Biodiversity Data Journal :
Taxonomy & Inventories
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Corresponding author: Putarak Chomnunti (putarak.cho@mfu.ac.th)
Academic editor: Ning Jiang
Received: 21 Jun 2022 | Accepted: 22 Jul 2022 | Published: 27 Jul 2022
© 2022 Binu Samarakoon, Dhanushka Wanasinghe, Jayarama Bhat, Putarak Chomnunti
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Samarakoon BC, Wanasinghe DN, Bhat J, Chomnunti P (2022) Taxonomy and phylogeny of Smaragdiniseta musae sp. nov. and Albifimbria verrucaria (Hypocreales, Stachybotryaceae) on Musa from Thailand. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e89360. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e89360
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Smaragdiniseta musae is introduced as a leaf-based novel saprobic species from Musa. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and β-tubulin (tub2) data support the taxonomic placement of the new collection in Smaragdiniseta (Hypocreales, Stachybotryaceae). The novel species is characterised by cup-shaped sporodochia covered by numerous peripheral setae and simple hyaline, guttulate conidia produced by the ultimate branches (phialides) of conidiophores.
This is the first report of Smaragdiniseta from Thailand and on Musaceae. In addition, we report Albifimbria verrucaria for the first time from Thailand, based on morpho-molecular evidence.
one new species, banana, fungi, host, hyaline conidia, Musaceae, myrothecium-like, saprobes
The taxonomic placement of M. bisetosum was doubted by
In
We are studying the saprobic fungi associated with Musa spp. from Thailand with the intention of providing a better understanding of their taxonomy, based on both morphology and phylogeny (
Sample collection, morphological studies and isolation
Dead leaves of Musa with characteristic sporodochia were collected from Thailand from January to October 2019. Specimens were transferred to the laboratory in small cardboard boxes. Fungi were observed using a Motic SMZ 168 series microscope (Motic Asia, Kowloon, Hong Kong). Conidiomata were mounted on glass slides in tap water and lactoglycerol for examination and photomicrography. The specimens were further observed using a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope (Nikon Instruments Inc., Melville, NY, USA) and photographed using a Canon 550D digital camera (Canon Inc., Ota, Tokyo, Japan). Measurements were taken with the aid of Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work programme. More than 10 measurements were made for the structures. The images were further arranged using Adobe Photoshop CS6 Extended version 10.0 software (Adobe Systems, USA).
Single spore isolations for the samples were conducted according to
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing
DNA was extracted from the mycelium of 14 days-old cultures. The mycelium was crushed using a plastic pestle and DNA was extracted using Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA Extraction Kit-BSC14S1 (BioFlux, P.R. China) following the manufacturer's guidelines. Three gene regions; viz. internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial β-tubulin (tub2) and partial second largest subunit of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II (rpb2), were amplified using ITS5/ITS4 (
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted using the following protocol. The total volume of the PCR reaction was 25 μl and comprised 12.5 μl of 2 × Power Taq PCR MasterMix (a premix and ready-to-use solution, including 0.1 Units/μl Taq DNA Polymerase, 500 μm dNTP Mixture each (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP), 20 mM Tris-HCL pH 8.3, 100 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl2, stabiliser and enhancer), 1 μl of each primer (10 pM), 2 μl genomic DNA and 8.5 μl of deionised water. The total reaction comprised 35 cycles. The annealing temperatures were according to
Sequence alignment
Newly-generated sequence data of different gene regions were subjected to BLAST searches using BLASTn in GenBank (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) to retrieve similar sequences. The results and initial morphology indicated that our strains belong to Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales). The collection numbers for these similar sequences (Table
Names, culture collection numbers and their respective GenBank accession numbers of the Stachybotryaceae taxa that have been subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Type strains are superscripted with T and new collections are indicated in bold black.
Species |
Strain |
GenBank Accession Numbers |
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ITS |
rpb2 |
tub2 |
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Albifimbria lateralis |
CBS 117712T |
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A. terrestris |
CBS 109378 |
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A. terrestris |
CBS 126186 |
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A. terrestris |
CBS 127838 |
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A. verrucaria |
CPC 30056 |
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A. verrucaria |
CBS 328.52T |
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A. verrucaria |
CBS 188.46 |
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A. verrucaria |
MFLUCC 22-0017 |
NA |
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A. viridis |
CBS 449.71T |
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A. viridis |
CBS 127346 |
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Alfaria caricicola |
CBS 113567T |
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Alf. terrestris |
CBS 168.97 |
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Capitofimbria compacta |
CBS 111739T |
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Dimorphiseta terrestris |
CBS 127345T |
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Fusarium sambucinum |
CBS 146.95 |
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Gregatothecium humicola |
CBS 205.96T |
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Inaequalispora prestonii |
CBS 175.73T |
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Myrothecium inundatum |
CBS 196.74T |
NA |
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M. simplex |
CBS 582.93T |
NA |
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Myxospora aptrootii |
CBS 101263T |
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Neomyrothecium humicola |
CBS 310.96T |
NA |
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Paramyrothecium acadiense |
CBS 123.96 |
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Pa. breviseta |
CBS 544.75T |
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Pa. cupuliforme |
CBS 126167T |
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Pa. foeniculicola |
CBS 331.51T |
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Pa. foliicola |
CBS 419.93 |
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Pa. humicola |
CBS 127295T |
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Pa. nigrum |
CBS 116537 |
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Pa. parvum |
CBS 142.42 |
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Peethambara sundara |
CBS 521.96 |
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Septomyrothecium maraitiense |
MUCL 47202T |
NA |
NA |
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Smaragdiniseta bisetosa |
CBS 459.82T |
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S. musae |
MFLUCC 22-0015T |
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S. musae |
MFLUCC 22-0016 |
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Striaticonidium brachysporum |
CBS 131.71 |
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Tangerinosporium thalitricola |
CBS 317.61T |
NA |
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Virgatospora echinofibrosa |
CBS 110115 |
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Xenomyrothecium tongaense |
CBS 598.80T |
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Xepicula crassiseta |
CBS 392.71T |
Abbreviations of culture collections; CBS: CentraalbureauvoorSchimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands, CPC: Working collection of Pedro Crous housed at CBS, MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Rai, Thailand, MUCL: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, NA: Sequence data are not available in GenBank.
Phylogenetic analyses
Maximum Likelihood (ML) trees were generated using the RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE (8.2.8) (
Smaragdiniseta musae (MFLU 22-0047, holotype) a, b sporodochia on the host; c, d cupulate sporodochia; e-i, q setae and marginal hyphae; j-l attachments of conidiophores and phialides; m-t conidia; u colony on PDA after 8 weeks. Scale bars: 400 μm (a, b), 100 μm (c, d, i, q), 50 μm (e-h), 20 μm (j), 10 μm (k-t).
Maximum Likelihood tree revealed by RAxML analyses of ITS, rpb2 and tub2 sequence data of selected genera of Stachybotryaceae, showing the phylogenetic position of Albifimbria verrucaria (MFLUCC 22-0017) and Smaragdiniseta musae (MFLUCC 22-0015, MFLUCC 22-0016). ML bootstrap supports (≥ 60%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (≥ 0.95 BYPP) are given above the nodes, respectively. The tree is rooted with Fusarium sambucinum (CBS146.95) (Nectriaceae). Strains generated in this study are indicated in bold red. Ex-type strains are indicated in bold black. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
A Bayesian analysis was conducted with MrBayes v. 3.1.2 (
Saprobic on dead leaves of Musa sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Sporodochia 0.2–0.35 mm diam., cup-shaped, scattered, solitary, circular with an entire margin, initially emerald green, later becoming black, composed of hyaline, erect conidiophores, surrounded by filamentous white marginal hyphae and setae at periphery. Fungal hyphae arranged in parallel like a palisade layer, compacted, verrucose, olivaceous-brown or hyaline, sometimes warticulate, septate, branched, irregularly thick-walled, with ultimate hyphal cell rounded at apex and flat at base; hyphal cells: 10–14 × 0.8–2.5 μm (x̄ = 13.3 × 1.6 μm, n = 30). Aggregated hyphae hyaline or emerald green when immature, tan brown at maturity. Setae fast growing from marginal hyphae, numerous, aggregating as a pale grey brush, elongated, straight or slightly curved, tapering towards apex, hyaline, septate, unbranched, apiculate at apex, sometimes caudate, truncate or rounded, swollen to globose to ovate or rounded at base, setae wall 0.4–1.5 μm (x̄ = 0.8 μm, n = 30) thick, often smooth, sometimes rough with hyaline acellular coatings, (60–)90–160(–250) × 0.8–2.8 μm (x̄ = 126.4 × 1.6 μm, n = 30); septa 4–8 μm apart. Marginal hyphae often coiling or growing around the setae or projecting out, forming a wefty cover around setae, 95–125 μm (x̄ = 106 μm, n = 30) wide. Conidiophores 4–14 × 1.3–2.5 μm (x̄ = 12.9 × 1.7 μm, n = 30), macronematous, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, arising from sub hyaline or pale brown, with slightly thickened and swollen basal cells, often with a narrow truncate base, wider in the middle, tapering to rounded at apex, 3–4 × 5–6 μm (x̄ = 3.5 × 5.5 μm, n = 10), septate, rarely unbranched, mostly branched and with 2–3 conidiogenous sub-branches at each node. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, rough or thin-walled, rod-shaped, elongated or ovate, 4–9 × 1–3 μm (x̄ = 6.8 × 1.9 μm, n = 20), without a collarette, pinching off simple conidia at the apex of each phialide. Conidia simple, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, elliptic or slightly ovate, rounded at one end and acute at other end, with two distinct guttules at vertical ends, sometimes with 3–5 guttules, 6–10 × 2–3.5 μm (x̄ = 8.3 × 2.7 μm, n = 10).
Culture characteristics. Conidia germinating on PDA after 48 hours, germ tubes being produced from the acute end. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 20 mm diam. after 2 weeks in light conditions at 25°C, mycelium mostly immersed, not slimy, cottony, pinkish-white, dense in the middle and comparatively sparse at the periphery. Radially and unevenly striated, colonies have a slightly wrinkled appearance from the top. The formation of sporodochia was not observed in mature colonies.
The species epithet reflects the host genus, Musa.
Based on BLASTn search results of ITS, tub2 and rpb2 sequence data, Smaragdiniseta musae (Fig.
Saprobic on dead leaves of Musa sp. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Sporodochia cupulate or discoid, scattered or gregarious, having irregular or rounded outline composed of white marginal hypha, with conidial mass flattened or convex, pale olivaceous-green at an immature stage, black and shiny at maturity, 10–18 × 0.8–3 μm (x̄ = 12.3 × 2.4 μm, n = 20). Stroma rarely well-developed, usually with a thin layer of isodiametric or elongated hyaline cells 15–25 (x̄ = 16.8 μm, n = 10). Setae: not observed. Marginal hyphae hyaline, usually verrucose, septate, curling and coiling, some branched, rounded or blunt at apex, 1.5–4 (x̄ = 3.3, n = 20) in diam. Conidiophores arising from a thin stromatic layer, hyaline, smooth, 30–48 × 1–2 μm (x̄ = 42.2 × 1.7 μm, n = 30) septate, branching repeatedly, forming 2–4 branches at each level, with ultimate branches becoming phialides, which give rise to numerous conidia, conidiophores sometimes also arising from the hyphae. Phialides hyaline, rough-walled 30–48 × 1–2 μm (x̄ = 42.2 × 1.7 μm, n = 30), 3–7 in a whorl, closely packed in a dense parallel layer, cylindrical, hyaline, collate at the base, rounded or acute at apex, sometimes slightly tapering towards apex, 8–16 × 1–3.5 μm (x̄ = 12.2×1.8 μm, n = 30). Conidia broadly fusiform, always pointed at one end, mostly truncate or rounded at the other end, hyaline, sometimes sub hyaline, smooth, 5–9.5 × 2–3.5 μm (x̄ = 7.6 × 3.0 μm, n = 30).
Culture characteristics. Conidia germinated on PDA after 12 hours. Colonies growing on PDA reaching 40 mm diam. after 2 weeks in the light conditions at 25°C, mycelium is mostly immersed, not slimy, cottony, white, dense in the middle and comparatively sparse at the periphery, fast-growing. Sporodochia formed after 12 days at the centre as a black uneven ring.
Based on BLASTn search results of ITS, tub2 and rpb2 sequence data, our stain (MFLUCC 22-0017) showed a high similarity (ITS = 100% tub2 = 100% and rpb2 = 99%), excluding gaps to Albifimbria verrucaria (CBS 188.46). In the multigene phylogeny, MFLUCC 22-0017 grouped with A. verrucaria strains with strong statistical supports (97% ML, 1.00 BYPP) (Fig.
The combined ITS (1–599), rpb2 (604–1281) and tub2 (1286–1596) gene alignment was composed of 40 sequences that represented some of the selected taxa in Stachybotryaceae. The best scoring RAxML tree is presented (Fig.
Smaragdiniseta has been previously documented as a saprobe only from terrestrial habitats (
Albifimbria verrucaria has been reported as a plant pathogen that causes stem necrosis and leaf spots on various crops, such as Glycine latifolia (
This project is funded by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant number N41A640165. Binu C. Samarakoon extends her heartfelt gratitude to Mae Fah Luang University for granting the tuition scholarship for her Ph.D. studies and research and the financial support of the dissertation support grant. Putarak Chomnunti would like to thank Reinventing University 2021 for supporting the research assistant. Binu C. Samarakoon also expresses her sincere gratitude to Dr. Samantha Karunarathna and Digvijayini Bundhun for their valuable support in manuscript writing and editing. Dhanushka Wanasinghe would like to thank CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (grant number 2021FYB0005), the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under the project code 32150410362 and the Postdoctoral Fund from the Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of Yunnan Province.
Maximum Likelihood trees revealed by RAxML analyses ITS, btub and rpb2 single gene regions