Introduction

Material and methods

The samples were collected semi-quantitatively by a D-frame net using the kick-sampling method, sweeping through roots and submerged plants or picked manually from rocks and pebbles. All of the material was collected by F. Khudhur from January to October 2019. The samples were collected from 24 sites (one sample per site) which were selected to cover the mountainous region of the northern part of the country. For the list of localities, see Table 1. The larvae were stored in 96% EtOH at -20°C. The material totals 667 specimens and is housed at the Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology (IECA). A map of all the localities sampled is provided in Fig. 1. To check minute morphological characters, parts of some specimens were mounted on microscopic slides using HydroMatrix (MicroTech Lab, Graz, Austria) mounting medium (soluble in water). Photographs were obtained using a Canon EOS 1200D camera mounted on a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope. All photographs were subsequently enhanced with Adobe Photoshop™ CS5.

Table 1.

Download as

CSV

XLSX

List of investigated localities.

Locality code	Specification	Latitude (N)	Longitude (E)
IRQ 19/01	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Dukan area, Chami Razan stream, the upstream, leg. Khudhur, 22.1.2019	35°46'36.43"	44°58'29.01"
IRQ 19/02	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Dukan area, Chami Razan stream, the downstream, leg. Khudhur, 22.1.2019	35°48'12.45"	44°58'38.92"
IRQ 19/03	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Erbil Province, Choman Town, Choman Stream, rocky creek behind Halgurd resort, leg. Khudhur, 28.4.2019	36°39'8.29"	44°53'22.34"
IRQ 19/04	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Erbil Province, Choman Town, Warda Village, rocky creek near the village, leg. Khudhur, 29.4.2019	36°40'6.55"	44°52'9.61"
IRQ 19/05	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Erbil Province, Choman Town, Gondazhor Village, creek located NW to the village, leg. Khudhur, 29.4.2019	36°43'20.04"	44°54'56.25"
IRQ 19/06	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Erbil Province, Choman Town, Shewalok Village, creek near the village, leg. Khudhur, 29.4.2019	36°36'0.93"	44°52'31.74"
IRQ 19/07	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Erbil Province, Barzan area, creek near to Shandar cave, leg. Khudhur, 1.5.2019	36°49'16.40"	44°9'53.0"
IRQ 19/08	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Sharbazher area, Upper Dere Village, creek close Gmo Mt. plain, leg. Khudhur, 9.9.2019	35°56'10.48"	45°32'59.35"
IRQ 19/09	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Sharbazner area, Suraze Village, Twlwe Brook, leg. Khudhur, 9.9.2019	35°54'43.12"	45°34'45.28"
IRQ 19/10	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Shavbazner area, Upper Dere Village, Chami Marwe stream, leg. Khudhur, 9.9.2019	35°56'12.36"	45°33'38.76"
IRQ 19/11	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Sharbazher area, Mawat Town, Brook down to the town leg. Khudhur, 13.9.2019	35°53'37.34"	45°24'7.09"
IRQ 19/12	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Hawraman area, Biyara Town, Water Canal East to the town, leg. Khudhur, 14.9.2019	35°13'53.27"	46°7'22.58"E
IRQ 19/13	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Hawraman area, Tawela Town, Awesar stream, leg. Khudhur, 14.9.2019	35°12'53.64"	46°11'13.79"
IRQ 19/14	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, BaKrajo area, KaniPan Village, Kandakawa stream, leg. Khudhur, 25.9.2019	35°33'7.2936"	45°58'38.9204"
IRQ 19/15	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Sharbazher area, Qaiwan Village, creek near to the village, leg. Khudhur, 28.9.2019	35°43'40.6427"	45°24'48.3988"
IRQ 19/16	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Sharbazher area, Kuna Masi Village, Kuna Masi stream, the upstream, leg. Khudhur, 28.9.2019	35°47'47.86"	45°24'49.15"
IRQ 19/17	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Sulaimaniyah Province, Sharbazher area, Kuna Masi Village, Kuna Masi stream, the downstream, leg. Khudhur, 28.9.2019	35°47'53.02"	45°24'59.47"
IRQ 19/18	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Erbil Province, Balisan Village, Water Canal of the village leg. Khudhur, 22.10.2019	36°24'14.99"	44°32'52.04"
IRQ 19/19	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Duhok Province, Amedi Town, Solav Resort, Solav waterfall, leg. Khudhur, 23.10.2019	37°6'31.9"	43°28'44.72"
IRQ 19/20	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Duhok Province, Amedi Town,, Anishke cave, brook near to the cave, leg. Khudhur, 23.10.2019	37°6'33.01"	43°21'37.58"
IRQ 19/21	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Duhok Province, Bamarni Town, the water canal, leg. Khudhur, 23.10.2019	37°7'9.84"	43°16'14.68"
IRQ 19/22	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Duhok Province, Bamarni Town, Dihe Village, stream north to the village, leg. Khudhur, 23.10.2019	37°8'26.15"	43°10'40.17"
IRQ 19/23	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Duhok Province, Bamarni Town. KaniBlav, creek in the village leg. Khudhur, 23.10.2019	37°10'33.82"	43°10'43.17"E
IRQ 19/24	IRAQ, Kurdistan, Duhok Province , Amedi Town, Dereluk Stream, leg. Khudhur, 23.10.2019	37°3'4.76"	43°39'42.38"

Figure 1.  

Map of Iraq, localities sampled marked by red dots.

Results

Diagnostic characters of selected species

Here, we list and illustrate the most pronounced diagnostic characters of several species (including species we report as new for the country) to facilitate accurate identification and to prevent the publication of confusing faunistic and ecological data, especially for non-taxonomists. Most of these species are not included in available identification keys, focusing on European fauna (e.g. Studemann et al. 1992, Engblom 1996,Bauernfeind and Humpesch 2001, Eiseler 2005).

Baetis (Rhodobaetis) braaschi Zimmermann, 1980

The species belongs to the subgenus Rhodobaetis Jacob, 2003. Its subgeneric placement can be readily confirmed by the presence of a row of articulated setae (spatulas) on the posterior margin of the abdominal terga. It mostly lacks spine-like setae on the margins of the gill plates, thus being easily recognisable from B. rhodani and B. ilex, other Rhodobaetis species frequently co-occurring in the region and always equipped with such setae. Furthermore, B. braaschi is distinct from all other Baetis species in the region by the presence of two rounded pale spots on the abdominal terga (Fig. 2A). The species is not covered in European keys, its morphology being treated in Godunko et al. (2004) or Sroka et al. (2012). We suspect that B. braaschi is sometimes misidentified as Baetis vernus Curtis, 1834 (reported for Iraq by Shekha 2011), the presence of which in the Middle East we consider doubtful. Baetis vernus is a common European species with somewhat similar markings on the abdominal terga. This misidentification can be easily avoided by checking the presence of setae on the posterior margins of the abdominal terga, indicative of Rhodobaetis.

Figure 2.  

Determination characters of selected species: A. Baetis braaschi, colouration of abdominal terga; B. Baetis ilex, posterior margin of abdominal terga; C. B. ilex, labrum; D. B. ilex, labial palp; E. Baetis samochai, apical part of left mandible; F. B. samochai, apical part of right mandible; G. B. samochai, middle section of femur with short setae on posterior margin (arrow); H. B. samochai, posterior margin of abdominal terga; I. Epeorus zaitzevi, section of abdomen ventrally with lateral protuberances (arrow); J. E. zaitzevi, details of abdominal terga; K. Ecdyonurus ornatipennis, setae on basal part of hind femur; L. E. ornatipennis, setae on distal part of hind femur; M. E. ornatipennis, colouration of abdominal sterna; N. Electrogena pseudaffinis, part of thorax with rounded posterior corners of pronotum (arrow); O. E. pseudaffinis, colouration of abdominal terga; P. E. pseudaffinis, setae on basal part of middle femur; Q. E. pseudaffinis, setae on distal part of middle femur; R. Caenis luctuosa, setae on forefemur.

Baetis (Rhodobaetis) ilex Jacob & Zimmermann, 1978

The species represents another member of the subgenus Rhodobaetis, easily distinguishable by the presence of setae on the posterior margins of the abdominal terga (Fig. 2B) and spine-like setae on the gill margins. It can be distinguished from all other Rhodobaetis species of the Caucasus and Middle East by: i) the presence of spine-like setae on both the inner and outer margins of the gill plates, although these on the inner margin tend to be scarce in specimens from Iraq. The most common Rhodobaetis species, B. rhodani, exhibits these setae on the outer margin only; ii) the elongated shape of the labrum (Fig. 2C) and relatively narrow labial palps (Fig. 2D); iii) the absence of triangular projections on the posterior margin of the abdominal terga (Fig. 2B). The illustrations in the original description of the species (Jacob and Zimmermann 1978) are of very good quality and can be reliably used for species identification.

Baetis (Baetis) samochai Koch, 1981

The species is distinct from all other Baetis species occurring in the region in several characters: i) a very broad outer tooth of the mandibular incisors, distinctly separated from the inner part of the incisors (Fig. 2E, F); ii) short and pointed setae on the posterior margin of the femora (Fig. 2G); iii) narrow pointed spines on the posterior margin of the terga (Fig. 2H). An overview of B. samochai morphology including some illustrations, based on material from Israel, is also available in Yanai et al. (2018).

Epeorus (Epeorus) zaitzevi Tshernova, 1981

Despite the species being relatively widespread and common in the region, existing descriptions are scattered and sometimes confusing. In the original description, Tshernova (1981) described only male imago. Braasch 1978 described a larva of E. zaitzevi, but erroneously under the name Epeorus znojkoi, as pointed out by Koch (1988) and Sartori (1992). Some information on E. zaitzevi larvae is also contained in Samocha (1972) and Demoulin (1973), where the species is treated as Epeorus sp. It is also included in the key of Kluge (1997).

E. zaitzevi larva is similar to European Epeorus assimilis Eaton, 1883-88, sharing the absence of paracercus and not having an enlarged gill I. Nevertheless, it can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: i) long and pointed posterolateral projections on the abdominal terga (Fig. 2I); ii) the presence of long, hair-like setae on the abdominal terga (Fig. 2J); iii) long, sparse teeth on the posterior margin of the abdominal terga. Sartori (1992) mentioned the presence of a narrow dark band on the posterior margin of each abdominal tergite, visible in both larvae and adults, clearly visible also on our material.

Ecdyonurus (Ecdyonurus) ornatipennis Tshernova, 1938

The morphology of this species is poorly known. In the original description, Tshernova (1938) studied only the male imago. The only description of larva was published by Braasch (1980), although he noted the association of his larval material with Tshernova's adults as questionable, based on the proximity of localities and not direct rearing. Nevertheless, the Braasch's concept of E. ornatipennis larvae was followed by subsequent authors (Kazancı and Braasch (1988), Hrivniak et al. (2018)) and we follow it here as well, as a thorough revision of Caucasian Ecdyonurus is not yet available. From all other species of Ecdyonurus occurring in the area, E. ornatipennis can be distinguished by: i) posterolateral projections of the prothorax which are short and apically not pointed; ii) setae on the dorsal surface of hind femora which are apically not pointed (Fig. 2K, L); iii) abdominal sternites with a distinct dark medial band (Fig. 2M). These characters have already been described and/or depicted in Braasch (1980) and correspond with our observations.

Electrogena pseudaffinis (Braasch, 1980)

The species was described, based on larvae and the original description (Braasch 1980) is basically still the only source that describes its morphology, with some information also being scattered in Sroka and Godunko (2012). Electrogena pseudaffinis is distinct from other Electrogena species distributed around N. Iraq by: i) shape of pronotum, with posterior corners smoothly rounded, without abrupt step (Fig. 2N); ii) the colour pattern of head and abdominal terga (without distinct median dark band, Fig. 2O); iii) the shape of setae on the dorsal surface of the femora (Fig. 2P, Q); iv) shape of gill plates.

Caenis luctuosa (Burmeister, 1839)

The species is very similar to C. macrura, which is widely distributed in the region (being a dominant Caenidae species in neighbouring Iran, see Staniczek et al. 2020). The main distinguishing character is the shape and arrangement of setae on the dorsal surface of the fore-femora. Caenis luctuosa possesses a line of short setae, bifurcated to almost half of their length (Fig. 2R), in contrast to the longer setae of C. macrura, bifurcated only apically. Both species are widely covered in European determination keys. However, a considerable morphological variability exists within these two species and the identification is not always without doubt. The most detailed description of intraspecific variability in C. macrura and C. luctuosa was published by Malzacher (1984). In Iraq, there is also the possibility of the occurrence of three more species, described from Israel, namely Caenis gilbonensis Malzacher, 1992, Caenis parabrevipes Malzacher, 1992 and Caenis antoniae Malzacher, 1992 (the latter two species were also reported from Jordan by Gattolliat et al. 2012). Our specimens from Iraq differ from C. gilbonensis and C. parabrevipes by exhibiting a more deeply and acutely notched posterior margin of sternum X and the presence of more pronounced posterolateral spines on abdominal segments. As for C. antoniae, the shield shaped microtrichia on the surface of the larval wing pads are very small in this species (fig. 5e in Malzacher 1992), whereas these structures are much larger in our material identified as C. luctuosa.

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Abdul-Rassoul MS (2020)
Checklist of mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Insecta) from Iraq.
Iraq Natural History Museum Publication
37
:
1
‑
16
. https://doi.org/10.26842/inhmp.7.2020.05.37.0016
Al-Ansari NA, AlJawad S, Adamo N, Sissakian VK, Laue J, Knutsson S (2018)
Water quality within the Tigris and Euphrates catchments
.
Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering
8
(
3
):
95
‑
121
.
Al-Ansari NA, Adamo N, Sissakian VK (2019)
Hydrological characteristics of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering
9
(
4
):
1
‑
26
.
Al-Gburi HF, Al-Tawash BS, Al-Lafta HS (2017)
Environmental assessment of Al-Hammar Marsh, Southern Iraq
.
Heliyon
3
(
2
):
1
‑
26
.
Ali LA, Latef BA (2017)
A study of invertebrate communities in Lesser Zab River/ Kurdistan Region-Iraq
.
ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
29
(
1
):
54
‑
6
.
Al-Zubaidi F, Al-Kayatt A (1986)
A Preliminary survey of mayflies from the North of Iraq
.
Journal of Biological Sciences Research
17
(
2
):
147
‑
151
.
Al-Zubaidi F, Braasch D, Al-Kayatt A (1987)
Mayflies from Iraq (Insecta, Ephemeroptera)
.
Faunistische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden
14
:
179
‑
184
.
Bauernfeind E, Moog O (2000)
Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) and the assessment of ecological integrity: a methodological approach
.
Assessing the Ecological Integrity of Running Waters
71
‑
83
. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4164-2_6
Bauernfeind E, Humpesch LJ (2001)
Die Eintagsfliegen Zentraleuropas (Insecta:Ephemeroptera): Bestimmung und Okologie
. [
The Mayflies of Central Europe (Insecta: Ephemeroptera): Identification and Ecology
].
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
,
239
pp. [ISBN
9783900275860
]
Bojková J, Soldán T (2015)
Two new species of the genus Prosopistoma (Ephemeroptera: Prosopistomatidae) from Iraq and Algeria
.
Zootaxa
4018
(
1
). https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4018.1.6
Bojková J, Sroka P, Soldán T, Imanpour Namin J, Staniczek AH, Polášek M, Hrivniak Ľ, Abdoli A, Godunko RJ (2018)
Initial commented checklist of Iranian mayflies, with new area records and description of Procloeon caspicum sp. n. (Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Baetidae)
.
ZooKeys
749
:
87
‑
123
. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.749.24104
Braasch D (1978)
Epeorus znojkoi Tschern. und Iron magnus n. sp. (Heptageniidae, Ephemeroptera) aus dem Kaukasus.
Entomologische Nachrichten 2
22
:
65
‑
70
.
Braasch D (1980)
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Iron Eaton (Heptageniidae, Ephemeroptera) im Kaukasus (UdSSR)
.
2. Entomologische Nachrichten 24: 166–173
24
:
166
‑
173
.
Carl M (1989)
The Ecology of a Wadi in Iraq with particular reference to colonization strategies of aquatic macroinvertebrates
.
Archivfür Hydrobiologie
116
(
4
):
499
‑
515
.
Demoulin G (1973)
Contribution a l'etude des Ephemeropteres d'Israel. Introduction et I. Heptageniidae
.
Bulletin Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique
49
(
8
):
1
‑
19
.
Eiseler B (2005)
Identification key to the mayfly larvae of the German highlands and lowlands.
Lauterbonia
53
:
1
‑
112
.
Engblom E (1996)
Ephemeroptera. Mayflies
. In: Nilsson AN (Ed.)
Aquatic Insects of North Europe. A taxonomic handbook. Vol 1: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Heteroptera, Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera
.
Apollo Books
,
Stenstrup
,
274
pp.
Gattolliat JL, Sartori M (2008)
Order Ephemeroptera.
In: Harten AV (Ed.)
Arthropod fauna of the United Arab Emirates
.
1
.
Dar Al Ummah
,
Abu Dhabi
,
47-83
pp.
Gattolliat JL, Vuataz L, Sartori M (2012)
First contribution to the mayflies of Jordan
.
Zoology in the Middle East
56
(
1
):
91
‑
110
. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2012.10648945
Godunko RJ, Prokopov GA, Kluge NJ, Novikova EA (2004)
Mayflies of the Crimean Peninsula. II. Baetis braaschi Zimmermann, 1980 (= B. stipposus Kluge, 1982 syn. n.) (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). 4
.
Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
47
:
155
‑
166
. https://doi.org/10.3409/173491504783995807
Hanna NS, Shekha YA (2015)
Using aquatic insects in water quality assessment of some branches of Greater Zab River within Erbil City, Iraqi Kurdistan Region.
American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural
11
(
1
):
18
‑
22
.
Hanna NS, Shekha YA, Ali LA (2019)
Water quality assessment of Rawanduz River and Gali Ali Beg stream by applied CCME WQI with survey aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera)
.
Iraqi Journal of Science
60
(
12
):
2550
‑
2560
.
Hrivniak Ľ, Sroka P, Godunko RJ, Palatov D, Polášek M, Manko P, Oboňa J (2018)
Diversity of Armenian Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) with the description of a new species of the genus Ecdyonurus (Heptageniidae)
.
Zootaxa
4500
(
2
). https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4500.2.3
Hrivniak Ľ, Sroka P, Türkmen G, Godunko RJ, Kazanci N (2019)
A new Epeorus (Caucasiron) (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) species from Turkey based on molecular and morphological evidence.
Zootaxa
4550
(
1
):
58
‑
70
. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4550.1.2
Hrivniak Ľ, Sroka P, Bojková J, Godunko R, Namin JI, Bagheri S, Nejat F, Abdoli A, Staniczek A (2020)
Diversity and distribution of Epeorus (Caucasiron) (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) in Iran, with descriptions of three new species
.
ZooKeys
947
:
71
‑
102
. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.947.51259
Jacob U, Zimmermann W (1978)
Eine neue Baetis-Art der rhodani-Gruppe vom Kaukasus – Baetis ilex n. sp. (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae).
Entomologische Nachrichten
22
(
6
):
81
‑
87
.
Jacobus LM, McCafferty WP (2008)
Revision of Ephemerellidae genera (Ephemeroptera).
Transactions of the American Entomological Society
134
(
1 & 2
):
185
‑
274
. https://doi.org/10.3157/0002-8320(2008)134[185:ROEGE]2.0.CO;2
Kazancı N, Braasch D (1988)
On some new Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) from Anatolia
.
Faunistische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden
15
:
131
‑
135
.
Kazancı N, Türkmen G (2012)
The checklist of ephemeroptera (Insecta) species of Turkey
.
Review of Hydrobiology
5
:
143
‑
156
.
Kazancı N, Türkmen G (2016)
Comments on “An annotated catalogue of the mayfly fauna of Turkey (Insecta, Ephemeroptera)”.
Review of Hydrobiology
9
(
2
):
85
‑
121
.
Khudhur SM, Shekha YA (2020)
Morphological and molecular identification of three genera of the family Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) from Ava Sheen branch/ Greater Zab tributary, North of Iraq
.
Iraqi Journal of Science
61
(
5
):
952
‑
960
. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2020.61.5.2
Kluge NJ (1997)
New subgenera of Holarctic mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemerellidae).
Zoosystematica Rossica
5
(
2
):
233
‑
235
.
Koch S (1980)
Beschreibung der Larve von Oligoneuriella orontensis n. sp. aus dem Vorderen Orient und Vergleich mit den paläarktischen Arten von Oligoneuriella Ulmer (Ephemeroptera). Ergebnisse der Reisen von R. Kinzelbach im Vorderen Orient, Nr. XX
.
Entomologische Zeitschrift
90
(
14
):
153
‑
160
.
Koch S (1981)
Baetis samochai n. sp. aus dem Vorderen Orient (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae).
Entomologische Zeitschrift
91
(
11
):
121
‑
128
.
Koch S (1988)
Mayflies of the Northern Levant (Insecta: Ephemeroptera)
.
Zoology in the Middle East
2
(
1
):
89
‑
112
. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.1988.10637565
Malzacher P (1984)
Die europäischen Arten der Gattung Caenis Stephens (Insecta: Ephemeroptera).
Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie)
373
:
1
‑
48
.
Malzacher P (1992)
Mayflies from Israel (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) II. Caenidae.
Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft
65
:
385
‑
394
.
Menetrey N., Oertli B, Sartori M, Wagner A, Lachavanne JB (2008)
Eutrophication: Are mayflies (Ephemeroptera) good bioindicators for ponds?
Hydrobiologia
579
:
125
‑
135
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9223-x
Morton KJ. (1921)
A new species of mayfly, Palingenia (sensulato), from Mesopotamia
.
The Entomologist
54
:
177
‑
18
.
Salur A, Darilmaz M, Bauernfeind E (2016)
An annotated catalogue of the mayfly fauna of Turkey (Insecta, Ephemeroptera)
.
ZooKeys
620
:
67
‑
118
. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.620.9405
Samocha M (1972)
Ephemeroptera of Israel.
Tal-Aviv University
,
Tal-Aviv
,
111
pp. [In
Hebrew
].
Sartori M, Gillies MT (1990)
Further records of mayflies (Insecta; Ephemeroptera) from the Arabian Peninsula. Leptophlebiidae and Baetidae.
Fauna of Saudi Arabia
11
:
10
‑
17
.
Sartori M (1991)
The mayfly fauna (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) of the Arabian Peninsula (Part 3).
Fauna of Saudi Arabia
12
:
242
‑
245
.
Sartori M (1992)
Mayflies from Israel (Insecta; Ephemeroptera). I. Heptageniidae, Ephemerellidae, Leptophlebiidae & Palingeniidae
.
Revue Suisse de Zoologie.
99
:
835
‑
858
. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.79856
Shekha YA (2011)
A study of benthic macroinvertebrate community in the lower part of Greater Zab river near Guwer subdistrict
.
Rafidain Journal of Science
22
(
1
):
33
‑
45
. https://doi.org/10.33899/rjs.2011.32454
Soldán T, Godunko RJ (2013)
Description of larva, redescription of adults and biology of Mortogenesia mesopotamica (Morton, 1921) (Ephemeroptera: Palingeniidae)
.
Zootaxa
3741
(
2
):
265
‑
278
. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.2.5
Sroka P, Godunko RJ (2012)
Mayflies of the Caucasus mountains. I. A new species of the genus Electrogena Zurwerra & Tomka, 1985
.
Zootaxa
3222
(
1
). https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3222.1.2
Sroka P, Martynov AV, Godunko RJ (2012)
Morphological and genetic variability of Baetis (Rhodobaetis) braaschi Zimmermann, 1980 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)
.
Zootaxa
3323
(
1
). https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3323.1.2
Sroka P, Godunko R, Rutschmann S, Angeli K, Salles F, Gattolliat J (2019a)
A new species of Bungona in Turkey (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae): an unexpected biogeographic pattern within a pantropical complex of mayflies
.
Zoosystematics and Evolution
95
(
1
):
1
‑
13
. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.29487
Sroka P, Bojková J, Godunko R, Soldán T, Namin JI, Nejat F, Abdoli A, Staniczek A (2019b)
New Oligoneuriidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) from Iran
.
ZooKeys
872
:
101
‑
126
. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.872.36098
Staniczek A, Malzacher P, Bojková J, Sroka P, Soldán T, Namin JI, Nejat F, Abdoli A, Godunko R (2020)
Caenidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) of Iran, with new records and re-description of the Nymph of Caenis kopetdagi Kluge, 1985
.
Aquatic Insects
41
(
2
):
106
‑
130
. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2020.1735449
Studemann D, Landolt P, Sartori M, Hefti D, Tomka I (1992)
Insecta Helvetica - Ephemeroptera
.
9
.
Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft
,
173
pp.
Thomas A, Sartori M (1989)
Mayflies (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) of Saudi Arabia
.
Fauna of Saudi Arabia
10
:
87
‑
94
.
Thomas A, Dia A, Parpet JF (2007)
Complements et corrections a la faune des Ephemeropteres du Proche-Orient. 6. Ephemera danica perpallida n. ssp. du Liban: Description et ecologie (Ephemeroptera, Ephemeridae)
.
Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse
143
:
59
‑
65
.
Thomas A,&, Dia A, Moubayed Z (1988)
Complements et corrections a la faune des Ephemeropteres du Proche Orient: 1. Prosopistoma phoenicium Alouf, 1977 = P. oronti Alouf, 1977 nov. syn. (Ephemeroptera)
.
Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse
124
:
23
.
Thomas AG, Dia A (1983)
Baetis bisri n. sp., Ephéméroptère nouveau du Liban (Baetidae)
.
Annales de Limnologie
19
(
3
):
213
‑
217
. https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/1983025
Thomas AG, Dia A (1984)
Baetis baroukianus n. sp., Ephemeroptere Nouveau du Liban (Baetidae). B
.
Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse
120
:
7
‑
12
.
Thomas AG, Dia A (1985)
Baetis spei n. sp., Ephéméroptère Nouveau du Liban : Description et écologie (Baetidae)
.
Annales de Limnologie
21
(
3
):
241
‑
245
. https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/1985024
Thomas AG, Dia A (1999)
Compléments et corrections à la faune des Ephéméroptères du Proche-Orient. 4. Description de l’imago Mâle de Baetis baroukianus Thomas & Dia, 1984 et érection de Patites n. subgen. [Ephemeroptera, Baetidae]
.
Ephemera
1
(
2
):
105
‑
109
.
Thomas AGB, Dia A (1982)
Ecdyonurus (?) znojkoi Tshernova 1938: Redescription et appartenance generique reelle (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae)
.
Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse
118
:
297
‑
303
.
Tshernova OA (1938)
Zur Kenntnis der Ephemeropteren Ost-Transkaukasien
.
Trudy Azerba­jdshanskogo Filiala AN SSSR, Baku
7
:
55
‑
64
.
Tshernova OA (1981)
On the systematics of adult mayflies of the genus Epeorus Eaton 1881 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae)
.
Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie
60
(
2
):
323
‑
336
.
Yanai Z, Gattolliat J, Dorchin N (2018)
Taxonomy of Baetis Leach in Israel (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae)
.
ZooKeys
794
:
45
‑
84
. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.794.28214
Yousuf M, Rapantova N, Younis J (2018)
Sustainable water management in Iraq (Kurdistan) as a challenge for governmental responsibility
.
Water
10
(
11
):
1651
. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111651
Zimmermann W (1981)
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Baetis Leach, 1815 (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) im Kaukasus und in Transkaukasien (UdSSR)
.
Entomologische Nachrichten
25
(
7/8
):
97
‑
112
.

Supplementary material