A Gnoristinae genus with slender and medium-sized (2.8–4.3, 3.8 mm) species (Figs 1, 2a). Coloration quite uniformly brown, darker on head and preterminal, abdominal segments, three brown thoracic stripes distinctly contrasted against yellow humeral areas (Fig. 2b), abdominal tergites II-IV sometimes apically paler, legs and terminalia mostly yellow. Head (Fig. 2b, c) round, eyes slightly kidney-shaped, but without tendency of dorsal eye-bridge expansion, inter-ommatidia pubescent. Antenna moderately slender, with 16 segments, medium-sized, semi-globular scape and pedicel and flagellar segments 3-4 times as long as wide. Frons with greatly reduced, incomplete frontal furrow and relatively broad frontal tubercle (Fig. 2c). Mouthparts average, with five, gradually longer palpal segments, no clear sensory pit discernible in third segment (without slide mounting). Clypeus horseshoe-shaped, with scattered, long setae. Three ocelli in a near straight line, middle ocellus half the size of the lateral ocellus, lateral ocellus less than its diameter from eye. Thorax (Fig. 2a, b, e). Antepronotum with pair of medium-sized antepronotal setae. Mesonotum scattered with short setae, only moderately defined into rows, but rich in larger setae laterally. Mesopleurites without setae, mediotergite with row of strong setae basally. Wings (Fig. 2d) unpatterned hyaline with a slight brown tinge, with wing interference colours (Fig. 1, see Shevtsova et al. (2011)) in first order Newton colour scale, indicating very thin (less than 200 nanometres thickness) and even membrane beyond the wing base, wing membrane with irregularly arranged microtrichia. Costa produced slightly beyond to 1/4 between R₄₊₅ and M₁, subcosta long, ending in C proximal to crossvein Rs, midway with crossvein sc–r. Radial sector with oblique crossvein Rs, without R₂₊₃. Anterior fork long, with short stem subequal to r–m. Posterior fork short, widely divergent. Radial sector and both forks with setae on dorsal surface beyond base. Legs (Fig. 2a, e) with irregularly arranged setulae. Fore tarsus subequal in length to fore tibia, tarsal ratios can be extracted from Fig. 2e. A distinct sense organ present dorsally on the basal part of mid-tibia (Fig. 2e, f), of variable length between species.

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b

c

d

e

f

Figure 2.

Habitus of Coelophthinia lata sp. n. Abbreviations: C_ext = Extension of costa beyond R₅; clyp = clypeus; CuA = anterior branch of cubital vein; CuP = posterior branch of cubital vein; fr fur = frontal furrow; fr tub = frontal tubercle; h = humeral vein; iCu = intercubital fold (not a vein); lbl = labrium; l oc = lateral ocellus; M = medial veins (numbered); om = ommatid; plp (numbered) = palpal segment; R = radial veins (numbered); r–m = radial–medial crossvein; Rs = radial sector; Sc = subcostal vein; scp = scapus; sc-r = crossvein between subcosta and radius; vrt = vertex;

a: Habitus of HMDS-dried and pinned holotype  
b: Head and thorax of holotype in dorsal view  
c: Slide mounted head of paratype (TSZD-JKJ-207664), frontal view  
d: Slide-mounted wing of paratype (TSZD-JKJ-207664)  
e: Slide mounted thorax with legs of paratype (TSZD-JKJ-207664). The start and end of each tarsal segment is marked with black pointers for clarity  
f: Mid-tibial organ of pinned holotype enlarged and scaled.  

Male terminalia (Fig. 3) apparently always positioned with a 180 degrees torsion in relation to abdomen (Fig. 1). Tergite 9 (Fig. 3a, c, d) short, wide rectangular, strongly setose, medially slightly constricted, with basal margin concave. Tergite 10 unusually well developed (Fig. 3c, d), with medial, densely setose, dorsally protrusive lobe and lateral extension armed with three strong setae. Hypoproct and cerci (Fig. 3a, c) forming elongate, basally fused lobes arising from underside of tergite 9, apically setose. Gonocoxites separated ventrally (Fig. 3b), strongly setose, except bare posterolateral lobes, which have one subapical, internal, medially directed small and stout seta (Fig. 3e). Setae on dorsal side of gonocoxite similar to those on ventral side. Posterolateral lobe of gonocoxite situated midway between dorsal and ventral edges (Fig. 3a, b, e), narrow, shape varies between species, always with one stiff, short seta apicointernally (Fig. 3e). Ventral medial margin of gonocoxite with a narrow, long, spathulate lobe (Fig. 3b, e), whose shape varies between species. Aedeagal guide (Fig. 3c) forming a knob with 3–5 medially directed setae deviating from other setae anteriorly on the base of the gonocoxal lobe. Gonostylus (Fig. 3b, e, f) small, internal with two branches, dorsal branch semicircular with normal setae, ventral branch bifurcated into two lobes (lb 1 & lb 2 in Fig. 3f), with truncated, blunt setae. Aedeagal apparatus (Fig. 3b, c) large, elongated, with strong, downcurved tip, basally attached to gonocoxite via strip like gonocoxal apodemes (Fig. 3c).

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Figure 3.

Structure and terminology of male terminalia of Coelophthinia: a, b C. thoracica (Winnertz, 1864); c–f C. loraasi sp. n. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus; aed gd = aedeagal guide; cerc = cercus; gc = gonocoxite; gc ap = gonocoxal apodeme; gc lobe = posterolateral lobe of gonocoxite; gc spat = spathulate gonocoxal lobe; gs = gonostylus; gst dbr = dorsal branch of gonostylus; gst vbr = ventral branch of gonostylus; hyp pr = hypoproct; lb 1 = lobe 1 of ventral gonostylar branch; lb 2 = lobe 2 of ventral gonostylar branch; med elev T10 = medial elevated & protrusive projection from tergite 10; T9 = tergite 9; T10 = tergite 10.

a: Coelophthinia thoracica, male terminalia, lateral view  
b: Coelophthinia thoracica, male terminalia, ventral view  
c: Coelophthinia loraasi sp. n., tergal segments and internal organs, lateral view  
d: Coelophthinia loraasi sp. n., tergal segments, dorsal view  
e: Coelophthinia loraasi sp. n., gonocoxite and gonostylus, internal view  
f: Coelophthinia loraasi sp. n., gonostylus, internal view.  

Female terminalia (Fig. 4) rather truncated, with short tergites 8 and 9. Tergite 9 wide, subrectangular, with some setae extending towards epiproct dorsally. Cercus one-segmented, large ovate, evenly covered with setae. Hypoproct/Tergite 10 forming narrow process along underside of cerci, with some setae. Gonocoxite 8 moderately split ventrally, with free, sclerotised, pointed lamellae. Sternite 9 small, retracted within terminalia.

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b

Figure 4.

Structure and terminology of female terminalia of Coelophthinia thoracica (Winnertz, 1864). Abbreviations: cerc = cercus; G8 = gonocoxite 8; HP/S10 = hypoproct and sternite 10; T8 = tergite 8; T9 = tergite 9.

a: Terminalia, lateral view  
b: Terminalia, ventral view.  

Males of the genus Coelophthinia are easily distinguished from all other Gnoristinae genera by the characteristic shape of their torsioned terminalia (Figs 1, 3), especially the open gonocoxite with long apicolateral and medioventral projections in combination with a small, internal gonostylus armed with a fan of blunt setae. The protrusive lobe of tergite 10 in the males (Fig. 3c, d) is a further unique characteristic for the genus. Both sexes can be distinguished from other Gnoristinae genera also by the wing venation (Fig. 2d) where the wide posterior fork is similar only to that of genus Coelosia Winnertz, 1864. From Coelosia, Coelophthinia differs in having crossvein sc–r present and in having a row of setae on the basal part of the mediotergite.

Phthinia thoracica Winnertz, 1964

Coelosia thoracica sensu Edwards (1925)

Coelophthinia thoracica sensu Edwards (1941)

Male (Figs 1, 3, 5).

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b

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e

Figure 5.

Coelophthinia thoracica, (Winnertz, 1864) male terminalia and mid-tibial organ.

a: Lateral view  
b: Ventral view  
c: Internal, lateral view  
d: Gonostylus, enlarged  
e: Mid-tibial organ.  

Coloration and most body characteristics as in the genus description. Body length 3.6–4.2 mm. Wing length 2.8–3.1 mm; ratio of length to width 3.1–3.3. Sensory organ dorsally on the basal half of mid-tibia elongate oval, 6.3–8.1 times longer than wide, length 0.26–0.29 that of tibial length.

Terminalia. Tergite 9 rectangular in dorsal view, about 1.3 times as long as wide, medially somewhat constricted, curved like a hood in lateral view. Medial protrusion of tergite 10 short and rounded, about as high as wide in posterior view, densely setose. Gonocoxites in lateral view with a somewhat elongated outline, with straight or slightly convex ventral margin. Posterolateral lobe of gonocoxite long and narrow, constricted section about 3x longer than wide, rounded apically, laterally bare for about 3x apical width. Spathulate gonocoxal lobe 7–7.5 times as long as wide, curved slightly medially, with constricted base, basad of base with a group of 3–5 longer setae. Dorsal branch of gonostylus small, simple, semicircular, dorsally setose with one extra long seta deviating from others. The broad lobe 1 (cf. Fig. 5d) fan-shaped, carrying 7–8 blunt setae along rim and 5 normal very long setae subapically on inner side. The narrow, acute tipped lobe 2 (cf. Fig. 5c, d) medially somewhat expanding, with strong, blunt seta placed nearer to the tip than its length; followed by one short and one very long seta in mid-section. Aedeagus 1.2x longer than spathulate gonocoxal lobe in lateral view, with broadest medial section, somewhat narrowed basal section and apically sharply narrowed into downcurved hook; apically with a short spike at the outer side at the curving point; downcurved hook not longer than width of medial section of aedeagus.

Female (Fig. 4).

Coloration as for male. Sensory organ dorsally on the basal half of mid-tibia elongate oval, 7.4 times longer than wide, length 0.28 that of tibial length.

Terminalia as described for genus. Tergite 8 short, posteriorly emarginated in dorsal view, bare, except 1–2 small setae posterolaterally. Tergite 9 short, posteriorly emarginated in dorsal view, bare, except apical margin with row of 7–8 long setae, which are longer than those on cercus. Cercus about two times as long as wide medially, evenly covered with setae. Sternite 8 longer than tergites 8 and 9 together, posterolaterally rounded, posterior half setose, in ventral view hypogynal valves separated by V-shaped deep incision, about one-third as deep as segment length. Gonapophysis 8 elongate, about 6 times as long as wide, extending beyond mid-cercus, ventrally setose, with one deviating strong subapical seta.

Coelophthinia thoracica can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the combination of having a somewhat elongated shape of the gonocoxite as seen in lateral view, with a straight or slightly convex ventral margin, a long and slender posterolateral lobe and a short and rounded medial protrusion of tergite 10. The aedeagus is uniquely shaped, long, with ventrally curved hook not longer than width of medial section of aedeagus. The length of the mid-tibial organ is about 0.3 of tibial length.

Male (Fig. 6, n = 8 for measurements).

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e

Figure 6.

Coelophthinia lata sp. n., male terminalia and mid-tibial organ.

a: Lateral view  
b: Ventral view  
c: Internal, lateral view  
d: Gonostylus, enlarged, internal view  
e: Mid-tibial organ.  

Coloration and general body characteristics as in the genus description. Body length 3.5–4.1 mm. Wing length 2.9–3.1 mm; ratio of length to width 2.6. Sensory organ dorsally on the basal half of mid-tibia elongate oval, 7.5 times longer than wide, length 0.25 that of tibial length.

Terminalia. Tergite 9 rectangular in dorsal view, about 1.5 times as long as wide, curved like a hood in lateral view. Medial protrusion of tergite 10 short and rounded, about as high as wide in posterior view, densely setose. Gonocoxites in lateral view with a rounded outline, with distinctly convex ventral margin. Posterolateral lobe of gonocoxite short and wide, constricted section about 1.5x longer than wide, evenly rounded apically, laterally bare for about 2x apical width. Spathulate gonocoxal lobe about seven times as long as wide, without constricted base, basad of base with a row of 3 long setae. Dorsal branch of gonostylus small, simple, oblong and semicircular, dorsally setose with some extra long setae. The broad lobe 1 (cf. Fig. 3f) fan-shaped, carrying 8 blunt setae along rim and 5 normal setae subapically on inner side. The narrow, acute tipped lobe 2 (cf. Fig. 3f) without tiny stiff seta apically; with strong, blunt seta placed nearer to the tip than its length; followed by one short and one long seta in mid-section. Aedeagus 1.5x longer than spathulate gonocoxal lobe in lateral view, with broadest basal section, somewhat narrowed middle section and apically sharply narrowed into downcurved hook; apically with a short spike at the outer side at the curving point; downcurved hook not longer than width of base of aedeagus.

Female unknown.

Coelophthinia lata can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the combination of having a rounded shape of gonocoxite in lateral view, with distinctly convex ventral margin, broad and short posteriolateral lobe and short and broad, semicircular medial protrusion of tergite 10. The aedeagus is uniquely shaped with apical hook not longer than the height of the base of aedeagus. The length of the mid-tibial organ is about 1/4 of tibial length.

The species epithet is from the Latin word lata, which means broad, denoting the broad caudal extension from the gonocoxite. This feature is diagnostic for this species.

Nordic, so far known only from Norway, Sweden and Finland.

Male (Fig. 7, n = 3 for measurements).

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b

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Figure 7.

Coelophthinia loraasi sp. n., Male terminalia and mid-tibial organ.

a: Lateral view  
b: Ventral view  
c: Internal, lateral view  
d: Gonostylus, enlarged, internal view  
e: Mid-tibial organ.  

Coloration and general body characteristics as in the genus description. Body length 3.5–3.6 mm. Wing length 2.8–2.8 mm; ratio of length to width 2.6. Sensory organ dorsally on the basal half of mid-tibia elongate oval, 6.1 times longer than wide, length 0.20 that of tibial length.

Terminalia. Tergite 9 rectangular in dorsal view, about 1.5 times as long as wide, curved like a hood in lateral view. Medial protrusion of tergite 10 thin, height approximately 3x width in posterior view, curved posteriad, densely setose on apex and ventral side. Gonocoxites in lateral view with a narrow subsquare outline, with nearly straight ventral margin and posterolateral lobe situated along the ventral edge. Posterolateral lobe of gonocoxite long, slender and evenly tapering, about 4x longer than width at apex, rounded apically, laterally bare for about 2x apical width. Spathulate gonocoxal lobe about five times as long as wide, rounded, with distinctly constricted base, basad of base with a row of 5 long setae. Dorsal branch of gonostylus small, simple, semicircular, laterally setose with some extra long setae. The broad lobe 1 (cf. Fig. 3f) fan-shaped, carrying 8 blunt setae along rim and 5 normal setae subapically on inner side. The narrow, acute tipped lobe 2 (cf. Fig. 3f) with a tiny stiff seta subapically; with strong, blunt seta placed at its length to the tip; followed by one short and one long seta in mid-section. Aedeagus 1.5x longer than spathulate gonocoxal lobe in lateral view, evenly broad until apically sharply narrowed downcurved hook; apically with a short spike at the outer side below the curving point; downcurved hook more than twice as long as breadth of base of aedeagus.

Female (Fig. 8, n = 2 for measurements).

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b

c

Figure 8.

Coelophthinia loraasi sp. n., female terminalia and mid-tibial organ.

a: Lateral view  
b: Ventral view  
c: Mid-tibial organ.  

Coloration as for male. Body length 3.9–3.9 mm. Wing length 2.9–3.0 mm; ratio of length to width 2.8. Sensory organ dorsally on the basal half of mid-tibia elongate oval, 5.5 times longer than wide, 0.32 times of tibial length.

Terminalia as described for genus. Cercus slightly narrower than in other species, with fewer setae on ventral side. Gonapophysis 8 forming an equilateral triangle in ventral view. Sternite 9 forming a distinct circle in ventral view.

Coelophthinia loraasi can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the combination of having a narrow, rectangular shape of the gonocoxite as seen in lateral view, with a near straight ventral margin, a narrow and long posteriolateral lobe and a long, narrow and curved medial protrusion of tergite 10. The aedeagus is uniquely shaped with apical hook much longer than the height of the base of aedeagus. The length of the mid-tibial organ is about 1/6 of tibial length.

Named in honour of Professor Jostein Lorås, the local biologist who, for many years, has worked hard for and succeeded to protect areas of old growth coniferous forests in Grane Municipality of Nordland County, including those from where the type materials originate.

So far known only from northern Norway.

Male. (Figs 9, 10)

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b

c

d

e

Figure 9.

Coelophthinia itoae sp. n., male terminalia and mid-tibial organ (IZBE0251605: Akan-cho, Japan).

a: Lateral view  
b: Ventral view  
c: Ventral view  
d: Gonostylus, enlarged, internal view  
e: Mid-tibial organ.  

Figure 10.  

Coelophthinia itoae sp. n., habitus (IZBE0251605: Akan-cho, Japan).

Coloration and most body characteristics as in the genus description. Body length 3.2 mm. Wing length 2.70–2.77 mm; ratio of length to width 1.9–2.5. Sensory organ dorsally on the basal half of mid-tibia elongate oval, 6.7 times longer than wide, length 0.34 that of tibial length.

Terminalia. Tergite 9 rectangular in dorsal view, about 1.25 times as long as wide, curved like a hood in lateral view. Medial protrusion of tergite 10 remarkably long, height approximately 4-5x width in posterior view, curved posteriad, densely setose. Gonocoxites in lateral view with a rounded outline, with slightly convex ventral margin. Posterolateral lobe of gonocoxite short and wide, only somewhat longer than wide, truncated apically, laterally bare for about 1.5x apical width. Spathulate gonocoxal lobe about 3 times as long as wide, curved slightly medially, without constricted base, basad of base with a group of 3–4 longer setae. Dorsal branch small, simple, wider than long, apically rounded, dorsally setose, with one extra long seta deviating from others. The broad lobe 1 (cf. Fig. 9d) transversally extended, carrying 6 blunt setae along rim and 5 normal very long setae subapically on inner side. The narrow, acute tipped lobe 2 (cf. Fig. 9d) tapering, with strong, blunt seta placed subapically; with one short and one very long seta in mid-section. Aedeagus 1.5x longer than spathulate gonocoxal lobe in lateral view, with swelling medially; apically narrowed into downcurved hook; apically with a spike at the outer side at the curving point; downcurved hook about three times of width of aedeagus basally.

Female. (Fig. 11)

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Figure 11.

Coelophthinia itoae sp. n. female terminalia and mid-tibial organ (IZBE0251607: Akan-cho, Japan).

a: Lateral view  
b: Ventral view  
c: Mid-tibial organ.  

Coloration as for male. Sensory organ dorsally on the basal half of mid-tibia elongate oval, 9.2 times longer than wide, length 0.32 that of tibial length.

Terminalia as described for genus. Tergite 8 short, posteriorly emarginated in dorsal view, bare. Tergite 9 short, posteriorly emarginated in dorsal view, bare, except posterior margin with row of 7–8 long setae, which are longer than those on cercus. Cercus about two times as long as wide medially, evenly covered with setae. Sternite 8 longer than tergites 8 and 9 together, posterolaterally rounded, posterior half setose, in ventral view hypogynal valves separated by V-shaped deep incision, about one-third as deep as segment length. Gonapophysis 8 elongate, about 8 times as long as wide, extending to mid-cercus, setose, with one deviating strong subapical seta.

Coelophthinia itoae can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the combination of having a rounded shape of the gonocoxite as seen in lateral view, with a slightly convex ventral margin, a short and wide posterolateral lobe and a long and posteriad curved medial protrusion of tergite 10. The ventral branch of the gonostylus with broad lobe transversally extended. The aedeagus is uniquely shaped, short, with delimited swelling medially and with apical hook about three times longer than the width of the base of aedeagus. The length of the mid-tibial organ is about 0.3 of tibial length.

Named after Tomiko Ito, who kindly guided JK and OK on a collecting trip around Hokkaidō, Japan, in 2006, when this species was collected and discovered.

Eastern Palaearctic: Japan (Hokkaidō, Honshū).

Phthinia curta Johannsen, 1912