizophora mangle del Parque Nacional Morrocoy

1.5

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/tgjd5p

Pérez J, Urich J (2022)

Corales escleractínidos de La Orchila, Venezuela, 1976

1.8

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/thzggz

Requena J (2003)

Venezuela: crisis puts major institutions at risk

Nature

422

(

6929

257

‑

257

. https://doi.org/10.1038/422257b

Requena J (2012)

Science melt down in Venezuela

Interciencia

(

437

‑

444

Requena J (2021)

Boom and doom of scientific research in venezuela

Interciencia

(

479

‑

486

Rodriguez B, Cervigón F, Martin F, Tavares R, Alcala A (2022)

Marine Fishes from Archipielago los Roques, Venezuela

1.20

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Occurrence

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/rkassh

Rodriguez Fernandez C, Rodriguez-Quintal J, Bone Torroja D (2022)

Peces presentes en praderas de fanerogamas en Boca Seca (PN Morrocoy) y Laguna de Yapascua (PN San Esteban) Venezuela

1.7

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/k5sj3w

Rodriguez Fernandez CT, Rodriguez-Quintal JG, Diaz-Diaz O, Bone Torroja D (2022)

Poliquetos criptobentonicos en Orbicella annularis en arrecifes coralinos del PNA de Los Roques Venezuela

1.11

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/b9aw7u

Rodriguez-Quintal B, Goy J (2022)

A new species of the Stenopodidean shrimp Genus Spongicola, representing the first record of the genus from the Atlantic Ocean

1.9

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/t9ycj2

Rodriguez-Quintal J, Villamizar E, Lopez-Ordaz A (2022a)

Cnidarios Arrecifes Coralinos de Playa Mero, Cayo Sombrero y Peraza PN Morrocoy, Venezuela

1.8

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Sampligevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/hwx7pz

Rodriguez-Quintal J, Villamizar E, Alvarado D, Lopez-Ordaz A (2022b)

Peces asociados a los arrecifes Coralinos del Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela

1.8

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

. URL: https://doi.org/10.15468/uevh3n

Rodríguez-Quintal J, Herrera A, Rodriguez C, Colmenares M (2022)

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1.10

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

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Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

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Hunger in the land of plenty: The complex humanitarian crisis in Venezuela

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Zooplankton of Morrocoy National Park 2000-2002

1.9

Caribbean OBIS Node. Dataset/Samplingevent

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Supplementary material

Endnotes