Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomic Paper
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Corresponding author: Dian-Ming Hu (hudianming1@163.com)
Academic editor: Danny Haelewaters
Received: 16 Feb 2021 | Accepted: 26 Aug 2021 | Published: 23 Sep 2021
© 2021 Sajini Chandrasiri, Yu-lin Liu, Jun-En Huang, Milan Samarakoon, Saranyaphat Boonmee, Mark Calabon, Dian-Ming Hu
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Chandrasiri SK.U, Liu Y-l, Huang J-E, Samarakoon MC, Boonmee S, Calabon MS, Hu D-M (2021) Veronaea aquatica sp. nov. (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes) from submerged bamboo in China. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e64505. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e64505
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Freshwater fungi are highly diverse and ecologically important in freshwater systems. In China, more than 1000 species of freshwater fungi are known. Here, we present a brown-spored hyphomycetes that was collected on a submerged decaying bamboo culm in a forest stream in China.
Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS and TUB2 sequences confirm the placement of our new strain in Veronaea (Herpotrichiellaceae), sister to V. japonica. Veronaea aquatica sp. nov. differs from related taxa V. compacta and V. japonica in having longer conidiophores and cylindrical to pyriform or subclavate conidia with 0–2 septa. Veronaea aquatica also has darker brown hyphae compared to V. japonica. A morphological description and detailed illustrations of V. aquatica are provided.
one new taxon, hyphomycetes, molecular phylogeny, saprobe, taxonomy, freshwater fungi
Freshwater fungi are those taxa that grow in freshwater bodies for the entirety or only part of their life cycle (
Coreomyces chinensis and C. minor (Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes) were the first freshwater taxa reported from China (
Veronaea (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales) was introduced by
Species of Veronaea are characterised by polyblastic, terminally integrated, cylindrical, solitary, pale brown conidiogenous cells and smooth-walled, septate, cylindrical to pyriform pale brown to brown conidia (
In the present study, we introduce Veronaea aquatica sp. nov., a freshwater species from submerged decaying bamboo culms collected in a stream in Jiangxi Province, China. A morphological description, illustrations and a multi-loci phylogeny are presented. The new species is compared with related taxa.
Submerged decaying bamboo culms were collected from a small forest stream in Lushan Mountains, Jiangxi Province, China in December 2017. Samples were incubated at room temperature for two weeks. Microscopic observation was conducted following
Single conidia were isolated in the potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate, following the method of
Mycelia were scraped off from six week-old colonies grown on PDA and transferred into a 1.5 ml centrifuge tube, followed by grinding in liquid nitrogen. DNA was extracted from the ground mycelium using the EZ gene TM fungal gDNA kit (GD2416) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The partial large subunit rDNA (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial beta-tubulin (TUB2) were amplified using primer pairs LR0R/LR5, ITS1/ITS4 and T1/Bt2b, respectively (
Consensus sequences were obtained using Lasergene SeqMan Pro v. 7. BLASTn searches were performed to identify highly similar sequences in NCBI GenBank. Other sequences, used in the phylogenetic analyses (Table
Table of taxa used in this study and GenBank accession numbers of DNA sequences. The new strain is indicated in bold and type strains are indicated with an asterisk (*).
Name | Strain Number | Gene bank accession number | ||
LSU | ITS | TUB2 | ||
Aculeata aquatica * | MFLUCC 11–0529 | MG922575 | MG922571 | - |
Brycekendrickomyces acaciae | CBS 124104 | NG_058633 | NR_132828 | - |
Byssochlamys lagunculariae * | CBS 100.11 | NG_058631 | NR_144910 | AY753354 |
Capronia pilosella | AFTOL-ID 657 | DQ823099 | DQ826737 | - |
Cladophialophora carrionii* | CBS 160.54 | NG_055741 | NR_121267 | EU137201 |
Exophiala aquamarina | FMR 3998 | KU705846 | KU705829 | - |
E. aquamarina* | CBS 119918 | - | NR_111626 | JN112434 |
E. brunnea | CBS 587.66 | MH870554 | MH858890 | JN112442 |
E. equina | CBS 116009 | KF928497 | KF928433 | KF928561 |
E. equina * | CBS 119.23 | - | NR_111627 | JN112462 |
E. jeanselmei* | CBS 507.90 | MH873915 | MH862234 | EF551501 |
E. nigra* | CBS 535.94 | NG_059253 | NR_154974 | - |
E. pisciphila | AFTOL-ID 669 | DQ823101 | - | - |
E. psychrophila* | CBS 191.87 | MH873750 | MH862061 | JN112497 |
E. salmonis* | CBS 157.67 | AY213702 | NR_121270 | JN112499 |
E. xenobiotica | CBS 115831 | FJ358246 | - | - |
E. xenobiotica * | CBS 118157 | - | NR_111203 | DQ182571 |
Fonsecaea monophora | CBS 102243 | FJ358247 | EU938579 | EU938542 |
F. pedrosoi | BMU 07690 | KJ930165 | KJ701014 | KM658155 |
F. pedrosoi * | CBS 271.37 | - | NR_130652 | - |
Marinophialophora garethjonesii* | MFLUCC 16–1449 | - | NR_164246 | - |
Melanoctona tectonae* | MFLUCC 12–0389 | KX258779 | KX258778 | - |
Metulocladosporiella musae | CBS 113863 | DQ008162 | DQ008138 | - |
Paecilomyces fulvus * | CBS 146.48 | NG_063990 | NR_103603 | FJ389986 |
Phialophora verrucosa | BMU 07618 | KJ930128 | KJ700977 | KM658080 |
P. verrucosa* | CBS 140325 | - | NR_146242 | - |
Rhinocladiella atrovirens | CBS 317.33 | MH866906 | MH855447 | - |
Thysanorea lotorum* | CBS 235.78 | MH872892 | MH861130 | - |
T. papuana* | CBS 212.96 | EU041871 | EU041814 | - |
T. rousseliana | CBS 126086 | MH875246 | MH863784 | - |
Veronaea aquatica | JAUCC2549 | MW046893 | MW046892 | MW248394 |
V. botryosa | CBS 102593 | KF928493 | KF928429 | KF928557 |
V. botryosa | CBS 122236 | KF928491 | KF928427 | KF928555 |
V. botryosa | MFLUCC 11–0072 | MG922574 | EU041817 | - |
V. botryosa * | CBS 254.57 | EU041873 | EU041816 | JN112505 |
V. compacta * | CBS 268.75 | EU041876 | EU041818 | - |
V. constricta | CBS 572.90 | MH873920 | EU041819 | - |
V. japonica | CBS 776.84 | NG_057789 | EU041821 | - |
V. japonica * | CBS 776.83 | EU041875 | EU041820 | - |
Veronaea sp. | DS253 | - | MK808629 | - |
Veronaea sp. | E6917h | - | HM992819 | - |
Veronaea sp. | HB | - | KR909168 | - |
Veronaea sp. | NWHC 24266–02–03–03 | - | KX148688 | - |
Veronaea sp. | NWHC 24266–02–04–01 | - | KX148689 | - |
Phylogenetic analyses were performed for both individual (LSU, ITS, TUB2) and combined (LSU-ITS-TUB2) datasets. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses were performed in the CIPRES Science Gateway v. 3.3 using the RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE tool (
Saprobic on submerged decaying bamboo (Fig.
Phylogenetic tree generated from RAxML analysis of a combined ITS, LSU and TUB2 dataset. ML bootstrap (BS) support values ≥ 60% and Bayesian PP ≥ 0.95 are indicated above branches as MLBS/PP. Paecilomyces fulvus (CBS 146.48) and Byssochlamys lagunculariae (CBS 100.11) serve as outgroup taxa. Type strains are highlighted in bold; the new species is shown in blue bold.
Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 hrs. Colonies growing on PDA, circular, reaching 10–20 mm diam. after 2–3 weeks at 28°C, from above flat, dense, olivaceous to medium brown, lightly raised at centre, surface rough; from below medium to dark brown.
Referring to the aquatic habitat.
Veronaea aquatica is morphologically most similar to V. japonica and V. botryosa. However, V. aquatica has 0–2-septate conidia, whereas those of V. japonica are 0–1-septate. In addition, the conidiophores of both V. compacta (up to 50 μm) and V. japonica (up to 65 μm) are shorter compared to V. aquatica (280 μm). Veronaea aquatica has conidiogenous cells that are 10–30 μm in length, while those of V. botryosa are 100 μm long. In addition, the conidiophores of V. aquatica are 280 μm long; they are shorter in V. botryosa (73–124 μm) (Fig.
Veronaea aquatica shares the highest identity with V. japonica (CBS 776.83) in its LSU (99.65%) and ITS (98.08%). In its TUB2, it shares 89.61% identity with Exophiala brunnea (CBS 587.66). However, not enough TUB2 data are available to make conclusions about relationships, based on this gene region. Our tree topology (Fig. 1) is similar to
The final aligned concatenated dataset (LSU, ITS, TUB2) was comprised of 44 strains including two outgroup taxa, Byssochlamys lagunculariae (CBS 100.11) and Paecilomyces fulvus (CBS 146.48) (Aspergillaceae) and 734 distinct alignment patterns, with 23.30% of undetermined characters or gaps. The best-scoring RAxML tree (-lnL = 12666.921) is shown in Fig.
The family Herpotrichiellaceae (Eurotiomycetes) was introduced by
Species of Veronaea can be found on wood submerged in freshwater, in soil and on different terrestrial hosts. Fungi in the genus are saprobes (V. coprophila, V. japonica) or pathogens of plants (V. ficina, V. filicina) (
This paper introduces a new species of Veronaea, bringing the number of species to twenty-one, based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses. We compared the new species to the most related species in Table
Name |
Conidiophore |
Conidiogenous cell |
Conidia |
Conidial septation |
References |
Exophiala brunnea |
Branched 8-350 µm long |
Occasionally intercalary, variable in shape, flask-shaped, ovoid, oblong, symmetrical or curved, fimbriate |
Cylindrical to pyriform, proximally tapered and usually slightly stipitate 4.5-10 x 2-3 µm |
aseptate |
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Veronaea aquatica |
Loosely branched, sometimes geniculate, up to 280 × 2.4–4 µm |
Occasionally intercalary, scars flat, rachis with crowded, flat to slightly |
Cylindrical to pyriform, some subclavate, rounded at the apex 6.3–11(–11.8) × 2.4–3.7(–4.0) µm |
0–1(–2) |
This study |
Veronaea botryosa |
Unbranched 73–124.5 × 2–3 µm |
Integrated, occasionally interspersed, flat to slightly prominent denticles, rachis with crowded |
Ellipsoidal or fusiform, rounded at the apex (3–)6.5–8.5(–12) × (1.5–)2–2.5(–3) µm |
1(–2) |
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V. compacta |
Unbranched or branched at acute angles, rarely exceeding 50 µm |
Occasionally intercalary, integrated, hardly prominent denticles, scars flat |
Ellipsoidal to ovoid or oblong to subcylindrical, rounded at the apex, acropleurogenous (4–)6–7(–9) × 2–3 µm |
0–1(–2) |
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V. japonica |
Unbranched or occasionally branched 65 × 2–3 µm |
Occasionally intercalary, hardly prominent denticles, scars flat, slightly pigmented |
Ellipsoidal to ovoid, rounded at the apex (6–)7–8(–10) × 2–2.5(–4) µm |
(0–)1 |
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V. oblongispora |
320 × 3–5 µm |
Integrated, polyblastic, bearing thin, flat conidial scars |
Oblong, obtuse at the apex 7–8 ×4–5 µm |
aseptate |
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We would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 32070023), the Key Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology Youth Fund (20192ACBL21017), the Key Research and Development Plan of Jiangxi Province (20161BBF60078), the Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Jiangxi Province (GJJ190168) and Thailand Research Fund (RDG6130001) for financial support. Saranyaphat Boonmee would like to thank the Mae Fah Luang University Fund (No. 631C15001). K.S.U. Chandrasiri would like to express her profound gratitude to S.M.B.C. Samarakoon, N. Wijesinghe and W.A.E. Yasanthika for their valuable support. MS Calabon is grateful to the Mushroom Research Foundation and Department of Science and Technology - Science Education Institue (Philippines).